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腎臟中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白的表達(dá)與肝硬化時(shí)腎功能的關(guān)系

2014-04-10 16:23張江國龔鳳云李玲
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2014年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:低度腎小管中度

張江國+龔鳳云+李玲+等

張江國1 龔鳳云2 李 玲1 宋建新1

1.華中科技大學(xué)附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院感染科,湖北武漢 430030;2.武漢市普愛醫(yī)院,湖北武漢 430030

[摘要] 目的 觀察肝硬化模型中腎臟中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)表達(dá)與腎功能受損之間的關(guān)系。 方法 選擇60只SD雄性大鼠,其中27大鼠在建模過程中死亡,5只SD雄性大鼠作為空白對(duì)照,28只SD雄性大鼠經(jīng)持續(xù)服用四氯化碳誘導(dǎo)形成肝硬化腹水模型,按照免疫組化檢測(cè)腎臟表達(dá)NGAL的強(qiáng)度和陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)建立不同級(jí)別組:低度表達(dá)組,中度表達(dá)組,高度表達(dá)組,極高表達(dá)組。Western blot測(cè)定各組NGAL的表達(dá),并通過檢測(cè)蛋白條帶的光密度值進(jìn)行半定量分析。通過全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測(cè)定肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)。 結(jié)果 28只大鼠出現(xiàn)肝硬化腹水,Western blot半定量檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)各組之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),極高表達(dá)組表達(dá)量最高,而高度表達(dá)組、中度表達(dá)組、低度表達(dá)組表達(dá)量依次降低;腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)越強(qiáng),大鼠血中BUN、Cr升高的越多,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。腎臟NGAL表達(dá)主要分布在近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。 結(jié)論 在肝硬化腹水腎臟功能損傷時(shí),腎臟NGAL 主要分布于近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位,且其表達(dá)提示腎臟損傷程度。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 肝硬化模型;腎功能受損;中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白;腎臟

[中圖分類號(hào)] R446.11 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)03(c)-0017-04

Correlation between kidney expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and renal function impairment in liver cirrhosis

ZHANG Jiangguo1 GONG Fengyun2 LI Ling1 SONG Jianxin1

1.Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; 2.Department of Infectious Diseases, Pu′ai Hospital of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China

[Abstract] Objective To observe the relationship between kidney expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and renal function in a rat liver cirrhosis model. Methods A total of 60 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were included in this experiment. 27 rats were died during the process of model building, 5 male SD rats were used as control, 28 male SD rats were induced into liver cirrhosis with ascites through periodic carbon tetrachloride intragastric administration. Different groups such as slight staining group, moderate staining group, intense staining group, highly intense staining group were divided according to the NGAL expression intensity and NGAL positive cell number detected by immunohistochemistry. Then the protein expression of NGAL was further examined by Western blot and semi-quantified by densitometry. Automatic biochemistry analyzer was employed to measure blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum Creatinine (Cr). Results 28 animals with cirrhosis developed ascites. Western blot analysis revealed that there were significant differences among those different groups (P < 0.05). The expression of NGAL in highly intense staining group was highest. The expression of NGAL was stepwise decreased from intense staining group to moderate staining group and slight staining group. BUN, Cr levels in blood elevated as NGAL expression in kidney increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NGAL distributed primarily in proximal tubules and distal nephron segments in these groups. Conclusion In the rat liver cirrhosis model with impaired renal function, NGAL primarily distributes in proximal tubules and distal nephron segments. The NGAL staining intensity is correlated with the degree of renal function impairment.

[Key words] Liver cirrhosis model; Renal function impairment; Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Kidney

中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)是脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白家族中的一個(gè)新成員,最初被發(fā)現(xiàn)能結(jié)合細(xì)菌鐵載體進(jìn)而阻止鐵元素吸收入細(xì)菌從而抑制細(xì)菌活性[1]。近幾年,有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)高劑量腹腔內(nèi)注射能引起腎小管壞死的順鉑,能快速誘導(dǎo)腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)及從腎小管細(xì)胞釋放[2]。也有學(xué)者報(bào)道指出腎小管在短時(shí)間缺血損傷后腎小管會(huì)高表達(dá)NGAL[3]。腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)是腎移植時(shí)腎臟缺血損傷的早期指標(biāo)[4]。肝硬化時(shí)腎功能受損及肝腎綜合征時(shí),血和尿中NGAL表達(dá)增多是腎功能受損的敏感指標(biāo)[5-6]。但是在肝硬化腎功能受損時(shí),NGAL在腎臟的表達(dá)及與腎功能受損之間的關(guān)系還不是很清楚,因此本研究初步研究了大鼠肝硬化模型中腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)與腎功能損害之間的關(guān)系。這將為腎臟NGAL 表達(dá)變化與肝硬化腎臟損傷之間的關(guān)系提供直接的證據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料及試劑

雄性SD大鼠60只,SPF級(jí),體重150~200 g,購于自湖北省實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,飼養(yǎng)于同濟(jì)醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心SPF級(jí)屏障環(huán)境。四氯化碳購自天津德恩化學(xué)試劑有限公司,免疫組化及Western blot NGAL一抗購自美國Abnova公司,免疫組化二抗試劑盒購自上?;蚩萍加邢薰荆琖estern blot二抗及配膠、轉(zhuǎn)膜、顯影試劑購自武漢谷歌生物科技有限公司。

1.2 模型制作

重量大于200 g的SD大鼠,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)飼料喂養(yǎng),其中5只SD雄性大鼠作為空白對(duì)照,55只SD雄性大鼠持續(xù)使用無菌無熱原灌胃針經(jīng)胃給四氯化碳,首次劑量為20 μL,后續(xù)計(jì)量根據(jù)上次劑量灌胃后48 h體重變化調(diào)整。等腹水出現(xiàn)后,四氯化碳劑量減至20 μL,12~16周后,肝硬化腹水模型建立[7]。

1.3 免疫組化法測(cè)定腎臟NGAL表達(dá)

收集的大鼠腎臟標(biāo)本首先經(jīng)過10%的甲醛固定、脫水、透明、浸蠟、包埋、切片、烤片、脫蠟、水化、抗原修復(fù)、NGAL一抗4℃冰箱過夜、二抗37℃孵育10 min、DAB顯色、PBS終止染色、封片等。按照文獻(xiàn)[8]所示方法進(jìn)行分級(jí),NGAL的染色強(qiáng)度分為0~3分,0分為無染色,1分為弱染色,2分為中等程度染色,3分為強(qiáng)染色。NGAL染色百分比分為0~3分,其中0分為陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)所占百分比為0,1分為<25%,2分為25%~50%,3分為>50%。綜合上述兩者得分,其中低度表達(dá)組得分為0,1,2分,中度表達(dá)組得分為3,4分,高度表達(dá)組得分為6分,NGAL極高度表達(dá)組得分為9分。

1.4 Western blot測(cè)定腎臟NGAL表達(dá)

取肝硬化大鼠腎臟組織稱重,液氮、研缽磨碎組織塊,每克組織加3 mL含PMSF的RIPA裂解液,4℃下玻璃勻漿器勻漿,冰上孵育30 min;4℃,15 000 r/min離心15 min,Bradford比色法測(cè)定上清液蛋白質(zhì)濃度,蛋白質(zhì)煮沸變性,等量上樣,電泳,電轉(zhuǎn)膜儀轉(zhuǎn)膜,顯色,分析比較記錄。

1.5 腎功能測(cè)定

采集大鼠血液,分離出血清,采用Olympus AU21000型全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測(cè)定尿素氮(BUN)及肌酐(Cr)。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 13.0對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 模型建立

本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,對(duì)照組有5只大鼠。55只大鼠用來建立模型,在此過程中27只大鼠死亡,28只出現(xiàn)肝硬化腹水。

2.2 分組及NGAL在肝硬化腎功能損傷時(shí)腎臟表達(dá)的部位情況

按照免疫組化腎臟表達(dá)NGAL的強(qiáng)度和陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)建立不同級(jí)別組:NGAL低度表達(dá)組,NGAL中度表達(dá)組,NGAL高度表達(dá)組,NGAL極高度表達(dá)組,其中低度表達(dá)組有大鼠14只,中度表達(dá)組有大鼠7只,高度表達(dá)組有大鼠4只,極高表達(dá)組有3只。在上述四組中,腎臟NGAL表達(dá)主要分布在近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位,腎小球未見明顯分布。見圖1。

A為低度表達(dá)組,B為中度表達(dá)組,C為高度表達(dá)組,D為極高度表達(dá)組;箭頭所指為NGAL表達(dá)的部位

圖1 大鼠肝硬化模型腎臟NGAL表達(dá)免疫組化結(jié)果

2.3 不同組別NGAL的相對(duì)表達(dá)量

進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行Western blot 檢測(cè)了不同組之間的NGAL相對(duì)表達(dá)量,和上述結(jié)果相似,極高表達(dá)組的NGAL相對(duì)表達(dá)量(NGAL/β-actin)為1.0063±0.0159,高度表達(dá)組NGAL相對(duì)表達(dá)量為0.8543±0.0054,中度表達(dá)組NGAL相對(duì)表達(dá)量為0.7074±0.0191,低度表達(dá)組NGAL相對(duì)表達(dá)量為0.4535±0.0143;腎臟NGAL在極高度表達(dá)組明顯高于其他三組,而高度表達(dá)組明顯高于中低度表達(dá)組,中度表達(dá)組又高于低度表達(dá)組且上述差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖2。

A為低度表達(dá)組,B為中度表達(dá)組,C為高度表達(dá)組,D為極高度表達(dá)組;與A組比較,*P < 0.05

圖2 大鼠肝硬化模型腎臟NGAL表達(dá)Western blot結(jié)果及蛋白條帶的半定量分析

2.4 腎臟NGAL表達(dá)強(qiáng)度與大鼠血中BUN、Cr的關(guān)系

從低度、中度表達(dá)組到高度、極高度表達(dá)組,隨著NGAL表達(dá)強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng),血Cr,BUN在各組間呈遞增變化,且各組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。

表1 大鼠肝硬化模型不同NGAL表達(dá)組

腎功能BUN、Cr表達(dá)變化(x±s)

注:A為低度表達(dá)組,B為中度表達(dá)組,C為高度表達(dá)組,D為極高度表達(dá)組;與A組比較,*P < 0.05;BUN:尿素氮;Cr:肌酐

3 討論

腎功能障礙特別是肝腎綜合征,是晚期肝硬化患者最常見的臨床并發(fā)癥,主要由于全身或內(nèi)臟動(dòng)脈舒張、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和非滲透性的血管加壓素等神經(jīng)介質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的激活引起腎血管收縮、腎血流量減少、腎皮質(zhì)灌注不足所引起的急性腎臟損傷[9]。尿中的NGAL能夠分層診斷肝硬化患者腎功能損害及確診肝硬化患者的急性腎臟損傷[10-11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝硬化動(dòng)物模型中,腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)與腎功能受損密切相關(guān),且NGAL主要表達(dá)在功能受損的腎臟近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。

肝硬化患者尿液中的NGAL變化能敏感地提示肝硬化腎功能受損及損傷的程度[10-11],和上述結(jié)果相似,在本肝硬化模型中腎臟NGAL 表達(dá)提示腎臟功能損害程度。隨著NGAL表達(dá)強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng),血BUN及Cr在各組間呈遞增變化。這為肝硬化時(shí)腎臟NGAL表達(dá)與肝硬化時(shí)腎臟功能損害之間的關(guān)系提供直接證據(jù)。而對(duì)于急性腎臟損傷時(shí)NGAL表達(dá)增加的機(jī)制目前還不是太清楚,可能為在急性腎損傷時(shí),腎臟遠(yuǎn)側(cè)腎單位為了修復(fù)損傷的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞而合成和釋放NGAL[12],進(jìn)一步需進(jìn)行肝硬化患者腎臟穿刺活檢檢測(cè)NGAL表達(dá)并進(jìn)行明確的機(jī)制研究。

在腎臟缺血性損傷的動(dòng)物模型中,近曲腎小管NGAL表達(dá)與損傷修復(fù)有密切關(guān)系[3]。在腎小管細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過程中,NGAL能夠促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞形成[13]。肝硬化腎臟功能損傷時(shí)NGAL主要分布在近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。這可能與NGAL參與腎小管損傷修復(fù)有關(guān)。另外,NGAL 參與鐵的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),鐵離子可能會(huì)對(duì)腎小管細(xì)胞有毒性作用,在腎小管細(xì)胞受損傷時(shí),NGAL可能作為鐵離子的儲(chǔ)存庫以阻止鐵離子對(duì)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的毒性損害作用。這些都需要進(jìn)一步的機(jī)制研究以明確NGAL 在肝硬化腎功能損傷中的作用及機(jī)制。

總之,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝硬化腎臟功能損傷時(shí)腎臟NGAL主要分布于近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位,且其表達(dá)提示腎臟損傷程度。這為肝硬化腎臟損傷與腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)提供直接的證據(jù)。

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[11] Verna EC, Brown RS, Farrand E, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts mortality and identifies acute kidney injury in cirrhosis[J]. Digest Dis Sci,2012,57(9):2362-2370.

[12] Gungor G, Ataseven H, Demir A, et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in prediction of mortality in Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome: a prospective observational study [J]. Liver Int,2014,34:49-57.

[13] Gwira JA, Wei F, Ishibe S, et al. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin regulates epithelial morphogenesis in vitro[J]. J Biol Chem,2005,280(9):7875-7882.

(收稿日期:2013-11-31 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)

表1 大鼠肝硬化模型不同NGAL表達(dá)組

腎功能BUN、Cr表達(dá)變化(x±s)

注:A為低度表達(dá)組,B為中度表達(dá)組,C為高度表達(dá)組,D為極高度表達(dá)組;與A組比較,*P < 0.05;BUN:尿素氮;Cr:肌酐

3 討論

腎功能障礙特別是肝腎綜合征,是晚期肝硬化患者最常見的臨床并發(fā)癥,主要由于全身或內(nèi)臟動(dòng)脈舒張、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和非滲透性的血管加壓素等神經(jīng)介質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的激活引起腎血管收縮、腎血流量減少、腎皮質(zhì)灌注不足所引起的急性腎臟損傷[9]。尿中的NGAL能夠分層診斷肝硬化患者腎功能損害及確診肝硬化患者的急性腎臟損傷[10-11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝硬化動(dòng)物模型中,腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)與腎功能受損密切相關(guān),且NGAL主要表達(dá)在功能受損的腎臟近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。

肝硬化患者尿液中的NGAL變化能敏感地提示肝硬化腎功能受損及損傷的程度[10-11],和上述結(jié)果相似,在本肝硬化模型中腎臟NGAL 表達(dá)提示腎臟功能損害程度。隨著NGAL表達(dá)強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng),血BUN及Cr在各組間呈遞增變化。這為肝硬化時(shí)腎臟NGAL表達(dá)與肝硬化時(shí)腎臟功能損害之間的關(guān)系提供直接證據(jù)。而對(duì)于急性腎臟損傷時(shí)NGAL表達(dá)增加的機(jī)制目前還不是太清楚,可能為在急性腎損傷時(shí),腎臟遠(yuǎn)側(cè)腎單位為了修復(fù)損傷的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞而合成和釋放NGAL[12],進(jìn)一步需進(jìn)行肝硬化患者腎臟穿刺活檢檢測(cè)NGAL表達(dá)并進(jìn)行明確的機(jī)制研究。

在腎臟缺血性損傷的動(dòng)物模型中,近曲腎小管NGAL表達(dá)與損傷修復(fù)有密切關(guān)系[3]。在腎小管細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過程中,NGAL能夠促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞形成[13]。肝硬化腎臟功能損傷時(shí)NGAL主要分布在近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。這可能與NGAL參與腎小管損傷修復(fù)有關(guān)。另外,NGAL 參與鐵的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),鐵離子可能會(huì)對(duì)腎小管細(xì)胞有毒性作用,在腎小管細(xì)胞受損傷時(shí),NGAL可能作為鐵離子的儲(chǔ)存庫以阻止鐵離子對(duì)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的毒性損害作用。這些都需要進(jìn)一步的機(jī)制研究以明確NGAL 在肝硬化腎功能損傷中的作用及機(jī)制。

總之,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝硬化腎臟功能損傷時(shí)腎臟NGAL主要分布于近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位,且其表達(dá)提示腎臟損傷程度。這為肝硬化腎臟損傷與腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)提供直接的證據(jù)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] Goetz DH, Holmes MA, Borregaard N, et al. The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition [J]. Mol Cell,2002,10(5):1033-1043.

[2] Mishra J, Mori K, Ma Q, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a novel early urinary biomarker for cisplatin nephrotoxicity[J]. Am J Nephrol,2004,24(3):307-315.

[3] Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, et al. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14(10):2534-2543.

[4] Mishra J, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Kidney NGAL is a novel early marker of acute injury following transplantation[J]. Pediatr Nephrol,2006,21(6):856-863.

[5] Gerbes AL, Benesic A, Vogeser M, et al. Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin-A Sensitive Novel Marker of Renal Impairment in Liver Cirrhosis?[J]. Digestion,2011,84(1):82-83.

[6] Cavallin M, Fasolato S, Sticca A, et al. Increased urinary level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 HRS[J]. Hepatology,2011,54(Suppl 4):1254-1255.

[7] Guarner C, Runyon BA, Young S, et al. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites [J]. J Hepatol,1997,26(6):1372-1378.

[8] Sun Y, Yokoi K, Li H, et al. NGAL expression is elevated in both colorectal adenoma-carcinoma Sequence and cancer progression and enhances tumorigenesis in xenograft mouse models[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2011,17(13):4331-4340.

[9] 王宇明,朱鵬.終末期肝病中的急性腎損傷與肝腎綜合征[J].中華肝臟病雜志,2013,21(3):173-176.

[10] Fagundes C, Pépin MN, Guevara M, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as biomarker in the differential diagnosis of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis [J]. J Hepatol,2012,57(2):267-273.

[11] Verna EC, Brown RS, Farrand E, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts mortality and identifies acute kidney injury in cirrhosis[J]. Digest Dis Sci,2012,57(9):2362-2370.

[12] Gungor G, Ataseven H, Demir A, et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in prediction of mortality in Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome: a prospective observational study [J]. Liver Int,2014,34:49-57.

[13] Gwira JA, Wei F, Ishibe S, et al. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin regulates epithelial morphogenesis in vitro[J]. J Biol Chem,2005,280(9):7875-7882.

(收稿日期:2013-11-31 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)

表1 大鼠肝硬化模型不同NGAL表達(dá)組

腎功能BUN、Cr表達(dá)變化(x±s)

注:A為低度表達(dá)組,B為中度表達(dá)組,C為高度表達(dá)組,D為極高度表達(dá)組;與A組比較,*P < 0.05;BUN:尿素氮;Cr:肌酐

3 討論

腎功能障礙特別是肝腎綜合征,是晚期肝硬化患者最常見的臨床并發(fā)癥,主要由于全身或內(nèi)臟動(dòng)脈舒張、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)、交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和非滲透性的血管加壓素等神經(jīng)介質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的激活引起腎血管收縮、腎血流量減少、腎皮質(zhì)灌注不足所引起的急性腎臟損傷[9]。尿中的NGAL能夠分層診斷肝硬化患者腎功能損害及確診肝硬化患者的急性腎臟損傷[10-11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝硬化動(dòng)物模型中,腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)與腎功能受損密切相關(guān),且NGAL主要表達(dá)在功能受損的腎臟近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。

肝硬化患者尿液中的NGAL變化能敏感地提示肝硬化腎功能受損及損傷的程度[10-11],和上述結(jié)果相似,在本肝硬化模型中腎臟NGAL 表達(dá)提示腎臟功能損害程度。隨著NGAL表達(dá)強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng),血BUN及Cr在各組間呈遞增變化。這為肝硬化時(shí)腎臟NGAL表達(dá)與肝硬化時(shí)腎臟功能損害之間的關(guān)系提供直接證據(jù)。而對(duì)于急性腎臟損傷時(shí)NGAL表達(dá)增加的機(jī)制目前還不是太清楚,可能為在急性腎損傷時(shí),腎臟遠(yuǎn)側(cè)腎單位為了修復(fù)損傷的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞而合成和釋放NGAL[12],進(jìn)一步需進(jìn)行肝硬化患者腎臟穿刺活檢檢測(cè)NGAL表達(dá)并進(jìn)行明確的機(jī)制研究。

在腎臟缺血性損傷的動(dòng)物模型中,近曲腎小管NGAL表達(dá)與損傷修復(fù)有密切關(guān)系[3]。在腎小管細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過程中,NGAL能夠促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞形成[13]。肝硬化腎臟功能損傷時(shí)NGAL主要分布在近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位。這可能與NGAL參與腎小管損傷修復(fù)有關(guān)。另外,NGAL 參與鐵的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),鐵離子可能會(huì)對(duì)腎小管細(xì)胞有毒性作用,在腎小管細(xì)胞受損傷時(shí),NGAL可能作為鐵離子的儲(chǔ)存庫以阻止鐵離子對(duì)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的毒性損害作用。這些都需要進(jìn)一步的機(jī)制研究以明確NGAL 在肝硬化腎功能損傷中的作用及機(jī)制。

總之,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝硬化腎臟功能損傷時(shí)腎臟NGAL主要分布于近曲腎小管及遠(yuǎn)端腎單位,且其表達(dá)提示腎臟損傷程度。這為肝硬化腎臟損傷與腎臟NGAL的表達(dá)提供直接的證據(jù)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] Goetz DH, Holmes MA, Borregaard N, et al. The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition [J]. Mol Cell,2002,10(5):1033-1043.

[2] Mishra J, Mori K, Ma Q, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a novel early urinary biomarker for cisplatin nephrotoxicity[J]. Am J Nephrol,2004,24(3):307-315.

[3] Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, et al. Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2003,14(10):2534-2543.

[4] Mishra J, Ma Q, Kelly C, et al. Kidney NGAL is a novel early marker of acute injury following transplantation[J]. Pediatr Nephrol,2006,21(6):856-863.

[5] Gerbes AL, Benesic A, Vogeser M, et al. Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin-A Sensitive Novel Marker of Renal Impairment in Liver Cirrhosis?[J]. Digestion,2011,84(1):82-83.

[6] Cavallin M, Fasolato S, Sticca A, et al. Increased urinary level of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 HRS[J]. Hepatology,2011,54(Suppl 4):1254-1255.

[7] Guarner C, Runyon BA, Young S, et al. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites [J]. J Hepatol,1997,26(6):1372-1378.

[8] Sun Y, Yokoi K, Li H, et al. NGAL expression is elevated in both colorectal adenoma-carcinoma Sequence and cancer progression and enhances tumorigenesis in xenograft mouse models[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2011,17(13):4331-4340.

[9] 王宇明,朱鵬.終末期肝病中的急性腎損傷與肝腎綜合征[J].中華肝臟病雜志,2013,21(3):173-176.

[10] Fagundes C, Pépin MN, Guevara M, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as biomarker in the differential diagnosis of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis [J]. J Hepatol,2012,57(2):267-273.

[11] Verna EC, Brown RS, Farrand E, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts mortality and identifies acute kidney injury in cirrhosis[J]. Digest Dis Sci,2012,57(9):2362-2370.

[12] Gungor G, Ataseven H, Demir A, et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in prediction of mortality in Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome: a prospective observational study [J]. Liver Int,2014,34:49-57.

[13] Gwira JA, Wei F, Ishibe S, et al. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin regulates epithelial morphogenesis in vitro[J]. J Biol Chem,2005,280(9):7875-7882.

(收稿日期:2013-11-31 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)

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