項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：湯羽揚(yáng)/北京建工建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院/北京建筑大學(xué)建筑遺產(chǎn)研究院/湖北省文物考古研究所

屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園詳細(xì)規(guī)劃，荊門(mén)，湖北，中國(guó)

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：湯羽揚(yáng)/北京建工建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院/北京建筑大學(xué)建筑遺產(chǎn)研究院/湖北省文物考古研究所

遺址概況

屈家?guī)X遺址為新石器時(shí)代聚落遺址。該遺址于1954年被發(fā)現(xiàn)，1956年第二次發(fā)掘后成為“屈家?guī)X文化”命名地遺址，1988年被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為第三批全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

本次考古遺址公園規(guī)劃范圍包括屈家?guī)X、鐘家?guī)X、冢子壩、土地山和東灣石器點(diǎn)5個(gè)遺址片區(qū)。

遺址核心價(jià)值

（1）歷史價(jià)值

屈家?guī)X遺址是長(zhǎng)江中游的史前文化，是“屈家?guī)X文化”的命名遺址，是研究屈家?guī)X文化形成、發(fā)展的大遺址，為建立長(zhǎng)江中游地區(qū)新石器時(shí)代考古學(xué)文化譜系結(jié)構(gòu)提供了關(guān)鍵支撐。

屈家?guī)X文化階段正處于中華文明起源和形成的重要?dú)v史時(shí)期，該遺址的發(fā)掘研究對(duì)中華文明研究具有重要的意義，說(shuō)明長(zhǎng)江流域同黃河流域一樣也是中華文明的重要搖籃。

（2）科學(xué)價(jià)值

屈家?guī)X遺址出土的陶器和紅燒土內(nèi)所含的稻谷殼，是研究中國(guó)稻作農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要科學(xué)資料。

屈家?guī)X遺址出土的大量制作規(guī)范精致的陶器，顯示快輪制陶技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)與普及，具有重要的科學(xué)價(jià)值。

屈家?guī)X遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)的大規(guī)模紅燒土地面建筑，具有良好的防潮功能，是人們生活適應(yīng)環(huán)境的典型范例。

（3）藝術(shù)價(jià)值

屈家?guī)X遺址出土大量造型規(guī)范的陶器及彩陶裝飾風(fēng)格反映出當(dāng)時(shí)人們的審美觀念和藝術(shù)思想。

（4）社會(huì)價(jià)值

屈家?guī)X遺址屬于長(zhǎng)江流域文明起源、發(fā)展的標(biāo)志性地區(qū)之一，它所擁有的文化遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值具有突出的教育意義，足以充分發(fā)揮文物見(jiàn)證歷史、弘揚(yáng)傳統(tǒng)的獨(dú)特功能，是我國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域重要的愛(ài)國(guó)主義教育基地。

屈家?guī)X遺址可對(duì)地方的生態(tài)保護(hù)產(chǎn)生積極的促進(jìn)作用。

遺產(chǎn)地居民非常重視屈家?guī)X遺址并為擁有該遺址而感到自豪，遺產(chǎn)地的地位、影響和發(fā)展已成為地方社會(huì)文化發(fā)展的主題之一。

考古遺址公園總體布局

（1）規(guī)劃定位

規(guī)劃定位：展現(xiàn)屈家?guī)X地區(qū)“遠(yuǎn)古農(nóng)耕，昔日農(nóng)墾，今日農(nóng)谷”的發(fā)展歷程。以“中國(guó)農(nóng)谷”為依托，以“屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園”為紐帶，帶動(dòng)周邊地區(qū)發(fā)展，逐步形成集遺址保護(hù)、旅游、休閑、研究等功能為一體的屈家?guī)X新區(qū)。

形象定位：“展現(xiàn)史前文明，體驗(yàn)農(nóng)耕生活”。屈家?guī)X遺址作為新石器屈家?guī)X文化的命名地，是一處古人類(lèi)的聚落遺址。屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園以展示屈家?guī)X生產(chǎn)生活等史前文明為核心，將古代農(nóng)耕、建筑、磨石、制陶、漁獵、輪制等技術(shù)通過(guò)多種方式進(jìn)行展示，同時(shí)增加公眾的體驗(yàn)參與互動(dòng)，充分感受稻作文明與農(nóng)耕文化。

功能定位：屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園是展示新石器時(shí)期稻作文明聚落遺址的區(qū)域，為郊野型新型公園，具有保護(hù)、考古、展示、教育與研究功能，有促進(jìn)公眾對(duì)人類(lèi)物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)所有形式和多樣性的理解作用。

（2）規(guī)劃構(gòu)思

屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園的設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思是建立在對(duì)遺址歷史的充分挖掘并尊重的基礎(chǔ)上，同時(shí)考慮場(chǎng)地現(xiàn)有地域背景和特質(zhì)及其周邊環(huán)境的時(shí)代、規(guī)模、類(lèi)型等特點(diǎn)，遺址與場(chǎng)地的關(guān)系演繹成為烘托和承載公園特點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵。

屈家?guī)X遺址文化內(nèi)涵的最主要核心是中國(guó)古代農(nóng)耕文化的歷史，特別是長(zhǎng)江流域稻作文明起源階段的成就，是中國(guó)古代稻作農(nóng)業(yè)的杰出代表。

縱觀稻作發(fā)展的歷史和稻作現(xiàn)今的世界發(fā)展，中國(guó)一直以來(lái)都是稻作農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的起源地和最優(yōu)勢(shì)的發(fā)展區(qū)域，而荊門(mén)一直以來(lái)則是中國(guó)粳稻發(fā)展的優(yōu)勢(shì)板塊。屈家?guī)X區(qū)域稻作的發(fā)展一直沒(méi)有間斷過(guò)?，F(xiàn)今荊門(mén)將打造中國(guó)農(nóng)谷農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)，屈家?guī)X遺址作為其中的“中國(guó)農(nóng)耕文化的傳承地”，是其中最重要的組成部分之一。

在對(duì)荊門(mén)及屈家?guī)X區(qū)域古今農(nóng)業(yè)歷史及發(fā)展的深入研究中，提出“屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園”將作為“中國(guó)古代稻作農(nóng)業(yè)”和“中國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)谷建設(shè)”的“鏈接紐帶”，將鏈接歷史的農(nóng)業(yè)與未來(lái)的農(nóng)谷，將屈家?guī)X地區(qū)乃至荊門(mén)地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)歷史和發(fā)展全面、深入地展現(xiàn)給世人。

（3）規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)

總體規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)為：一環(huán)兩帶三區(qū)四心

一環(huán)：貫通四大遺址片區(qū)的環(huán)形路；

兩帶：青木河和青木垱河兩條水系景觀帶；

三區(qū)：考古科研區(qū)、農(nóng)耕體驗(yàn)區(qū)、游客服務(wù)區(qū)3個(gè)活動(dòng)區(qū)域。

四心：屈家?guī)X遺址展示核心、鐘家?guī)X遺址展示核心、冢子壩遺址展示核心、土地山遺址展示核心4個(gè)展示核心區(qū)。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶(hù)/Client：湖北省荊門(mén)市文物事業(yè)管理局/Jingmen Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau of Hubei Province

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team：劉昭祎，黃瀟瀟，王良苗，裴劭哲/LIU Zhaowei, HUANG Xiaoxiao, WANG Liangmiao, PEI Shaozhe

Site overview

Qujialing Site is a Neolithic settlement site to be discovered in 1954. After the second excavation in 1956, it is named after "Qujialing Culture". It is a typical site for researching the formation and development of Qujialing culture, and at the same time a large site in the representative of the culture of the middle Neolithic age at the middle reach areas of the Yangtze River. In 1988, it was listed in the third batch of important heritage sites under state protection by the State Council.

The Archaeological Park in this planning includes five site areas consisting of Qujialing, Zhongjialing, Zhongziba, Tudi Mountain and Dongwan Stoneware Site, covering an area of 89.96 hectares and accounting for 81% of the site areas.

Core value of the site

(1) Historical value

Qujialing Site is a prehistoric culture of the middle reaches of Yangtze River, a site named after "Qujialing Culture" as well as a large site for researching the formation and development of Qujialing culture, which provides a key support for the composition of archaeological culture pedigree of the middle Neolithic age at the middle reach areas of the Yangtze River.

Qujialing cultural stage is at an important historical period in the process of the origin and formation of Chinese civilization so that the excavation and research on the Site has important significance on the study of Chinese civilization, which demonstrates that the Yangtze River basin is another birthplace of Chinese civilization as important as the Yellow River basin.

(2) Scientific value

Potteries unearthed and rice hulls mixed into the sintering soil discovered from the Qujialing Site are important scientific data for paddy agriculture study in China.

The normalized fabrication of exquisite potteries in mass under the Qujialing Site reflects that the pottery making technique with a fast pottery wheel appear and popularize, which has significant scientific value.

It is found that mass use of sintering soil makes the buildings above the Qujialing Site well moistureproof, which establishes a typical example of the people who were adapting to the environment in living.

(3) Artistic value

A large number of unearthed potteries and decorative styles of the colored potteries reflect the aesthetic and artistic ideas of the people living at that time.

(4) Social value

Qujialing Site, known as one of areas indicative of the origin and the development of the civilization of the Yangtze River basin, is prominent in educational significance by virtue of its cultural heritage value, and is sufficient for playing a unique role in witness to history and promotion of traditional culture. In addition, it is an important patriotism education base in the field of social development in our country.

Qujialing Site has active effect on the promotion of ecological conservation in the locality.

The local residents attach great concern over the Site and feel pride for the Site and so the status, significance and development of the Site have become one of local social and cultural development themes.

General layout of the archaeological park

(1) Plan orientation

Plan orientation: to show the development processes of Qujialing from "farming in ancient times, agricultural cultivation in former years to agricultural valley today"; to drive the development of the surrounding areas relying on the concept of "China's Agricultural Valley" and liking with the "Qujialing Archaeological Park" so as to gradually create a Qujialing New Area integrating the functions of site preservation, tourism, recreation, research, etc.

Image orientation: "to show prehistoric civilization and to experience farming lifestyles". Qujialing Site, named after Qujialing culture in the Neolithic Age, is a settlement site of ancient humans. Qujialing Archaeological Park which displays the prehistoric civilization around production, living and so on has revealed various techniques such as farming, building, stone grinding, pottery making, fishing & hunting, pottery making with a wheel via a variety of ways. Meanwhile, interaction activities are additionally provided for the public fully experiencing the civilization of paddy cultivation and the farming culture.

Functional orientation: Qujialing Archaeological Park is a new suburb park as well as an exhibition area of paddy civilization in the Neolithic Age, which functions as preservation, archaeology, exhibition, education and research, and promotes the people having an understanding of the ownership forms and diversity of cultural heritage of humanity.

(2) Planning conception

The Qujialing Archaeological Park is designed based on the concept of full exploration and respect for the history of the Site while considering existing regional context and characteristics on spot as well as the features of the surrounding environment, such as times, scales, types. The relationship between the Site and the ground thereof has become a key to show and bear the features of the Park.

The core connotation of Qujialing culture lies in its history of faming culture in ancient China, especially in the achievements made in original period of paddy civilization at Yangtze River basin, which is an outstanding example of paddy agriculture in ancient China.

China has always been the origin as well as the most dominant paddy agriculture development area throughout the paddy development history and even in today's world development, and Jingmen has been one of advantageous development areas of roundgrained non-glutinous rice in China. The paddy cultivation of Qujialing areas keeps a continuous development. Now, an agricultural demonstration zone of China's Agricultural Valley will be settled in Jingmen, and the Qujialing Archaeological Park as a "place to inherit farming culture of China" will become an important part of the zone.

After an in-depth research on ancient and modern agricultural history and development at Jingmen and Qujialing areas, the Qujialing Archaeological Park will be treated as a "link" between the "paddy agriculture in ancient China" and the "construction of modern China's agricultural valley" to bridge historical agriculture and future agricultural valley, thereby fully and deeply presenting the agricultural history and development of Qujialing area and even Jingmen area to the public.

(3) Planning structure

General planning is structured by one ring, two zones, three areas, and four cores.

One ring refers to a ring road communicating four site areas;

Two zones refer to water landscape zones along Qingmu River and Qingmudang River;

Three areas include archaeological research, farming experience and tourist service areas;

Four cores include core presentation on Qujialing Site, Zhongjialing Site, Zhongziba Site, and Tudi Mountain Site.

評(píng)論

褚冬竹：古人艱辛開(kāi)創(chuàng)出與自然共生的稻作生產(chǎn)條件，世代相傳，哺養(yǎng)了難以計(jì)數(shù)的中國(guó)人。由此源發(fā)的精神信仰、衣食住行、歲時(shí)節(jié)令、禮儀人情逐漸積淀，終成中華農(nóng)耕文化的重要部分。如今，信息的捕獲和傳遞是如此便利迅捷，而親身體驗(yàn)、實(shí)物觀察卻成了難得的奢侈。農(nóng)耕的本質(zhì)便是與自然真實(shí)對(duì)話(huà)、赤誠(chéng)相待，容不得半點(diǎn)虛假。如何實(shí)現(xiàn)“考古遺址”必須堅(jiān)守的科學(xué)性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性與“公園”的開(kāi)放性、休閑性的深層融合，成為挑戰(zhàn)規(guī)劃者智慧的一道“大題”。時(shí)隔10余年，仍清晰記得電影《角斗士》中馬克西蒙斯輕撫麥穗，麗莎·杰拉德低吟“The Wheat”旋律時(shí)悲愴卻心存希望的畫(huà)面——那是對(duì)“家園”的最高禮贊。這份規(guī)劃，不僅有保護(hù)、研究、科普，更是一份關(guān)于“家園”和“故土”的答卷。

張謹(jǐn)：當(dāng)前，考古遺址公園是一個(gè)政策性多于學(xué)術(shù)性的命題。它的目的更多是為了應(yīng)對(duì)城市化的迅猛進(jìn)程與大規(guī)模的考古遺址爭(zhēng)奪土地的事實(shí)，而并非單純意義上的考古現(xiàn)場(chǎng)呈現(xiàn)，因此對(duì)于位于城市核心區(qū)、城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合部以及荒野地帶的考古遺址，有著不同的考量。而考古遺址公園規(guī)劃，由于考古學(xué)家、保護(hù)專(zhuān)家、文物主管部門(mén)、地方政府的訴求迥異，在規(guī)劃內(nèi)容、規(guī)劃目標(biāo)、規(guī)劃措施甚至規(guī)劃年限等方面均存在巨大爭(zhēng)議，因此其規(guī)劃呈現(xiàn)出更多的探索性。屈家?guī)X考古遺址公園的規(guī)劃，對(duì)位于遠(yuǎn)離城市的考古遺址的展示利用做出了較為有針對(duì)性的應(yīng)答，即以生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的背景與遺址的展示相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造原生態(tài)的遺址景觀，其理念與遺址的文化內(nèi)涵相契合，也最大程度上規(guī)避了各方矛盾的產(chǎn)生。

Comments

CHU Dongzhu: The rice production condition that the ancients created is symbiotic with nature, which has been passed down from generation to generation and fed numerous Chinese people. The spiritual beliefs, basic necessities of life, seasons, the gradual accumulation of human etiquette originating from the production eventually became an essential part of Chinese farming culture. Nowadays, information is spreading in such a rapid speed that it is a luxury to observe relevant objects in person. Farming is fundamentally a heart-to-heart dialogue with nature, allowing not a bit of pretense. Then, how to well combine an "archaeological site" that has to adhere to scientificity and rigidity with an open and recreational "park" is a big issue challenging planners. Though ten years has passed since I had watched the movie Gladiator, I can still remember clearly a sorrowful yet hopeful scene in which Maximus is stroking the ear of wheat while Lisa Gerrard crooning the melody of "the Wheat" - it is the highest praise for home. The planning for the Qujialing Archaeological Park aims not only at protection, research, and dissemination, it is also an answer sheet explaining what "home" and "homeland" mean.

ZHANG Jin: At present, archaeological park is a proposition more policy-oriented than research-driven. To a large extent, it aims to seize a large-scale land for archaeological sites during China's rapid process of urbanization. It is therefore far from to present an archaeological site. Under this circumstance, core urban areas, urban fringes and wilderness areas are treated differently. For different demands of archaeologists, conservators, heritage authorities and local governments, there exist great controversies with regard to planning contents, objectives, measures and duration. Archaeological park planning is therefore at a exploratory stage. The planning for Qujialing Archaeological Park presents a targeted response and serves as a model to archaeological sites far away from the urban. It integrates ecological agriculture with heritage exhibition to create a landscape of original ecology. As its concept matches the cultural connotation of heritage, the planning has avoided conflicts among different interest parties to the utmost.

Detailed Planning of Qujialing Archaeological Park, Jingmen, Hubei, China

Project Design：TANG Yuyang/Beijing Jiangong Architectural Design and Research Institute/Academy of Architectural Heritage, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture/Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics