侯衛(wèi)東

紅河哈尼梯田世界遺產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性淺釋

侯衛(wèi)東

哈尼梯田1）于2013年被世界遺產(chǎn)組織正式登錄為世界文化景觀遺產(chǎn)。這一發(fā)源于中國(guó)西南大山深處的人類文明的痕跡得到世界的公認(rèn)，是全球文明的幸運(yùn)，也是哈尼各族人民的驕傲。

哈尼梯田以其融合自然與人類智慧于一爐的特殊文化景觀而著名，體現(xiàn)了高山林地蓄養(yǎng)水源，林下建設(shè)居住村寨，沿山坡地開墾梯田，水系自上而下滋養(yǎng)生命、澆灌梯田、而后匯入溪流河水，再蒸發(fā)后又回饋養(yǎng)育山林。如此循回往復(fù)生生不息。使得這里的自然得以維持常態(tài)，人類得以繁衍。

要知道這是在崇山峻嶺山體平均坡度達(dá)到40°～60°、經(jīng)濟(jì)和交通均不夠發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)。除了這內(nèi)在的被稱作“四素同構(gòu)”的生態(tài)和人文系統(tǒng)，梯田還供給人們一種人與自然的美景。哈尼梯田四季景色各異，在蓄水養(yǎng)田的季節(jié)，田野像一疊疊裁制精美的明鏡，鑲嵌在蔥綠的山坡上，映射著天光云影。水稻收獲季節(jié)，稻子在陽光的裝飾下，呈現(xiàn)出五顏六色的斑斕畫卷，冬天的雪景，則是一片銀裝素裹。

林下梯田間的村落散布在各山卯之間，依地勢(shì)風(fēng)水而建。原來的村落都是當(dāng)?shù)氐泥l(xiāng)土風(fēng)格，基本是土坯砌墻、木結(jié)構(gòu)屋架、茅草屋頂，屋頂為流水均勻，做成囤頂形狀，這些質(zhì)樸而具有獨(dú)到風(fēng)格的民居在近年的村莊改造中已經(jīng)有相當(dāng)一部分失去了原有的特色，但仍然有幾處村落得以較完好地保存，使我們能夠窺一斑而知全豹。如最具代表性的牛倮普村，尚存有10余棟房屋，風(fēng)格一致，年代較為久遠(yuǎn)，甚至保留了原住民傳統(tǒng)的居住和生活習(xí)慣。

除了這些梯田景觀，原住民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，他們的節(jié)慶婚喪，都帶著濃濃的地域特色，都是當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窳艚o這個(gè)世界的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。

哈尼梯田文化景觀是一處活的文化遺產(chǎn)，是一個(gè)自然生態(tài)的活的肌體，是當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褓囈陨娴谋Ｕ希煌谝话愕臍v史文化遺產(chǎn)，它的保護(hù)無法借助于一般的程序和技術(shù)，而是要由區(qū)域內(nèi)整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的良性可持續(xù)發(fā)展來保證，要依靠哈尼梯田的各族人民以自己的生活和信仰傳承和維系這些文化景觀的鮮活意義。

森林要養(yǎng)護(hù)和培育，不得使其枯萎和衰退，要做到這一點(diǎn)，要保證該區(qū)域適當(dāng)?shù)臍夂蚝退忠约氨匾牧值?。不得隨意砍伐和損毀自然。這一點(diǎn)目前較為容易做到。

村寨要維持其基本的形態(tài)和格局，房屋要保持當(dāng)?shù)靥厣?，但是居住者提高居住水平的?quán)益應(yīng)該保障。這和房屋的原樣保存有一定的矛盾。但是，我們?nèi)匀幌Ｍ∶衲軌虮M可能地安居樂業(yè)，因此應(yīng)該幫助他們?cè)诓桓淖冊(cè)课蒿L(fēng)格的基礎(chǔ)上改善生活水平。一些為非原住功能的和仿造的所謂哈尼風(fēng)格不應(yīng)該被肆意擴(kuò)散。

哈尼梯田文化景觀的生命力和美景蘊(yùn)藏于持續(xù)不斷的耕種和收割?，F(xiàn)在這一人類活動(dòng)仍在維持，但我們不能不預(yù)測(cè)到危機(jī)，由于整體社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)變革，由于周邊旅游等環(huán)境的干擾，一種安寧的封閉式的田園生活氛圍不會(huì)一成不變，如何保證耕種者的積極性，使其與社會(huì)的進(jìn)程相適應(yīng)，是必然要面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)。這些方面，已經(jīng)有一些思考和對(duì)策，其功效則還要經(jīng)過實(shí)踐來檢驗(yàn)。

注釋：

1）紅河哈尼梯田文化景觀世界遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)規(guī)劃由中國(guó)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院歷史研究所近期完成，申遺文本由中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn)研究院工程與規(guī)劃所完成。由于本遺產(chǎn)的特殊性，無專項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)之說。

Hani Terrace was formally listed as a world culture scenic heritage site by the World Heritage Organization in 2013. This trace of human civilization originated from the remote areas of the mountains in Southwest China. It was fortunate for the world civilization that it was globally recognized, which is also a pride of the ethnic groups led by Hani nationality.

Hani Terrace is famous for its unique cultural landscape combining natural environment and human wisdom. Forest in high mountains store water resource. Villages are built in woodland, and terraced farmland are established along the hillside. In this manner, water flows downwards to nourish lives, irrigate terraced farmlands, merge into brooks and rivers, and eventually evaporate and feed back to the mountain forests. Such a cycle maintains the normal state of the natural system which supports the reproduction of human beings.

This heritage site is located in an underdeveloped area with poor economy and inconvenient transportation. The average slope of the high mountains is between 40 to 60 degrees. The ecological and cultural systems of the Hani Terrace are named as the Four Element Isomorphism. It offers beautiful and different scenery through four seasons. During the period of retaining water for cultivation, the fields, like delicately tailored mirrors, are inlaid on the verdant hills, reflecting the sky light and cloud shadows. When it comes to the harvest season, rice exhibits a multi-colored picturesque look. In snowy winter, the fields are clad in silvery whiteness.

The villages are dispersed at the foot of the forest among the hills, and are built according to the topography. The original villages are of local styles, with mud brick walls, wood structured and shallowvaulted thatch roof. Most of these simple but unique residential buildings have lost their original characteristics during the village renovation process, with only a few villages fully preserved. For example, Niuluopu Village is one of the most representative historical villages. There are still ten-some historical houses remaining with unified styles that preserve the traditional dwellings and living habits of the indigenous people.

Besides the terrace scenery, the custom and habits of local people, such as ceremonies of festivals, weddings and funerals, are all full of distinct regional features, which are the intangible cultural heritage of this unique region.

Hani Terrace Cultural Landscape is a living cultural heritage. It is a living natural ecological system which supports the lives of local residents. It is different from common historical cultural heritage sites in that its conservation cannot be achieved through normal procedures and technology, but requires the positive and sustainable development of the entire ecosystem of the region. It depends on local ethnic groups at Hani Terrace to inherit and maintain this lively cultural landscape though their lives and beliefs.

The forest needs conserving and cultivating against withering and declining. It is important to assure suitable climate, moisture, and necessary forest land in the region by prohibiting illegal logging and damaging of the natural system which is relatively easy to achieve currently.

To maintain the original configuration of the villages, local features of traditional buildings shall be kept intact. At the same time, the local residents have the rights to request better living conditions which shall be ensured. This, to some extent, contradicts with the preservation of the original appearance of the houses. However, we do hope that the local ethnic groups can live and work in peace and contentment, thus we shall help them improve living conditions without altering the original style of the houses. Some of the non-aboriginal functions and imitated so-called Hani styles shall not be permitted without limitations.

The vitality and beauty of Hani Terrace Cultural Landscape rest in continuous cultivation and harvest which continue until the present day. However, we have to foresee the upcoming crisis. The entire society is experiencing an economic reform, and surrounding environment is disturbed by tourism. The atmosphere of a tranquil enclosed idyllic life cannot stay unchanged. How to ensure the enthusiasm of the farmers and help them adapt to the progressing society is an inevitable challenge. There have been some thoughts and strategies in tackling this situation, but the effect still needs to be examined in practice.

評(píng)論

孟建民：向可持續(xù)發(fā)展過渡

哈尼梯田被錄為世界文化景觀遺產(chǎn)，關(guān)鍵在于把自然條件和人類智慧相融合。利用高低錯(cuò)位的先天性條件，循環(huán)有效地利用資源，克服地理、交通位置不便因素，遵循自然規(guī)律去開發(fā)，做到了既維持完整的自然常態(tài)，又反哺了人類。依地勢(shì)風(fēng)水建造的村落，如牛倮普村，利用土、木做材料、結(jié)構(gòu)和造型，完美地反映了當(dāng)代的鄉(xiāng)土風(fēng)格，特色鮮明。項(xiàng)目傳承風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，用生活和信仰保證梯田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，養(yǎng)護(hù)和培育森林耕種與收割等。

但這種村寨特色的絕對(duì)保存可能會(huì)阻礙當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆钏降奶岣撸矊幏忾]的生活狀態(tài)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駟适鐣?huì)生活的積極性。

哈尼梯田既要做到“可持續(xù)”，又要追求“發(fā)展”，還需要時(shí)間來證明。

褚冬竹：作為可能是中國(guó)最具特色的一片耕地，位于西南一隅的哈尼梯田成功擁有兩個(gè)身份：（1）農(nóng)田；（2）景觀。農(nóng)田養(yǎng)育了哈尼人，生生不息，是根本要?jiǎng)?wù)；景觀則滋潤(rùn)了四方客，流連忘返，乃精神衍生。民以食為天，農(nóng)田作為人類“改造自然、為我所用”目標(biāo)下的最悠久的外部空間“產(chǎn)品”，事實(shí)上具有所謂“景觀”的所有核心特質(zhì)。為蓄水耕作便利，山地農(nóng)田被組織為多個(gè)小型水平面層疊關(guān)聯(lián)，與哀牢山的起伏跌宕熨帖綿延，形成了今人所見的“大地景觀”。在純?nèi)肆l件下，哈尼人輕觸自然，以“身體”尺度與大地進(jìn)行著一次千年不絕的對(duì)話，雖細(xì)微瑣絮，卻智慧堅(jiān)韌。在移山填海均如探囊取物的今日，保護(hù)哈尼梯田，其實(shí)是守衛(wèi)著我們與自然最后的那點(diǎn)矜持。

Comments

MENG Jianmin: Transferring toward sustainable development

Hani Terrace is ranked as a World Cultural Landscape Heritage because it reflects the integration between natural conditions and human intelligence. By making use of the natural condition and recycling the accessible resources effectively, the development of the project follows the natural rules and realizes the balance between reserving the natural status and supporting the livelihood of human with succession, after conquering difficulties in geographic location and transportation condition. The villages built up following the landform and fengshui, like Niuluopu Village, exhibit distinctive local characteristics by utilizing local wood and earth as the construction materials in its construction structures and forms. The project inherits local customs and living habits, and guarantees the sustainable development of the terrace ecological system with life and beliefs. In addition, the forest is protected, so are the traditional farming and harvesting methods.

Nevertheless, the unconditional reservation of traditional features might hinder the promotion of local residents' living conditions. And the peaceful but closed life style could lead to the loss of active social interactions for the residents.

We still need time to prove whether Hani Terrace project could be both "sustainable" and "development-oriented".

CHU Dongzhu: As may be China's most unique piece of arable land, Hani Terraces, which are located in the southwestern China, have two distinct identities: first, farmland; second, landscape. Farmland raises the Hani people, which is its fundamental task; while landscape pleases the visitors from all over the country, which is the spiritual derivative. Food is the first necessity of the people. Farmland, as the oldest external spatial "product" under human's goal of "reforming the nature to utilize it", in fact has all the core qualities of so-called "landscape". For the convenience of water storage and farming, the mountain farmland is organized into lots of small horizontal planes that are stacked up and associated with each other, which stretch along with the ups and downs of Ailao Mountain, forming the "earth landscape" that people see today. In a pure human condition, Hani people gently contact with the nature and conduct at the scale of "body" a dialogue with the earth that lasts for thousands of years, which is wise and tenacious although petty and trivial. Today in a context that land reclamation is as easy as picking one's own pocket, conserving Hani Terraces is actually to protect the last piece of modesty that we have toward the nature.

Sustainability of the Honghe Hani Terrace World Heritage Site

HOU Weidong