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神經(jīng)根型頸椎病頸痛臨床評(píng)價(jià)方法研究

2014-04-05 14:12孫悅禮崔學(xué)軍姚長(zhǎng)風(fēng)王擁軍
世界中醫(yī)藥 2014年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:頸痛頸椎病頸部

孫悅禮 姚 敏 崔學(xué)軍 姚長(zhǎng)風(fēng) 王擁軍

(1上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院,上海,200032;2上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)脊柱病研究所,上海,200032)

神經(jīng)根型頸椎病發(fā)病率高,嚴(yán)重影響著患者的生活質(zhì)量,加重家庭和社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為神經(jīng)根型頸椎病是由于肝腎虧虛,筋骨衰退,加之慢性積累性勞損,導(dǎo)致筋骨失養(yǎng),痹阻經(jīng)絡(luò),氣滯血瘀。因而,將其歸入“痹癥”范疇。中醫(yī)藥主要采用非手術(shù)治療。然而,大多數(shù)治療的安全性和有效性數(shù)據(jù)還沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

20世紀(jì)90年代末循證醫(yī)學(xué)的興起促進(jìn)開(kāi)發(fā)了大量評(píng)定患者不同癥狀的評(píng)定手段[1]?,F(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的康復(fù)治療師已將各種熟悉的評(píng)定結(jié)局指標(biāo)的方法運(yùn)用于臨床實(shí)踐和臨床項(xiàng)目中[2-3]。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)完善合理的結(jié)局指標(biāo),可為建立基線、評(píng)估干預(yù)有效性并促進(jìn)患者的依從性奠定基礎(chǔ)[4-7]。

我們通過(guò)對(duì)神經(jīng)根型頸椎病頸痛的一些國(guó)際公認(rèn)信息的整理,包括頸痛的定義、分類以及現(xiàn)有的評(píng)定手段,進(jìn)行了綜合性評(píng)價(jià)。研究者可以根據(jù)不同的研究目的,運(yùn)用這些信息來(lái)選擇同質(zhì)的受試者以及最恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)局評(píng)定手段[8]。

1 頸痛的定義

1.1 根據(jù)解剖定位 國(guó)際疼痛協(xié)會(huì)(The International Association for the Study of Pain,IASP)將頸痛定義為頸后區(qū)從上項(xiàng)線至第一胸椎棘突間感覺(jué)到的疼痛[9-10]。大部分頸痛的范圍界定為頸后側(cè),而位于頸前區(qū)的疼痛通常被描述為咽喉疼痛,而不是頸痛[11]。

“骨與關(guān)節(jié)十年(2000—2010)”“頸痛及其相關(guān)疾病的特別工作小組”對(duì)“頸痛”所作的定義為:在頸部結(jié)構(gòu)中發(fā)生的疼痛,并可牽涉至頭部,軀干和上肢[12-13]。此定義特別將疼痛牽涉區(qū)域也歸入到頸痛部位。

1.2 根據(jù)病因 一些研究者認(rèn)為,所有的頸痛都是原發(fā)病因引起的[12]。而另一些研究者認(rèn)為,頸痛是一種社會(huì)心理為主的非器質(zhì)性病變[14]。頸椎病可按發(fā)病因素進(jìn)行分類,如外傷性頸痛,職業(yè)性頸痛,運(yùn)動(dòng)性頸痛和非特異性頸痛[15-18]。

頸痛癥狀無(wú)法通過(guò)其病因和解剖結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)其進(jìn)行診斷時(shí),IASP建議以“不明確誘因頸痛”命名[10];“澳大利亞急性肌肉骨骼疼痛指導(dǎo)小組”建議以“特發(fā)性頸痛”命名[19]。

2 頸痛的分類

2.1 根據(jù)疼痛嚴(yán)重程度 “頸痛特別工作組”參考“魁北克揮鞭樣損傷相關(guān)疾病特別工作小組”成員Von Korff[15]等開(kāi)發(fā)的分類系統(tǒng),并對(duì)這種分類方法進(jìn)行了完善。該工作組建議根據(jù)疼痛程度將頸痛分成四個(gè)臨床分級(jí):I級(jí),頸痛,但不伴有嚴(yán)重器質(zhì)性病變引起的其他癥狀,沒(méi)有或輕微地影響日?;顒?dòng);Ⅱ級(jí),頸痛,但不伴有嚴(yán)重器質(zhì)性病變引起的其他癥狀,但較明顯地影響日?;顒?dòng);Ⅲ級(jí),頸痛,僅伴有神經(jīng)根卡壓體征;IV級(jí),頸痛,伴有嚴(yán)重器質(zhì)性病變。其中器質(zhì)性病變主要包括但不限于:骨折、脊髓損傷、感染、腫瘤或全身性疾病。

因?yàn)檫@種分型可以確保各組癥狀嚴(yán)重程度的均一性,所以在臨床研究中非常實(shí)用,并幫助臨床醫(yī)生制定最佳的循證治療。在諸多頸痛的研究[20]中,研究者因?yàn)榧{入了大部分對(duì)于醫(yī)療需求較小的頸痛I級(jí)患者,所以無(wú)法發(fā)現(xiàn)干預(yù)治療對(duì)頸痛的具體有效性。而如果患者被劃分到頸痛III級(jí),那么他們需要進(jìn)一步治療神經(jīng)根卡壓癥狀[11,20]。Bogduk 和 McGuirk[11]認(rèn)為,軀體疼痛與神經(jīng)根性疼痛之間有時(shí)很難區(qū)分,但來(lái)自于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)體征的根性疼痛,通常會(huì)伴有感覺(jué)異常、麻木、無(wú)力、伴或不伴有反射消失。在診治過(guò)程中,神經(jīng)癥狀患者是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的群體,除非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)體征已消退,患者可以被歸類為頸痛II級(jí),不應(yīng)被排除在有關(guān)頸痛的研究項(xiàng)目或循證治療干預(yù)措施之外[11,20]。

2.2 根據(jù)疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間 IASP根據(jù)頸痛持續(xù)時(shí)間提出了另一種頸痛分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。持續(xù)7d以內(nèi)的稱為急性頸痛,7d到3個(gè)月的稱為亞急性頸痛,超過(guò)3個(gè)月以上的稱為慢性頸痛[10]?!邦i痛特別工作小組”采用了相同的時(shí)間點(diǎn),并提出了另一系列的命名,(以“一過(guò)性頸痛”代替“急性頸痛”,“短期頸痛”代替“亞急性頸痛”,“長(zhǎng)期頸痛”代替“慢性頸痛”)[12-13]。

在所有研究中,對(duì)于亞急性頸痛的治療與急、慢性頸痛并沒(méi)有區(qū)別,所以頸痛僅分為急性和慢性可能更恰當(dāng)[11]。

3 臨床評(píng)定和結(jié)局指標(biāo)檢查

在排除嚴(yán)重的潛在器質(zhì)性疾病并診斷為非特異性機(jī)械性頸痛后,可以采用一系列的客觀檢查和主觀自述指標(biāo)評(píng)估患者狀態(tài)、跟蹤患者的病程,并記錄臨床實(shí)踐及研究中干預(yù)治療的療效[22-23]。

神經(jīng)根型頸椎病患者求醫(yī)時(shí)最常見(jiàn)的主訴是頸痛。醫(yī)生通常會(huì)采用生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式(即通過(guò)查看患者的疼痛及相關(guān)活動(dòng)障礙作為相關(guān)組織病變的外在反映的依據(jù))對(duì)患者進(jìn)行評(píng)定和治療[24]。慢性骨退行性病變所引起的疼痛復(fù)雜多樣,需要結(jié)合生物-心理-社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)模式對(duì)患者進(jìn)行診治。這種模式將神經(jīng)根型頸椎病患者疼痛的主訴置于一個(gè)整體的背景下,將頸痛和頸部功能障礙納入一個(gè)系統(tǒng)綜合考慮,其中包括疼痛情況,對(duì)疼痛的反應(yīng)、經(jīng)歷的心理困擾、表現(xiàn)出的疾病行為以及社會(huì)分工情況[25-26]。Loeser[27]等開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)可以描述肌骨疼痛患者的軀體、心理和社會(huì)三個(gè)層面之間的密切關(guān)系的疼痛概念模型。組織損傷使人感知到的疼痛是身體層面的;當(dāng)疼痛感知轉(zhuǎn)化為疼痛耐受,即達(dá)到了心理層面;最終,承受的疼痛不斷累積并影響了患者正常的社會(huì)角色行為,就影響到了社會(huì)層面[1]。由此可知,一份完整的頸痛患者健康檔案,需要多維度的指標(biāo)綜合而成。

根據(jù)國(guó)際的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),評(píng)估功能和健康及其相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:器質(zhì)性的損傷、功能活動(dòng)中的疼痛、日常行為的障礙以及外部因素和個(gè)人因素等方面。

3.1 疼痛、功能、健康狀況的自我評(píng)定 IASP將疼痛描述為“一種不悅的感覺(jué)和情緒經(jīng)歷”[21-22]。因?yàn)樘弁词侵饔^感受,臨床醫(yī)生和研究者依賴患者的自述,所以這種評(píng)定方法的準(zhǔn)確性易受患者的精神狀態(tài)或理解認(rèn)知能力的影響,存在局限性。雖然疼痛來(lái)自于主觀感受的觀點(diǎn)已被廣泛接受,但對(duì)該如何描述和評(píng)定頸痛,仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。

3.1.1 疼痛尺 根據(jù)《理療師實(shí)踐交互式指南》(Interactive Guide to Physical Therapist Practice),在評(píng)定治療結(jié)果時(shí),詳盡記錄患者的疼痛程度、性質(zhì)和分布情況至關(guān)重要。在臨床上使用的疼痛尺包括口述、視覺(jué)、數(shù)字、語(yǔ)義差別等[28]。

1)簡(jiǎn)易描述尺:簡(jiǎn)易描述量表(Simple Descriptive Scale,SDS)也被稱為“口述疼痛尺”,由患者選擇描述自己疼痛程度最恰當(dāng)?shù)目潭?。但是該方法不能區(qū)分疼痛程度的細(xì)微差別[29]。

2)視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分尺:視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(Visual Analog Scale,VAS)是在一條10cm的線,一端代表“無(wú)痛”,另一端代表“最痛”?;颊甙匆笤诰€上疼痛程度對(duì)應(yīng)位置標(biāo)上記號(hào)。因?yàn)橐曈X(jué)模擬評(píng)分尺容易操作并且可恰當(dāng)?shù)拿枋鰧?duì)疼痛的主觀反應(yīng),所以這是疼痛評(píng)估中較常用的方法。

3)數(shù)字評(píng)分尺:數(shù)字評(píng)分尺(Numeric Rating Scale,NRS)是在0到10級(jí)中確定疼痛程度的方式,0代表無(wú)痛,10代表劇烈疼痛。Downie等的研究指出,較之簡(jiǎn)易描述量表,數(shù)字評(píng)分法能將疼痛強(qiáng)度間的細(xì)微差別更好地進(jìn)行區(qū)分[33]。但與視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分尺比較,數(shù)字評(píng)分尺不太適合給表達(dá)障礙的患者使用,而且視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分尺所提供的連續(xù)數(shù)值更適合做參數(shù)分析。

(4)語(yǔ)義差別量表:該量表將疼痛分為情緒、評(píng)價(jià)和感覺(jué)三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行記錄。每個(gè)分類下的詞語(yǔ)都按照強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行分級(jí)。McGill疼痛問(wèn)卷(MPQ)是在臨床試驗(yàn)中最常用的一種語(yǔ)義差別法的評(píng)分量表[34-35]。視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分尺只能用于記錄疼痛強(qiáng)度時(shí)被使用,而McGill疼痛問(wèn)卷不僅包含了這項(xiàng)功能,還能記錄疼痛的其他特性。不過(guò)總體而言,語(yǔ)義差別量表相對(duì)困難且耗時(shí),它要求患者具有較高的識(shí)字水平和正常的認(rèn)知能力。

3.1.2 問(wèn)卷量表 1)疼痛:評(píng)估疼痛的問(wèn)卷包括:擴(kuò)展版亞伯丁脊柱痛量表(Extended Aberdeen Spine Pain Scale,ASPS)[36],伯恩茅斯問(wèn)卷(Bournemouth Questionnaire,BQ)[37]、頸椎結(jié)局問(wèn)卷(Cervical Spine Outcomes Questionnaire,CSOQ)[38]、健康感知 42 問(wèn)(Current Perceived Health 42 Profile,CPH42)[39]、頸 殘 疾 指 數(shù)(NDI)[32,40-42]、諾夫域公園頸痛問(wèn)卷(Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire,NPQ)[42]、問(wèn) 題 引 出 技 術(shù)(Problem Elicitation Technique,PET)[42]。

針對(duì)頸肩痛患者的ASPS,在臨床上可記錄患者活動(dòng)及休息時(shí)的疼痛行為。研究者認(rèn)為該量表是可靠、有效且敏感的[36]。而更突出疼痛在生物-心理-社會(huì)各層面的修改版BQ能可靠、有效且敏感地反映了非特異性頸痛患者顯著的疼痛變化[37,43]。

2)功能行為:評(píng)估頸痛患者功能的問(wèn)卷包括:頸椎結(jié)局問(wèn)卷(Cervical Spine Outcomes Questionnaire,CSOQ)[38]、哥本哈根頸部功能障礙量表(Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale,CNFDS)[44-45]、健康感知 42 問(wèn)(CurrentPerceived Health 42 Profile,CPH42)[51]、全球頸痛評(píng)定量表(Global Assessment of Neck Pain,GANP)[45]、頸殘疾指數(shù)(NDI)[40-41]、頸痛及活動(dòng)障礙量表(NeckPainandDisability Scale)[23,31-32,46]、諾夫域公園頸痛問(wèn)卷(Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire,NPQ)[32,42,51]、患者頸部特定功能量表(Patient-Specific Functional Scale(neck),PSFS)[41]、問(wèn) 題 引 出 技 術(shù) (PET,Problem Elicitation Technique)[42]、簡(jiǎn)明頸痛量表(Short Core Neck Pain Questionnaire)[47]和國(guó)家健康與營(yíng)養(yǎng)測(cè)試調(diào)查(頸部)(National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(neck),NHANES- ADL Scale)[48]。

Pietrobon等認(rèn)為,在結(jié)構(gòu)及心理方面,NDI、CNFDS和NPQ得到的結(jié)果相似,但只有NDI在異質(zhì)性群體中得到了再驗(yàn)證,并且有多國(guó)語(yǔ)言版本[52]。NDI作為一種頸部特定問(wèn)卷,在文獻(xiàn)中常被引用為其他各種量表的對(duì)照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[53]。PET和PSFS可對(duì)每一位患者專門進(jìn)行評(píng)估,但因?yàn)樵u(píng)估每一位患者所用的尺度是不同的,無(wú)法對(duì)其進(jìn)行比較和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,所以無(wú)法用于研究[54]。

3)社會(huì)心理和健康狀況:頸椎結(jié)局問(wèn)卷(Cervical Spine Outcomes Questionnaire、CSOQ)[38]、問(wèn)題引出技術(shù)(Problem Elicitation Technique,PET)[42]、國(guó)家健康與營(yíng)養(yǎng)測(cè)試調(diào)查(頸部)(National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (neck),NHANES- ADL Scale)[48]、健康感知 42 問(wèn)(Current Perceived Health 42 Profile,CPH42)[51]、FABQ[49]和 SF-36 健康問(wèn)卷[50]等都可用于頸痛患者社會(huì)心理狀態(tài)的評(píng)估。

CSOQ是用于評(píng)估疼痛嚴(yán)重程度、功能障礙、心理障礙、身體癥狀、健康照護(hù)及滿意度等方面的具體疾病量表[38]。PET用于確定包括患者情緒和社交情況(如憤怒,沮喪,抑郁)等對(duì)病情較為重要的影響因素[42]。NHANES-ADL量表用于評(píng)估頸部外傷患者的身體、社交及心理等方面的障礙[48]。SF-36是一種綜合性的問(wèn)卷,包括生理和心理等各方面的因素,用于記錄總體健康狀況,在許多研究中都被用來(lái)評(píng)估生活質(zhì)量。

3.1.3 體格檢查 1)頸椎活動(dòng)度:針對(duì)頸痛患者的研究中所提到的頸部活動(dòng)范圍(ROM)包括頸椎節(jié)間活動(dòng)度和頸部主動(dòng)及被動(dòng)活動(dòng)度。常由臨床工作者目測(cè)估算或借助于工具測(cè)量得到[30,55-59,60-64]。較之無(wú)頸痛受試者,頸痛患者的頸部主動(dòng)活動(dòng)度稍稍下降,但兩者差異不明顯[59-60]。

2)肌肉力量和耐力:有研究顯示,慢性頸痛患者頸部肌力稍低于對(duì)照組[59]。據(jù)報(bào)道,頸痛患者自我報(bào)告頸痛、活動(dòng)障礙程度與測(cè)定的肌力結(jié)果無(wú)相關(guān)性[23,59,65-66]。

一項(xiàng)采用肌電圖測(cè)試受試者在重復(fù)前傾前屈位后上臂屈肌群的肌耐力的研究顯示,頸痛患者相比無(wú)癥狀受試者,其肌耐力顯著降低[66-67]。

3)觸診后壓痛:在一項(xiàng)針對(duì)慢性頸痛的研究中,分別對(duì)頸痛患者和無(wú)頸痛患者進(jìn)行壓觸診引出疼痛的體檢,壓痛的敏感性和特異性大約為80%[68-69]。

4)抬舉、臺(tái)階、步行測(cè)試:一些關(guān)于康復(fù)評(píng)定的研究結(jié)果表明,慢性頸痛和劇烈頸痛患者在功能測(cè)試期間,其指標(biāo)表現(xiàn)為低機(jī)能[70]。

4 結(jié)論

以慢性頸痛為主的神經(jīng)根型頸椎病的多發(fā)病誘因已完全被接受,尤其是對(duì)中醫(yī)藥治療慢性頸痛癥狀的評(píng)價(jià)中,越來(lái)越重視生物-心理-社會(huì)模式。根據(jù)上文所述,對(duì)于頸痛的各種評(píng)定方法存在不同的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及局限,故難以在所有臨床項(xiàng)目和臨床實(shí)踐中得到相對(duì)統(tǒng)一的共識(shí),這也是各評(píng)定方法存在爭(zhēng)議的主要方面。目前國(guó)際公認(rèn)的評(píng)定方法主要有:疼痛尺、疼痛及功能問(wèn)卷和量表以及體格檢查。

疼痛尺的可靠性現(xiàn)已被接受。視覺(jué)比例尺(VAS)的測(cè)量值已被公認(rèn)可靠而有效。許多研究都認(rèn)為視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分尺是最易用的。

大多數(shù)自評(píng)量表可以反映疼痛的好轉(zhuǎn)情況,但無(wú)法反映其加重情況,但是NDI量表卻可將好轉(zhuǎn)、加重與不變?nèi)N情況區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)[32]。而且在已報(bào)道的所有針對(duì)頸部的量表中,NDI是最有效的,所以在許多研究中都作為其他量表的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[41-42,53]。

許多研究采用了國(guó)際公認(rèn)的體格檢查指標(biāo),包括:頸部主動(dòng)活動(dòng)度、肌肉力、觸壓痛和功能測(cè)試等。頸部的主動(dòng)活動(dòng)度指標(biāo)可作為頸痛患者篩選的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及比較不同治療手段療效的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。只有一項(xiàng)研究采用頸部主動(dòng)活動(dòng)度作為對(duì)照組無(wú)神經(jīng)放射癥狀的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指標(biāo)[63]。

中醫(yī)藥認(rèn)為頸椎病屬痹證范疇,主要由于經(jīng)脈不遂,氣血不通所導(dǎo)致。正如《素問(wèn)·痹論》所云:“痹在于骨則重;在于脈則血凝而不流;在于筋則屈不伸;在于肉則不仁;在于皮則寒?!鳖i椎病以氣血失和、經(jīng)脈痹阻、臟腑失調(diào)為本,六淫外襲和勞損外傷為標(biāo)。故,中醫(yī)治療頸椎病常從“痹”論治。針對(duì)其反復(fù)勞損,疼痛劇烈的發(fā)病特征,將該證型歸為氣滯血瘀,經(jīng)脈痹阻,不通則痛。治擬行氣活血,疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)。對(duì)該療法的評(píng)價(jià)更側(cè)重于患者疼痛感受以及疼痛對(duì)功能的影響,而此類結(jié)局指標(biāo)更偏向于患者的主觀感受,故選擇國(guó)際公認(rèn)并通用的評(píng)價(jià)方法對(duì)提供高證據(jù)強(qiáng)度的循證依據(jù)有著重要的意義,并且對(duì)中醫(yī)療法評(píng)價(jià)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有參考價(jià)值。

討論各種評(píng)定方法孰優(yōu)孰劣的意義并不大,不同的評(píng)定方法適用的情況各不相同。在臨床實(shí)踐和臨床研究中,可以針對(duì)研究目的、目標(biāo)人群、干預(yù)手段等不同,靈活地選用合適的評(píng)定手段,并以此建立起該疾病癥候的評(píng)價(jià)體系,廣泛用于建立基線、評(píng)估干預(yù)效果、協(xié)助確定治療對(duì)象等。

本次研究存在一些局限和不足。因?yàn)橄抻谏窠?jīng)根型頸椎病所引起的頸痛,且關(guān)鍵詞與檢索策略的局限,故部分其他相關(guān)結(jié)局指標(biāo)檢測(cè)手段可能遺漏。且相關(guān)評(píng)述所表達(dá)的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)可能較為主觀片面。

5 展望

中醫(yī)藥治療神經(jīng)根型頸椎病,針對(duì)不同病因、不同程度的頸痛及神經(jīng)癥狀,主要采用非手術(shù)保守治療,方法包括臥床休息、中藥內(nèi)服、中藥外敷、手法整復(fù)、按摩、理療、導(dǎo)引鍛煉等。通過(guò)采用國(guó)際公認(rèn)的結(jié)局指標(biāo)及恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)定方法,可使中醫(yī)藥臨床研究產(chǎn)出更多真實(shí)、有用的高質(zhì)量原始證據(jù),獲得更高的國(guó)際公認(rèn)度和可轉(zhuǎn)化性,從而幫助制定高質(zhì)量依據(jù)的中醫(yī)藥臨床指南,提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量,確?;颊甙踩?,提高患者滿意度。

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