吳穹,朱海東,郭金和,滕皋軍
(東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院 介入科,江蘇 南京 210009)
惡性膽道梗阻是由惡性腫瘤直接/間接導(dǎo)致膽道梗阻所引起的以高膽紅素血癥、組織和體液黃染、膽管擴(kuò)張等為主要臨床表現(xiàn)的一類疾病。本病病因復(fù)雜,常見有膽管細(xì)胞癌、膽囊癌、胰腺癌、十二指腸乳頭癌、累及膽道系統(tǒng)的肝細(xì)胞癌和各種轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤等[1]。以膽管細(xì)胞癌為例,近年來除少數(shù)國家[2]發(fā)病率呈下降趨勢外,大部分國家發(fā)病率、死亡率均呈遞增趨勢[3- 4]。本病發(fā)病多隱匿,臨床癥狀常不典型,待患者出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀而就診時腫瘤往往已進(jìn)展至中晚期,預(yù)后極差。目前惡性膽道梗阻的治療手段有限,外科根治性或擴(kuò)大切除是唯一可治愈的治療方式,但大多數(shù)患者發(fā)現(xiàn)時已是晚期,瘤體大、位置復(fù)雜、腫瘤浸潤,手術(shù)處理較復(fù)雜,常無法完全解決病變,喪失手術(shù)根治切除機(jī)會,腫瘤整體手術(shù)切除率仍較低[5- 6],甚至有時連姑息性膽腸吻合手術(shù)亦無法進(jìn)行。且即使手術(shù),術(shù)后發(fā)生肝功能衰竭及腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的幾率仍較大,遠(yuǎn)期效果不理想,3年生存率為18%~52%,5年生存率為5%~31%[1,5- 6]。本文作者就惡性膽道梗阻目前的主要治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
目前主要包括根治性腫瘤切除、肝移植、姑息性腫瘤切除及膽道姑息引流手術(shù)等,其中根治性切除治療(含肝移植)是延長患者長期生存的首選治療手段。術(shù)前要全面客觀評估患者病情、手術(shù)耐受性、手術(shù)風(fēng)險、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、預(yù)計(jì)療效、可能獲益,制定最佳手術(shù)方案。對侵入性腫瘤,更要嚴(yán)格明確術(shù)前有無轉(zhuǎn)移及手術(shù)能否完全切除邊緣癌細(xì)胞的可能性等[7]。單純肝移植可完整切除肝內(nèi)腫瘤,適合肝內(nèi)腫瘤引起的惡性膽道梗阻患者,尤其是腫瘤局限于肝內(nèi)尚未侵及肝門、肝周脈管或者遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者。對腫瘤不可切除患者行姑息手術(shù)引流膽汁適用于行手術(shù)探查、不耐受反復(fù)內(nèi)鏡或經(jīng)皮穿刺支架更換以及預(yù)期手術(shù)效果較好的患者[8],但其療效較非手術(shù)方法無明顯優(yōu)勢,且增加了并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率[9]。術(shù)前行經(jīng)皮穿刺膽道引流術(shù)可能會增加圍手術(shù)期感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險[10- 11],因而術(shù)前是否需要常規(guī)進(jìn)行尚存爭議。
手術(shù)時機(jī)、方式、腫瘤組織學(xué)分化程度、切緣有無癌細(xì)胞、淋巴結(jié)及周圍器官組織浸潤、患者一般情況、協(xié)同治療等都影響到患者預(yù)后[12]。一般認(rèn)為,在保證腫瘤完整切除的基礎(chǔ)上盡可能多地切除腫瘤原發(fā)灶能夠提高根治性切除率,并顯著延長患者生存時間[13],膽管癌早期切除患者術(shù)后5年總生存率可達(dá)20%~50%[14],并主張術(shù)中切除組織行冰凍切片,以保證切緣無癌細(xì)胞[15]。但過多切除周圍組織及術(shù)后常規(guī)性行淋巴結(jié)清掃,可影響正常膽道解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、病理生理及機(jī)體局部內(nèi)環(huán)境[16]。Shimada等[17]報道對惡性膽道梗阻患者常規(guī)進(jìn)行淋巴結(jié)清掃,較未清掃患者術(shù)后生存率和復(fù)發(fā)率無顯著差異。目前臨床尚難以在手術(shù)前明確腫瘤有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,腫瘤切除術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率仍較高。Meyer等[18]報道膽管癌行肝移植術(shù)后5年生存率僅為28%,復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)51%,84%的復(fù)發(fā)患者在2年內(nèi)檢測出來,47%復(fù)發(fā)在移植的肝,30%在肺。此外,膽道手術(shù)復(fù)雜程度、治療成本、對醫(yī)療設(shè)備和人員的高要求、肝移植供體所牽涉到的管理和倫理等多方面原因均可能影響到患者預(yù)后。
化學(xué)治療和(或)姑息性膽道減壓可以提高患者的生活質(zhì)量[19- 20],但未必能延長患者生存時間。Anderson等[21]證實(shí)5- 氟尿嘧啶和絲裂霉素C在膽管癌根治性切除Ⅲ期試驗(yàn)中不能延長患者生存期。Cassier等[22]進(jìn)行的回顧性研究顯示,吉西他濱比氟尿嘧啶治療膽管癌更有效。除吉西他濱聯(lián)合鉑類這一化療方案已經(jīng)隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)可以提高進(jìn)展期膽系腫瘤患者無進(jìn)展生存期和總生存期外[23- 24],仍缺乏其他能被廣泛認(rèn)同的系統(tǒng)性化療(新輔助、輔助和姑息化療)方案[25]。介入插管行腫瘤供血動脈灌注化療雖可以迅速提高腫瘤微環(huán)境的局部化療藥物濃度,對腫瘤病灶起到緩解效果,同時減少全身正常組織和器官的藥物含量及毒副反應(yīng)[11],但受到黃疸水平的限制[26]。
Todoroki等[27]研究表明,輔助性放射治療可能對切緣癌細(xì)胞陽性的膽管癌患者有益處,對行R1切除的膽管癌患者行輔助放療(術(shù)中和體外),可使得患者的5年生存率由14%提高至34%。但在膽管癌行R0切除術(shù)后行體外照射無明顯效果,一般不主張對手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)放療(包括外照射、短距離放療或術(shù)中放療)。針對導(dǎo)致膽道梗阻的惡性腫瘤行姑息性外照射治療,其較大的照射野常覆蓋鄰近正常器官組織,引起放射性損傷[28]。Kopek等[29]研究表明:利用直線加速器立體定向?qū)嶓w放射治療無法手術(shù)切除的膽管細(xì)胞癌,較傳統(tǒng)的分割放化療(伴/不伴近距離放射治療)患者的平均無進(jìn)展生存期長6.7個月,總平均生存期長10.6個月;但發(fā)現(xiàn)22%(6/27)患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重十二指腸/幽門潰瘍,11%(3/27)患者出現(xiàn)十二指腸狹窄等毒性反應(yīng),表明膽道周圍臟器對外放療敏感、耐受性差。
近距離照射技術(shù),在確保病灶受到足夠的有效照射劑量的同時減輕對周圍組織的放射損傷[30],主要有管腔內(nèi)照射和放射性粒子植入等方法。經(jīng)膽道支架置入后的膽汁引流通道,用放射性同位素192Ir或125I粒子源對病灶行近距離照射治療膽管細(xì)胞癌,患者膽道梗阻癥狀得到顯著緩解、生存時間延長,未發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶周圍臟器的放射性損傷,顯示了較好的安全性[31- 33],取得了與姑息性外科手術(shù)類似的效果。但反復(fù)經(jīng)膽汁引流通道對病灶進(jìn)行后裝機(jī)治療增加了術(shù)后膽道感染的幾率,且受病灶位置、形態(tài)等影響,放射性同位素粒子常無法均勻分布于病灶。
單純性放化療可較單純放療或者化療提高療效、延長患者生存率、提高生活質(zhì)量[34],而對于手術(shù)同步進(jìn)行輔助放化療有望改善臨床預(yù)后。研究表明,肝移植聯(lián)合高劑量的放化療治療早期膽管癌效果較好[35],膽管癌移植新輔助放化療的患者無病生存率為45%(中位隨訪7.5年)[36],但同步進(jìn)行時可能加重對患者的損傷,最終能否給患者帶來生存獲益尚難定論。
很多惡性膽道梗阻患者明確診斷時已經(jīng)不能手術(shù),而只能進(jìn)行姑息治療。常用包括膽腸內(nèi)引流術(shù)、經(jīng)皮肝穿刺膽道引流術(shù)、膽道支架植入術(shù)等,其主要目的是減輕黃疸癥狀、提高患者生活質(zhì)量、延長生存期以及預(yù)防發(fā)生膽汁淤積性肝功能衰竭。前期的一些Ⅱ期臨床研究提示,對于出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重非腫瘤相關(guān)疾病的患者應(yīng)該避免化療,盡量采用支持治療、膽汁引流等以延長患者生存和改善其生活質(zhì)量[25]。
膽道引流減壓可以迅速緩解患者黃疽、疼痛、瘙癢等癥狀,防治膽管炎和膽汁淤積性肝功能衰竭,有望減少引起患者死亡的其他因素的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,理想的姑息性膽道減壓應(yīng)該是有效的,并且遠(yuǎn)期療效也是值得肯定的。目前,經(jīng)Ⅲ期隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)的有效化療方案[23- 24]都是以充分行膽道引流為前提的。
內(nèi)鏡下逆行膽管引流/支架置入或經(jīng)皮穿刺膽道引流/支架置入是主要的方法[37- 38],前者常用,而后者則常針對晚期完全梗阻腫瘤患者,或當(dāng)內(nèi)鏡引流失敗或無法實(shí)施時才使用。最近的Meta分析[39]指出,內(nèi)鏡支架置入優(yōu)于手術(shù)植入或經(jīng)皮肝穿刺非自擴(kuò)支架的植入。覆膜金屬支架植入與裸支架植入生存率和并發(fā)癥無顯著差異,然而覆膜金屬支架容易移位,裸支架邊緣腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率高[40]。
單純支架置入只能解除膽道機(jī)械性梗阻而無抗腫瘤作用,支架聯(lián)合放、化療有望進(jìn)一步提高療效。Song等[41]研發(fā)了一種紫杉醇藥物涂層膽道支架,但較常規(guī)覆膜膽道金屬支架治療末端膽道梗阻時,在支架術(shù)后通暢率及患者生存期方面并未顯示出顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Jang等[42]的紫杉醇覆膜支架臨床應(yīng)用研究只是顯示出其安全性,同樣未能在術(shù)后通暢率及患者生存期方面較金屬覆膜支架顯示出優(yōu)勢。有研究表明膽道支架置入聯(lián)合外照射治療可延長支架術(shù)后通暢時間(9.8個月)[43],膽道支架置入后進(jìn)行192Ir近距離照射和外照射可以延長患者平均生存時間(388d)[44- 45]。國內(nèi)有研究者在膽道支架上覆蓋涂有放射性核素顆粒的覆膜,或在支架捆綁/壓迫裝載125I粒子條的塑料管,聯(lián)合行放射性核素內(nèi)照射治療[46],臨床應(yīng)用安全。Teng等研發(fā)分體套疊式膽道內(nèi)照射支架,通過單中心、隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)證明該支架安全有效,可延長腺癌所致的無法手術(shù)切除惡性膽道梗阻患者生存期,未增加相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,有望延長支架的長期通暢率[47]。
光動力治療可使經(jīng)靜脈注射的光敏藥物優(yōu)先聚集于腫瘤細(xì)胞中,通過特定波長的光敏劑選擇性地在腫瘤組織內(nèi)進(jìn)行光生化反應(yīng),腫瘤破壞產(chǎn)物干擾微血管系統(tǒng)、細(xì)胞膜的降解以及溶酶體介導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的氧自由基,從而殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞。主要適用于不可切除的肝內(nèi)膽管癌[48],而對于腔外壓迫或浸潤性惡性膽道梗阻則難以保證療效。研究表明,光動力治療不可切除的膽管癌安全有效[49],可延長患者中位生存時間[50];光動力治療與膽道內(nèi)支架植入術(shù)相結(jié)合治療膽管癌療效與不完全手術(shù)切除(R1或R2切除)相似,但較單獨(dú)支架植入治療延長患者生存期[51],但光動力治療后膽管炎發(fā)生率高達(dá)27.5%[50]。
隨著對導(dǎo)致惡性膽道梗阻的腫瘤分子機(jī)制認(rèn)識的不斷深入,人們利用轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)將某種特定的目的基因(cDNA)轉(zhuǎn)移至體內(nèi),使其在體內(nèi)表達(dá)基因產(chǎn)物并發(fā)揮生物學(xué)活性,以糾正或改善某種基因異常,從而治療疾患。目前對常見的引起膽道梗阻的惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制已經(jīng)有了大量的研究[52- 55],但由于引起惡性膽道梗阻的腫瘤多樣,腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展?fàn)可娴讲煌盘柾烽g交互作用,目前尚未有確切療效的基因治療藥物,除極少數(shù)涉及腫瘤細(xì)胞異種移植到動物體內(nèi)進(jìn)行的體內(nèi)試驗(yàn),很多研究性治療目前仍限于體外試驗(yàn)。
綜上所述,惡性膽道梗阻病因復(fù)雜,目前缺乏有效的治療手段,預(yù)后欠佳。提高臨床療效的重點(diǎn)在于預(yù)防和對高危人群實(shí)施監(jiān)測,對疾病實(shí)現(xiàn)早診斷、早發(fā)現(xiàn)和早治療,爭取行根治性手術(shù)。根治性手術(shù)聯(lián)合其他輔助治療有望提高患者的長期生存時間。對于姑息性治療,在解除膽道梗阻癥狀、改善患者一般狀況的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合行抗腫瘤治療有望進(jìn)一步改善患者預(yù)后。在現(xiàn)有支架基礎(chǔ)上研發(fā)藥物涂層支架,或者在支架上攜帶放射性粒子或者同步植入放射性粒子有望達(dá)到這一目標(biāo),加強(qiáng)對腫瘤機(jī)制研究和臨床治療方法的改進(jìn)和創(chuàng)新同樣可使患者獲益。在基因和分子水平對腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展進(jìn)行研究,探索其發(fā)生機(jī)制有望從根本上控制腫瘤,但道路較長。從高級別的循證醫(yī)學(xué)角度進(jìn)行多中心隨機(jī)對照研究,可以更好地驗(yàn)證和探索有效的臨床治療方案。
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