張瑞華,崔建升,孟素英
(1.河北科技大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,河北石家莊 050018;2.河北省污染防治生物技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河北石家莊 050018)
熒光光譜法具有速度快,取樣量少,選擇性好,靈敏度高,重現(xiàn)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),利用熒光光譜技術(shù)進(jìn)行分析研究在國(guó)內(nèi)外已有大量的報(bào)道。例如劉小靜等對(duì)三維熒光光譜分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展及其在各領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)行了綜述與展望[1]。如同生物傳感器檢測(cè)中選擇合適的生物識(shí)別元件,才能提高傳感器的靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確性、延長(zhǎng)傳感器的使用壽命等一樣的原理[2],熒光分析法中熒光探針的選擇也是非常重要的。迄今為止,關(guān)于熒光傳感器的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道比較多,但熒光探針的選擇范圍仍相當(dāng)有限[3]。在已報(bào)道的熒光探針?lè)肿又?,有機(jī)染料分子因其強(qiáng)的顏色及熒光特性而備受青睞,常見(jiàn)的有機(jī)染料分子如羅丹明類(lèi)、熒光素、香豆素等。堿性羅丹明類(lèi)染料用于各類(lèi)物質(zhì)的測(cè)定已有很長(zhǎng)的歷史,因具有價(jià)格便宜、容易修飾及光譜性質(zhì)豐富等特點(diǎn),成為理想的熒光探針生色團(tuán),但對(duì)其熒光特性的分析及其應(yīng)用方面的總結(jié)還有些欠缺。本文就此對(duì)羅丹明6G的熒光特性及其在熒光猝滅法中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了綜述。
羅丹明類(lèi)化合物是以氧雜蕙為母體的堿性咕噸染料[4],由于苯環(huán)間有氧橋相聯(lián),分子具有剛性平面結(jié)構(gòu),容易吸收入射光的能量而發(fā)射長(zhǎng)波,從而產(chǎn)生熒光[5]。與其他常用的熒光染料相比,羅丹明類(lèi)熒光染料具有摩爾吸光系數(shù)高、光穩(wěn)定性好、對(duì)pH值不敏感、較寬的波長(zhǎng)范圍及可延伸到可見(jiàn)光區(qū)的吸收和較高的量子產(chǎn)率等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[6],此外其熒光性質(zhì)可調(diào)控、熒光輻射波長(zhǎng)在可見(jiàn)光區(qū)域熒光檢測(cè)時(shí)背景信號(hào)小等優(yōu)異的光物理和光化學(xué)性能,因此被廣泛應(yīng)用在分子生物學(xué)、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、分子遺傳學(xué)、藥理學(xué)、生理學(xué)、環(huán)境化學(xué)、單個(gè)分子檢測(cè)、熒光標(biāo)記、激光染料、熒光探針、信息科學(xué)等方面,是分析化學(xué)和生物醫(yī)藥科學(xué)等生物技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中最常用的熒光染料[7-8]。
隨著應(yīng)用范圍越來(lái)越廣泛,羅丹明類(lèi)熒光染料的研究發(fā)展迅速且受到了更多的重視[9]。這樣特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)及相應(yīng)的熒光特性,使羅丹明類(lèi)熒光染料成為化學(xué)和生物分析領(lǐng)域中研究較為廣泛的課題[10]。NOELTING和DZIEWONSKY在1905年首先合成了羅丹明染料[11]。
羅丹明類(lèi)化合物包括羅丹明6G、羅丹明B、羅丹明G、羅丹明101、異硫氰酸羅丹明、高氯酸羅丹明6G等[3]。其中羅丹明6G(rhodamine 6G,R6G)是一種水溶性陽(yáng)離子熒光染料,其水溶液在紫外光照射下發(fā)出綠黃色熒光,堿性溶液顯暗綠色熒光,乙醇溶液呈現(xiàn)紅黃色帶綠黃色熒光,被廣泛用于熒光標(biāo)記或定量分析[12]。羅丹明6G分子結(jié)構(gòu)式如圖1所示。
圖1 羅丹明6G的分子結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.1 Molecular structure of rhodamine 6G
熒光壽命和熒光量子產(chǎn)率是熒光物質(zhì)的重要發(fā)光參數(shù)。羅丹明6G的熒光壽命在納秒級(jí)[13],且其熒光壽命隨著濃度的增加而減少,例如在2× 10-4mol/L時(shí)為3.7 ns,當(dāng)羅丹明6G的濃度大于10-2mol/L時(shí),熒光壽命迅速降低,主要由于能量轉(zhuǎn)移到雙分子羅丹明6G熄滅中心了,熄滅中心的壽命約為(1±0.5)ps[14],流動(dòng)狀態(tài)下,羅丹明6G的熒光壽命為(4.2±0.2)ns[15]。熒光量子產(chǎn)率是指熒光物質(zhì)吸光后所發(fā)射的熒光光子數(shù)與所吸收的激發(fā)光光子數(shù)的比值,它是衡量熒光物質(zhì)熒光量的尺度,通常情況下其數(shù)值總是小于1,其數(shù)值越大,化合物的熒光越強(qiáng)。熒光量子產(chǎn)率的大小,主要決定于化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì),同時(shí)也與化合物所處的環(huán)境因素有關(guān)。在室溫下,KUBIN等研究了在0.5 mol/L的硫酸介質(zhì)中羅丹明類(lèi)化合物的熒光量子產(chǎn)率,其中羅丹明6G的結(jié)果為0.95,顯示了很好的熒光性[16]。WüRTH等用光學(xué)和光聲方法測(cè)定了羅丹明6G的絕對(duì)量子產(chǎn)率,它在乙醇和水溶液中的結(jié)果分別為1±0.06和0.92±0.05,這提供了一個(gè)基本的熒光量子產(chǎn)率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17]。
羅丹明6G是廣泛應(yīng)用于光學(xué)、光譜學(xué)和激光科學(xué)的有機(jī)染料[18]。1980年,徐其亨對(duì)此類(lèi)染料的結(jié)構(gòu)及其性能進(jìn)行了綜合研究和歸納,認(rèn)為羅丹明類(lèi)染料中苯環(huán)間有“氧橋”相聯(lián),具有剛性平面結(jié)構(gòu),容易吸收入射光的能量而發(fā)射長(zhǎng)波,從而產(chǎn)生熒光。另外它本身具有醌式結(jié)構(gòu),能產(chǎn)生顏色,被氧化時(shí)其醌式結(jié)構(gòu)遭破壞,染料溶液顏色變淺甚至變?yōu)闊o(wú)色,為熒光分析和光度分析奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)[8]。陳尚賢等從改變?nèi)軇┬再|(zhì),了解R6G是離子型化合物。在有機(jī)溶劑中,分子和離子形式可同時(shí)存在,且其熒光來(lái)源于它的離子態(tài)[19]。ZEHENTBAUER等也研究了8種不同濃度的有 機(jī) 溶 劑 (methanol,ethanol,n-propanol,iso-propanol,n-butanol,n-pentanol,acetone,and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO))對(duì)羅丹明6G熒光光譜的影響效應(yīng)[20];張建華等研究了羅丹明類(lèi)堿性染料溶液的表面張力、吸收光譜和熒光變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)羅丹明類(lèi)堿性染料是一種陽(yáng)離子表面活性劑。羅丹明6G溶液的濃度約為4.48×10-3mol/L時(shí),開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)膠束,臨界膠束濃度(CMC)值為2.09×10-3mol/L,R6G溶液的濃度小于1.05×10-5mol/L,溶液的熒光最強(qiáng)[21]。到20世紀(jì)80年代后期,又有人對(duì)羅丹明類(lèi)染料的聚集狀態(tài)進(jìn)行了研究,但由于數(shù)學(xué)模型太簡(jiǎn)便,因此所測(cè)定的締合物和締合度都不準(zhǔn)確。在此基礎(chǔ)上,何錫文等確立了新的數(shù)學(xué)模型,確定了羅丹明6G的水溶液主要是單體和二聚體共存后,又以羅丹明6G為例,研究了用熒光法估計(jì)熒光試劑在溶液狀態(tài)的締合程度,探討了以解聚的方式來(lái)提高熒光強(qiáng)度的途徑,最后推論:羅丹明6G的單體是產(chǎn)生熒光的主要原因,而雙聚和質(zhì)子化是熒光猝滅的主要影響因素[22]。
在痕量分析中,熒光分析法因其靈敏度一般高于分光光度法,具有檢測(cè)靈敏度高、選擇性較好、成本低、易操作、方便快捷等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而日益受到人們的重視。在熒光分析中,可以采用不同的試驗(yàn)方法來(lái)對(duì)物質(zhì)濃度進(jìn)行測(cè)量。其中最簡(jiǎn)單的是直接測(cè)定,只要分析物質(zhì)本身發(fā)熒光,便可以通過(guò)測(cè)定其熒光強(qiáng)度以知其濃度。對(duì)于有些物質(zhì),它們本身不發(fā)熒光或者因熒光量子產(chǎn)率很低而無(wú)法進(jìn)行直接測(cè)定,便只能采用間接測(cè)定的方法。熒光猝滅法便是其中的一種,依據(jù)熒光猝滅的程度與分析物質(zhì)濃度之間的定量關(guān)系,通過(guò)測(cè)定熒光化合物熒光強(qiáng)度下降的程度,便可間接地分析該物質(zhì)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),熒光猝滅法比直接熒光測(cè)定法更為靈敏,具有更高的選擇性。
自20世紀(jì)80年代初,開(kāi)始研究和利用羅丹明6G的熒光猝滅以來(lái),有的是基于該物質(zhì)的吸收光譜可以和羅丹明6G的發(fā)射光譜有效重疊,從而發(fā)生熒光共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移使熒光猝滅;有的是基于和羅丹明6G染料生成無(wú)熒光的締合物(或絡(luò)合物),使熒光猝滅;有的是基于該類(lèi)染料的氧化還原性,通過(guò)氧化還原破壞其剛性結(jié)構(gòu),使熒光猝滅;對(duì)于金屬離子的測(cè)定,是利用待測(cè)金屬離子與R6G試劑反應(yīng)生成配合物或離子締合物,在有機(jī)溶劑中發(fā)出的熒光或試劑本身產(chǎn)生的熒光而進(jìn)行測(cè)定;羅丹明6G還被用于作為檢測(cè)碘化物的光纖傳感器的熒光探針,也是基于碘離子能使羅丹明6G熒光猝滅的原理而建設(shè)起來(lái)的[23]。它在分析化學(xué)上廣泛應(yīng)用于檢測(cè)金屬離子、陽(yáng)離子、陰離子和蛋白質(zhì)等,是一種靈敏度頗高的實(shí)用有機(jī)分析試劑。
熒光共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移(FRET)熒光猝滅法是近年來(lái)發(fā)展的高靈敏度測(cè)定痕量組分的新方法,該方法自20世紀(jì)40年代末提出以來(lái)在化學(xué)、生物以及其他領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。FORSTER能量轉(zhuǎn)移理論認(rèn)為,當(dāng)能量給予體分子和接受體分子兩者的基態(tài)與第一激發(fā)態(tài)的振動(dòng)能級(jí)間能級(jí)差相當(dāng),或者能量給予體分子的發(fā)射光譜與能量接受體分子的吸收光譜能有效重疊,可以發(fā)生從能量給予體分子到能量接受體分子的非輻射能量轉(zhuǎn)移[24-25]。
作為一種重要的光物理技術(shù),熒光共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移與常規(guī)熒光法和共振光散射相比,具有靈敏度高、適用范圍廣、受環(huán)境因素(如瑞利散射光)干擾少,重現(xiàn)性好等特點(diǎn)。下面將羅丹明6G在能量轉(zhuǎn)移熒光猝滅法中的部分應(yīng)用列表,如表1所示。
近年來(lái)以堿性染料-雜多酸離子締合物為基礎(chǔ)測(cè)定磷、砷、硅,有了迅速發(fā)展。王筱敏等利用在酸性介質(zhì)中磷鉬酸鹽與羅丹明6G形成絡(luò)合物,使羅丹明6G熒光猝滅,來(lái)測(cè)定磷,測(cè)定范圍在0~10×10-9,相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差為9%,回收率為96% ~102%[39];高甲友等研究了在聚乙烯醇(PVA)存在下,砷鉬雜多酸與堿性染料羅丹明6G生成離子締合物,使羅丹明6G熒光猝滅測(cè)定砷,其質(zhì)量濃度在2~60 ng/mL范圍內(nèi)與熒光猝滅值成線性關(guān)系[40],王燕也利用此方法進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,在最大激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)λmax=580 nm處,砷質(zhì)量濃度在0~0.16 μg/mL范圍內(nèi)符合比爾定律[41];除此之外宋功武等在這方面做了大量的工作:研究了磷鉬雜多酸測(cè)定磷[42];硅鉬雜多酸測(cè)定硅[43]、磷、硅鉬雜多酸測(cè)定磷和硅[44];硅、砷鉬雜多酸同時(shí)測(cè)定硅和砷[45];還有磷,砷、硅鉬雜多酸體系不需要其他分離手段,用此法可對(duì)鋼合金中的磷、砷、硅進(jìn)行同時(shí)測(cè)定[46],測(cè)定結(jié)果滿意。此外,宋功武等、滕恩江等高甲友等還在研究雜多酸離子締合物熒光猝滅反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上,引入流動(dòng)注射,提高了分析速度,測(cè)定了磷[47-50]、硅[51]、砷[52],以及同時(shí)測(cè)定了磷和硅[53]、磷和砷[54]、砷和硅[55]、磷、砷和硅[56],取得了良好的效果。
一般在表面活性劑存在的酸性條件下,有些物質(zhì)可以使碘化鉀中的 I-生成 I3-陰離子,I3-又與R6G形成穩(wěn)定的多元離子締合物,從而使羅丹明6G熒光猝滅。隨著物質(zhì)濃度的增加,生成的I3-陰離子濃度也增加,(R6G-I3)n締合微粒濃度也相應(yīng)增加,體系的熒光猝滅值增加。這是由于R6G+陽(yáng)離子可與I-陰離子通過(guò)離子鍵形成疏水性的R6G-I3離子締合物,并聚集成(R6G-I3)n締合微粒,使得R6G熒光分子被包裹在締合微粒體內(nèi)而不能與激發(fā)光分子作用,導(dǎo)致體系中可以產(chǎn)生熒光的R6G分子數(shù)減少,故體系的熒光降低[57-58]。熒光猝滅值在一定范圍內(nèi)與物質(zhì)濃度呈線性關(guān)系,由此建立了一種羅丹明6G熒光猝滅法分析物質(zhì)的新方法。具體的應(yīng)用見(jiàn)表2。
表1 羅丹明6G在能量轉(zhuǎn)移熒光猝滅法中的應(yīng)用Tab.1 Rhodamine 6G in energy transfer fluorescence quenching method application
續(xù)表1
續(xù)表2
羅丹明6G優(yōu)越的熒光特性,使得羅丹明6G熒光猝滅法還可用于很多方面,方法靈敏度高,其選擇性在表面活性劑的存在下也有很大的提高,此外因其形成的絡(luò)合物較差的水溶性,同時(shí)用于絡(luò)合的配體經(jīng)常也會(huì)同其他離子有一定的絡(luò)合能力,使其選擇性降低。綜上所述,如何更深入地研究表面活性劑的作用機(jī)理,尋求更加適用的反應(yīng)體系,設(shè)計(jì)合成具有更好選擇性、較高靈敏度、抗干擾能力強(qiáng),并可以在環(huán)境和生物體內(nèi)廣泛應(yīng)用的熒光探針還需要我們進(jìn)一步的探索和研究。同時(shí)還應(yīng)加強(qiáng)羅丹明6G熒光猝滅機(jī)理的探討,使羅丹明6G的應(yīng)用更加完整、系統(tǒng),形成一套具有理論指導(dǎo)的分析方法。相信隨著科學(xué)工作的深入,羅丹明6G在熒光猝滅法中的應(yīng)用會(huì)得到更好的發(fā)展和深入。
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