陳慧慧,王永青,彭余江,邵波,朱良才,段紅宇,何璽君,李慧勇,楊鵬翔,楊帆
吡格列酮對(duì)大鼠顱腦損傷后核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、腫瘤壞死因子-α和細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
陳慧慧,王永青,彭余江,邵波,朱良才,段紅宇,何璽君,李慧勇,楊鵬翔,楊帆
目的探討吡格列酮(PGZ)干預(yù)對(duì)大鼠顱腦損傷后腦組織中核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-B、腫瘤壞死因子-(TNF-)和細(xì)胞凋亡的變化及其可能機(jī)制。方法84只健康雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為PGZ組(=42)及對(duì)照組(=42),前者通過(guò)改良Feeney法建立顱腦損傷模型后立即予以腹腔注射PGZ 10mg/kg,對(duì)照組則建立模型后予腹腔靜脈注射0.9%氯化鈉注射液2m l/kg,以后各組分別每24小時(shí)腹腔注射一次等量PGZ或0.9%氯化鈉注射液,直至動(dòng)物被處死,根據(jù)傷后處死時(shí)間隨機(jī)分為1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、3 d和7 d共7個(gè)亞組,每亞組各6只。取損傷灶周圍組織采用免疫組織化學(xué)方法檢測(cè)并比較挫傷灶周圍腦組織中NF-B及TNF-蛋白表達(dá)情況,同時(shí)采用TUNEL法觀察并比較腦挫傷灶周圍細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果PGZ組NF-B及TNF-蛋白表達(dá)水平較對(duì)照組均明顯下降(均Ρ<0.05)。以NF-B含量水平為自變量,TNF-含量水平為應(yīng)變量,回歸方程Y(PGZ組)=-0.432+0.271X,2=0.947(Ρ<0.01);Y(對(duì)照組)=-4.168+0.748X,2=0.961(Ρ<0.01)。結(jié)論顱腦損傷后PGZ可能通過(guò)降低NF-B活性,控制炎癥反應(yīng),減少細(xì)胞凋亡,從而發(fā)揮對(duì)顱腦損傷后的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。
吡格列酮;顱腦損傷;核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子腫瘤壞死因子;細(xì)胞凋亡
吡格列酮(PGZ)是一種人工合成的胰島素增敏劑噻唑烷二酮類藥,臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用于II型糖尿病的治療。目前有報(bào)道提示PGZ能通過(guò)激活PPARΥ,
從而增強(qiáng)神經(jīng)元的存活能力,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)祖細(xì)胞的增殖、控制炎癥反應(yīng)和抑制凋亡等,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷后起一定的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[1],但具體保護(hù)機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。本研究采用改良Feeney法制備顱腦損傷模型后予以PGZ干預(yù)后觀察核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-ΚB表達(dá)的變化,以及腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)表達(dá)及細(xì)胞凋亡的變化,探討顱腦損傷后PGZ對(duì)繼發(fā)性腦損傷的影響及可能機(jī)制,為進(jìn)一步的臨床應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。報(bào)道如下。
1.1 動(dòng)物分組清潔級(jí)SD雄性大鼠84只(浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供),體質(zhì)量250~280 g。術(shù)前12 h禁食,不禁水,隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將84只大鼠分為PGZ組(n=42)及對(duì)照組(n=42),上述兩組再根據(jù)傷后處死時(shí)間分為1 h、3h、6 h、12h、24 h、3 d和7 d共7個(gè)亞組,每亞組各6只。
1.2 試劑PGZ及10%二甲基亞砜(DMSO)(Sigma公司,美國(guó));NF-ΚB-p65及TNF-α免疫組化試劑盒(R&D Systems公司,美國(guó));原位末端標(biāo)記(TUNEL)試劑盒(Promega公司,美國(guó));電子顯微鏡(OLYMPUS,日本)等。
1.3 動(dòng)物模型制備及處置采用改良的霍永強(qiáng)等[2]自由落體腦創(chuàng)傷模型制作閉合性顱腦損傷模型。模型成功標(biāo)志[3]:存在不同程度的瞳孔改變、肢體抽搐及意識(shí)障礙,傷后各項(xiàng)反射消失并在30m in內(nèi)恢復(fù)。待大鼠自然蘇醒后PGZ組立即予以腹腔注射PGZ 10 mg/kg,對(duì)照組則經(jīng)腹腔注射0.9%氯化鈉注射液2m l/kg,以后各組分別每24小時(shí)腹腔注射一次等量PGZ或0.9%氯化鈉注射液,直至動(dòng)物被處死。
1.4 指標(biāo)檢測(cè)
1.4.1 腦組織中NF-ΚB-p65及TNF-α的表達(dá)將大鼠麻醉,以0.9%氯化鈉注射液進(jìn)行心臟灌洗,用4℃10%多聚甲醛灌洗固定,并迅速斷頭取腦。選取的距腦挫傷灶邊緣約5mm處腦皮質(zhì)作為損傷腦組織,制成蠟塊。自前往后連續(xù)冠狀位切片,厚約5μm。每個(gè)標(biāo)本取2張切片,嚴(yán)格按相關(guān)試劑盒檢測(cè)要求進(jìn)行操作,在顯微鏡(×400)下隨機(jī)取損傷灶周圍5個(gè)不重復(fù)視野觀察,計(jì)數(shù)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù),并求其平均值。
1.4.2 TUNEL染色嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒檢測(cè)步驟進(jìn)行操作。TUNEL染色在光鏡下(×400)觀察凋亡細(xì)胞(以胞核出現(xiàn)棕黃染色顆粒代表),計(jì)算TUNEL陽(yáng)性率,即TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)占總細(xì)胞數(shù)的比值并采圖。1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)方法應(yīng)用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩組間均數(shù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本檢驗(yàn)?;貧w分析采用一元線性回歸分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 損傷灶周圍腦組織中NF-KB蛋白表達(dá)的變化情況PGZ組1h時(shí)NF-KB在損傷灶周圍組織細(xì)胞核中開(kāi)始表達(dá),1~12h陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞比例逐漸增高,24 h時(shí)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞比率達(dá)到高峰,3~7 d陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞比率有所下降,但處于高表達(dá)狀態(tài);與對(duì)照組比較,PGZ組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(≥3.47 ,均P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1及封三彩圖1。
2.2 顱腦損傷后損傷灶周圍腦組織中TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)的變化情況PGZ組在損傷后1h損傷灶周圍組織中TNF-α開(kāi)始表達(dá),3 h大量表達(dá);6~24 h處于高度表達(dá)狀態(tài),損傷后3 d TNF-α呈強(qiáng)表達(dá),至7 d
TNF-α表達(dá)下降。與對(duì)照組比較,PGZ組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞率較低(≥4.27,均Ρ<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1及封三彩圖2。
2.3 損傷灶周圍腦組織中細(xì)胞凋亡變化情況TUNEL染色后細(xì)胞核呈棕褐色提示為凋亡細(xì)胞,PGZ組1 h損傷灶周圍開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)凋亡細(xì)胞,3~24h隨時(shí)間遞增,凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)逐漸增多,3 d達(dá)到高峰,7 d凋亡細(xì)胞有所減少,與對(duì)照組變化規(guī)律一致,但各時(shí)間凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)較對(duì)照組低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(≥4.30,均<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1及封三彩圖3。
2.4 NF-ΚB含量水平與TNF-α蛋白表達(dá)的回歸方程
以NF-ΚB含量水平為自變量,用X表示。TNF-α含量水平為應(yīng)變量,用Y表示。回歸方程Y(PGZ組)=-0.432+0.271X,Υ2=0.947(Ρ<0.001);Y(對(duì)照組)=-4.168+0.748X,Υ2=0.961(Ρ<0.001)。
目前顱腦損傷的發(fā)病率呈持續(xù)升高的趨勢(shì)[4],如何阻止顱腦損傷后繼發(fā)性損傷的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展,一直是眾多科研工作者和臨床醫(yī)師研究的熱點(diǎn)。國(guó)內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證實(shí),顱腦損傷灶和周圍組織存在炎性反應(yīng),是繼發(fā)性腦損傷的重要環(huán)節(jié)[5-7],其中TNF-α被認(rèn)為是腦損傷后最早出現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞因子,且是一種多效性促炎性細(xì)胞因子,可由小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、星形細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,在觸發(fā)炎性反應(yīng)及神經(jīng)損傷過(guò)程中處于中心地位[8]。因此,如何降低炎癥因子的表達(dá),從而減少神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡,保護(hù)受損細(xì)胞,是目前治療顱腦損傷后繼發(fā)性損傷的一大靶點(diǎn)。
表1 PGZ組與對(duì)照組TNF-陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞率、NF-B蛋白表達(dá)及細(xì)胞凋亡情況比較%
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PPARΥ激動(dòng)劑能活化細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶而抑制NF-ΚB的激活[9]。PGZ作為PPARΥ特異性激動(dòng)劑,目前在臨床主要用于治療II型糖尿病。國(guó)內(nèi)有研究報(bào)道,PGZ促進(jìn)PPARΥmRNA和蛋白的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)其對(duì)損傷的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用,并且與劑量成正比[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)顱腦損傷后予以PGZ組干預(yù)后TNF-α水平較對(duì)照組明顯下降,提示PGZ組干預(yù)后可一定程度抑制TNF-α的表達(dá),減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。
此外,細(xì)胞凋亡是細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外多種因素刺激誘導(dǎo)下,由多種基因調(diào)控的主動(dòng)死亡過(guò)程。有研究人員證實(shí),顱腦損傷后細(xì)胞凋亡廣泛存在并參與了繼發(fā)性腦損傷的發(fā)展過(guò)程[11]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用T'UNEL技術(shù)檢測(cè)了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)PGZ預(yù)處理后的大鼠細(xì)胞凋亡較對(duì)照組明顯改善,NF-ΚB和TNF-α的含量水平顯著降低且二者含量水平成顯著正相關(guān),顱腦損傷后損傷灶周圍腦組織中神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)量明顯減少(Ρ<0.05)。由此筆者認(rèn)為PGZ可通過(guò)降低誘發(fā)NF-kB的釋放能力,進(jìn)而減少促炎介質(zhì)的含量水平,從而發(fā)揮減少細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。
綜上所述,PGZ可通過(guò)激活PPARΥ負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)腦組織中NF-ΚB的含量水平,進(jìn)一步減少TNF-α的釋放,減輕了大鼠顱腦損傷后繼發(fā)性腦損傷,從而很好的減少細(xì)胞凋亡,為該藥在顱腦損傷的治療提供更為廣闊的前景。
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Influenceof pioglitazoneon tissuenuclear transcription factor,tumornecrosis factor-and cellapoptosisafter traumatic brain injury in rats
Objective To investigate the changes of tissue nuclear transcription factor (NF-KB), tumor necrosis factor-(TNF- ) and cell apoptosis after traumatic brain injury and the influence of pioglitazone on these para-meters in rats. MethodsEighty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups randomly: pioglitazone group ( n=42) and the controlgroup ( n=42).The pioglitazone group were induced by improved Feeney method and were received abdominal injectionsof pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) immediately after injury, and the control group were received abdominal injections of sodiumchloride injection (2 ml/kg) immediately after injury and one time everyday until the rats was killed. Each group wasdivided into seven subgroups by sacrificed time after injury, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d, and 7 d group, each subgroup gotsix rats. Each subgroup were randomly selected three rats after being killed, detected the expression of NF- B and TNF of tissues around contusion by immunohistochemical methods, while TUNEL method was used to observe the cell apoptosisafter brain contusion.Results The expressions of NF- B and TNF- in each pioglitazone group were significantly decreased compared with the control group ( P< 0.05), and they showed significant positive correlations in both groups ( P<0.01). At the same time, the number of apoptotic cells was decreasing ( P< 0.05).Conclusions Pioglitazone can protect of neurocytes through the route of relieving inflammation response, reducing the change of secondary brain injury after traumaticbrain injury and decreasing neural cell apoptosis.
Pioglitazone;TraumaticBrain Injury;Nucleartranscription factor;Tumornecrosisfactor-;Cellapoptosis
10.3969/j.issn.1671-0800.2014.06.004
R741
A
1671-0800(2014)06-0656-03
浙江省溫嶺市科技局基金資助項(xiàng)目(2011W LCB0093)
317500 浙江省溫嶺,溫嶺市第一人民醫(yī)院
楊帆,Email:yangfan5091448@163.com