孫海等
摘 要:為了明確
關(guān)鍵詞:吸收;分配;營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S567.5+1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI編碼:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2014.03.002
鐵是植物生長(zhǎng)必須的微量元素,在植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,如促進(jìn)植物光合作用、呼吸作用、參與植物氮代謝,還可以改善原生質(zhì)的膠體性質(zhì)、調(diào)節(jié)植物體的水分狀況,促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng)和對(duì)不良環(huán)境的抵抗能力[1-3]。雖然地殼中鐵含量很高,但由于受土壤溶液中酸堿度及氧分壓的影響,幾乎均以難溶于水的Fe3+ 形式存在,特別在石灰性土壤( pH值7.4~8.5) 中,植物常表現(xiàn)出缺鐵癥狀。而在低洼地區(qū)或酸性土壤中,F(xiàn)e2+往往過(guò)量積累,使植物受到鐵毒脅迫,嚴(yán)重影響產(chǎn)量[4]。在衰老裂變和逆境脅迫下植物細(xì)胞通過(guò)多種途徑產(chǎn)生各種超氧自由基和非自由基類(lèi)活性氧,這些活性氧過(guò)量積累,最終打破植物體抗氧化系統(tǒng),致使細(xì)胞的正常代謝不能進(jìn)行[5]。此外,在Fe2+脅迫和淹水的雙重作用下,植物根系表面易形成鐵膜,這種保護(hù)膜是植物長(zhǎng)期適應(yīng)自然的一種現(xiàn)象,這種植物保護(hù)膜的形成具有雙重作用,一是保護(hù)膜具有阻止Fe2+對(duì)植物的毒害作用[6],同時(shí)保護(hù)膜的形成會(huì)抑制植物養(yǎng)分的吸收,因?yàn)殍F膜的形成減少了根系吸收養(yǎng)分的容量且固定養(yǎng)分離子[7],這是其有害的一面,但是也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為在保護(hù)膜周?chē)嬖陴B(yǎng)分富集區(qū)域,這些養(yǎng)分可以在養(yǎng)分缺乏時(shí)被活化利用[8-9]。
西洋參(Panax quinquefolium L.)為五加科人參屬多年生草本植物,味苦、性涼、歸心、肺、腎經(jīng),功能以補(bǔ)益為主, 具有補(bǔ)氣養(yǎng)陰、清熱生津之功效[10-11],原產(chǎn)美國(guó)和加拿大,我國(guó)從 20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)始大面積引種西洋參,經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年努力,已發(fā)展成繼美國(guó)、加拿大后世界第三大西洋參生產(chǎn)國(guó)和第一大消費(fèi)國(guó),隨著西洋參種植面積的加大,西洋參根部鐵膜的形成也日益嚴(yán)重,通過(guò)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)根部鐵膜的形成主要是由于鐵在參根周皮層的富集,與土壤中的鐵離子和其他金屬元素濃度有關(guān)[12-13],鐵膜形成后影響植物的正常元素代謝。此外金屬元素Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn是西洋參正常生長(zhǎng)必須且重要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素,但是過(guò)量吸收同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致毒害作用,甚至通過(guò)食物鏈影響人類(lèi)的健康。鑒于此,以2年生西洋參苗為研究對(duì)象,設(shè)置不同濃度Fe2+脅迫處理研究其對(duì)西洋參營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素(Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn)吸收、分配的影響,為西洋參科學(xué)種植提供依據(jù)。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材 料
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[12] 曹?chē)?guó)軍,李志洪,郭士偉,等.紅皮病人參周皮層無(wú)機(jī)元素的相關(guān)性[ J].土壤通報(bào),1999,30(3):127-129.
[13] 張亞玉,李曉明,趙曰豐,等.人參西洋參根部鐵膜形成的研究[ J].特產(chǎn)研究,1996(3):14-16.
[14] Volker Roemheld, Horst Marschner. Mechanism of iron uptake by peanut plants: Fe(Ⅲ) reduction, chelate splitting, and release of phenolics[J]. Plant Physiology,1983,71(4):949-954.
[15] 蔡妙珍,羅安程,林咸永,等.過(guò)量Fe2+脅迫下水稻的養(yǎng)分吸收和分配[J].浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):農(nóng)業(yè)與生命科學(xué)版,2003,29(3):305-310.
[16] Moore P A Jr, Attanandana T, Patrick W H Jr. Factors affecting rice growth on acid sulfate soils[J].Soil Science of American Journal,1990,54(6):1 651-1 656.
[17] 丁寶蓮,談宏鶴,朱素琴.脅迫與植物細(xì)胞壁關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展[J].廣西科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001,17(2):87-90.
[9] Taylor G J, Crowder A A. Uptake and accumulation of copper, nickel, and iron by Typha latifolia grown in solution culture[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1983, 61(7): 1 825-1 830.
[10] Yan Wu, Xiangru Lu, Fuli Xiang, et al. North American ginseng protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion injury via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase[J].Pharmacological research, 2011,64(3):195-202.
[11] Lemmon H R, Sham J, Chau L A, et al. High molecular weight polysaccharides are key immunomodulators in North American ginseng extracts: Characterization of the ginseng genetic signature in primary human immune cells[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2012,142(1):1-13.
[12] 曹?chē)?guó)軍,李志洪,郭士偉,等.紅皮病人參周皮層無(wú)機(jī)元素的相關(guān)性[ J].土壤通報(bào),1999,30(3):127-129.
[13] 張亞玉,李曉明,趙曰豐,等.人參西洋參根部鐵膜形成的研究[ J].特產(chǎn)研究,1996(3):14-16.
[14] Volker Roemheld, Horst Marschner. Mechanism of iron uptake by peanut plants: Fe(Ⅲ) reduction, chelate splitting, and release of phenolics[J]. Plant Physiology,1983,71(4):949-954.
[15] 蔡妙珍,羅安程,林咸永,等.過(guò)量Fe2+脅迫下水稻的養(yǎng)分吸收和分配[J].浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):農(nóng)業(yè)與生命科學(xué)版,2003,29(3):305-310.
[16] Moore P A Jr, Attanandana T, Patrick W H Jr. Factors affecting rice growth on acid sulfate soils[J].Soil Science of American Journal,1990,54(6):1 651-1 656.
[17] 丁寶蓮,談宏鶴,朱素琴.脅迫與植物細(xì)胞壁關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展[J].廣西科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001,17(2):87-90.