孫 鵬,吉冰洋,孫燕華,朱 賢,劉晉萍,龍 村
·臨床研究·
逆行自體血預(yù)充對(duì)圍術(shù)期臨床結(jié)果影響的薈萃分析
孫 鵬,吉冰洋,孫燕華,朱 賢,劉晉萍,龍 村
目的對(duì)逆行自體血預(yù)充(RAP)對(duì)圍術(shù)期臨床結(jié)果的影響進(jìn)行薈萃分析。方法 對(duì)PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Google Scholar、萬方、維普以及中國知網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫中關(guān)于在成人患者中應(yīng)用RAP的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)進(jìn)行全面檢索,觀察的臨床指標(biāo)包括體外循環(huán)(CPB)中最低紅細(xì)胞比容(Hct)、術(shù)中輸血的病例數(shù)、圍術(shù)期輸血的病例數(shù)、總的紅細(xì)胞用量、術(shù)后24 h胸液引流量、拔管時(shí)間、ICU留觀時(shí)間和總住院時(shí)間。結(jié)果共10篇RCT入選。RAP組與對(duì)照組比較,CPB中最低Hct(P<0.01)和術(shù)后24 h胸液引流量(P<0.01)優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,而總住院時(shí)間(P>0.05)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但因異質(zhì)性較大(I2>50%),其臨床效果無法評(píng)估。RAP組術(shù)中輸血的患者數(shù)(P<0.01)、圍術(shù)期輸血的患者數(shù)(P<0.01)及紅細(xì)胞用量(P<0.01)均顯著低于對(duì)照組,而兩組患者的拔管時(shí)間(P>0.05)和ICU留觀時(shí)間(P>0.05)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。結(jié)論RAP可顯著減少成人患者圍術(shù)期輸血,其對(duì)患者預(yù)后的影響,較傳統(tǒng)預(yù)充方法無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
逆行自體血預(yù)充;預(yù)充量;輸血;臨床結(jié)果;體外循環(huán)
目前在體外循環(huán)(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)中減少患者輸血的方式包括使用血液回收、血液超濾、減少預(yù)充量等。Rosengart等于1998年首次提出“逆行自體血預(yù)充”(retrograde autologous prim?ing,RAP)的理念,即在CPB開始前通過引流患者自身血液,置換CPB動(dòng)靜脈管路、動(dòng)脈微栓過濾器、靜脈儲(chǔ)血室及氧合器內(nèi)的晶體預(yù)充液,有效的降低預(yù)充量,減輕血液稀釋,提高轉(zhuǎn)流中紅細(xì)胞比容(Hct),減少術(shù)中和整個(gè)圍術(shù)期輸血患者的比例[1]。但在實(shí)施RAP時(shí),存在患者部分容量喪失而導(dǎo)致患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定、增加靜脈端進(jìn)氣和血液破壞的可能性等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故對(duì)在成人患者中應(yīng)用RAP的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行薈萃分析,評(píng)估其對(duì)患者輸血和預(yù)后的影響。
1.1 研究設(shè)計(jì) 本薈萃分析所關(guān)注的臨床終點(diǎn)是使用和未使用RAP對(duì)成人CPB心臟手術(shù)患者的輸血需求及術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況的影響。研究設(shè)計(jì)均遵循系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和薈萃分析優(yōu)化報(bào)告的PRISMA聲明[2]。
1.2 檢索和入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 對(duì)PubMed、Embase、Co?chrane Library、Google Scholar、萬方、維普以及中國知網(wǎng)等中、英文數(shù)據(jù)庫中關(guān)于RAP的RCT文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行檢索。使用的檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括“retrograde autolo?gous priming/逆行自體血預(yù)充”、“cardiac surgery/心臟手術(shù)”、“cardiopulmonary bypass/體外循環(huán)”、“ex?tracorporeal circulation/體外循環(huán)”、“prime/預(yù)充”及“priming/預(yù)充”。檢索過程對(duì)語言、發(fā)表日期和發(fā)表狀態(tài)均無限制。比較使用和未使用RAP對(duì)成人心臟手術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期輸血及預(yù)后影響的RCT文獻(xiàn)入選本薈萃分析。入選研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù)Jadad評(píng)分進(jìn)行[3]。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)和數(shù)據(jù)采集 通過閱讀標(biāo)題和摘要,從1 953篇可能與RAP相關(guān)的研究中檢索到58篇在CPB中應(yīng)用RAP的相關(guān)研究。閱讀全文后排除8篇非成人心臟手術(shù),2篇無相關(guān)臨床終點(diǎn),6篇聯(lián)合RAP和其他干預(yù)手段(如急性等容性血液稀釋、術(shù)中自體放血、縮短管道等)以及32篇非RCT研究,最后得到10篇符合入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究,共計(jì)1 123例患者納入本薈萃分析[17-15]。入選RCT的主要信息見表1,其中Jadad評(píng)分的平均值為1.6分(1到3分)。
將10篇RCT文獻(xiàn)中使用RAP(RAP組)和未使用RAP(對(duì)照組)所得到的CPB中最低Hct值、輸血病例數(shù)、圍術(shù)期輸血例數(shù)、紅細(xì)胞用量、術(shù)后24 h胸液引流量、拔管時(shí)間、ICU停留時(shí)間、總住院時(shí)間等數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行合并比較。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 使用的統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件為 RevMan5.1 (version 5.1.Copenhagen:The Nordic Cochrane Cen?tre,The Cochrane Collaboration,2011)。合并數(shù)據(jù)的效應(yīng)量時(shí),二分類變量使用相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(relative risk,RR)及95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI),連續(xù)變量使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均數(shù)差(standardised mean difference,SMD)及95%CI。合并統(tǒng)計(jì)量時(shí),根據(jù)異質(zhì)性決定統(tǒng)計(jì)模型的類型。各研究間的異質(zhì)性使用I2和Q檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。異質(zhì)性較小(I2<50%或P >0.1)時(shí)使用固定效應(yīng)模型(fixed effect model),反之使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(random effect model)。P<0.05認(rèn)為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
各文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道的兩組采集的數(shù)據(jù)合并效應(yīng)量后的比較結(jié)果見表2。
6篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了666例患者CPB中最低Hct,RAP組CPB中最低Hct要顯著高于對(duì)照組,各研究間異質(zhì)性較大。
7篇研究報(bào)道了779例患者有151例在術(shù)中輸血,RAP組輸血例數(shù)顯著少于對(duì)照組,各研究間異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
4篇研究報(bào)道了394例患者中有192例在圍術(shù)期輸血,RAP組病例數(shù)顯著少于對(duì)照組,各研究間異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
5篇研究報(bào)道了414例患者的紅細(xì)胞用量,RAP組總的紅細(xì)胞用量顯著少于對(duì)照組,各研究間異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
表1 入選研究文獻(xiàn)的主要信息(±s)
表1 入選研究文獻(xiàn)的主要信息(±s)
作者 年份 樣本量(例數(shù)) 輸血標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Hct) 預(yù)充液量(ml) Jadad評(píng)分(RAP/對(duì)照) (術(shù)中/術(shù)后) (RAP/對(duì)照)Rosengart等[1]1998 30/30 0.16/0.23 520/1400 2 Reges等[7]2011 27/35 未報(bào)道 未報(bào)道 1 Hou等[8]2009 60/60 0.24/0.27 450/1185 3 Sobieski等[9]2005 115/107 低溫時(shí)0.20或復(fù)溫時(shí)0.24/未報(bào)道 622/1517 1 Eising等[10]2003 10/10 未報(bào)道 395/1602 2 Balachandran等[11]2002 51/49 0.18/0.24 891/1700 2 Rousou等[12]1999 97/78 0.20/0.20 498/1500 2 Shapira等[13]1998 57/57 0.20/0.25 653/1400 1 Yang等[14]2010 105/105 未報(bào)道 760/1563 1 Zhao等[15]2010 20/20 0.23/0.27 未報(bào)道 1
表2 文獻(xiàn)來源兩組數(shù)據(jù)比較結(jié)果
4篇研究報(bào)道了449例患者的術(shù)后24 h胸液引流量,RAP組顯著少于對(duì)照組,各研究間異質(zhì)性較大。
4篇研究報(bào)道了294例患者拔管時(shí)間,兩組患者的拔管時(shí)間無顯著差異,各研究間異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
3篇研究報(bào)道了254例患者ICU留觀時(shí)間和總住院時(shí)間,兩組間患者的均無顯著差異。ICU留觀時(shí)間各研究間異質(zhì)性無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,總住院時(shí)間各研究間異質(zhì)性較大。
輸血作為外科手術(shù)中重要的補(bǔ)充血紅蛋白增加機(jī)體氧供和補(bǔ)充凝血因子的有效手段應(yīng)用于臨床已經(jīng)拯救了數(shù)以萬計(jì)的患者,但輸血同時(shí)也會(huì)使患者面臨諸多風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如發(fā)生血源性傳染病的播散、感染、腎衰、肺損傷、通氣時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)以及死亡率增加等[4-6]。輸血導(dǎo)致的這些并發(fā)癥會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加患者住院期間的費(fèi)用[16]。因此,如何減少輸血是目前臨床工作中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。
2009年Saczkowski等就RAP對(duì)患者CPB中用血情況的影響進(jìn)行了薈萃分析[17]。共入選了6篇研究,結(jié)論是RAP可減少輸血的病例數(shù)及紅細(xì)胞用量,但未分析RAP對(duì)患者預(yù)后的影響。本薈萃分析在包含Saczkowski入選的6篇研究的基礎(chǔ)上,增加之后發(fā)表的4篇RCT文獻(xiàn),薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,RAP可顯著降低患者圍術(shù)期輸血,這與Saczkowski報(bào)道的結(jié)果一致。有大樣本的研究證明減少患者心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期的輸血,可降低一系列近期和遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥,促進(jìn)預(yù)后[4-6]。而本研究結(jié)果是兩組患者在拔管時(shí)間、ICU留觀時(shí)間和總住院時(shí)間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,未發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)患者術(shù)后有改善作用,分析導(dǎo)致此現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的原因可能是納入的研究樣本量較小,無法觀察到RAP對(duì)患者術(shù)后影響的陽性結(jié)果。
在對(duì)術(shù)中最低Hct、術(shù)后24 h胸液引流量和總住院時(shí)間進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),各研究間的異質(zhì)性均較大(I2>50%),分析其原因可能是RAP時(shí)的步驟、RAP中使用血管活性藥物的情況、入選和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同所致。本薈萃分析納入的 10篇研究,其Jadad評(píng)分平均僅為1.6分,缺乏高質(zhì)量、大樣本量的雙盲RCT文獻(xiàn)。說明單一應(yīng)用RAP的研究還較少,可能與實(shí)施RAP時(shí)存在的諸多限制有關(guān):①RAP過程中可能存在的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定。RAP使用患者自體血對(duì)CPB環(huán)路進(jìn)行預(yù)充,使得患者自身血容量減少,血壓下降,此時(shí)可適當(dāng)使用血管收縮藥物以維持血壓。進(jìn)行RAP操作時(shí)血壓應(yīng)維持在多少目前還沒有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②患者體內(nèi)血容量較少。RAP實(shí)施后開始轉(zhuǎn)流時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致靜脈回流室內(nèi)血液平面較低,靜脈系統(tǒng)可能出現(xiàn)祛除氣泡不完全,增加進(jìn)氣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有學(xué)者推薦實(shí)施RAP后,轉(zhuǎn)流過程中靜脈回流室內(nèi)的液平面應(yīng)維持在400 ml以上[1];③患者術(shù)前Hct較高。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)流中患者Hct較高,增加CPB對(duì)血液造成的破壞。
Murphy等在一項(xiàng)大樣本的回顧性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)單純應(yīng)用RAP對(duì)使用紅細(xì)胞的患者比例僅存在非顯著性的降低(P=0.083)[18]。因此,在術(shù)中應(yīng)綜合考慮患者的整體情況,RAP聯(lián)合其他血液保護(hù)方式,而非機(jī)械性的單純使用RAP,以達(dá)到最佳的血液保護(hù)效果,改善患者的預(yù)后。有報(bào)道稱,可通過應(yīng)用RAP和其他的省血手段,對(duì)不接受輸血的耶和華見證者成功實(shí)施心臟手術(shù)[19-20]。
聯(lián)合使用RAP和急性等容性血液稀釋或術(shù)中自體放血可平衡患者體內(nèi)容量,維持轉(zhuǎn)流中Hct在較理想水平,減輕血液破壞,減少患者輸血,改善預(yù)后[21-22]。通過改變主泵和靜脈回流室及氧合器位置,使其更靠近患者,縮短不必要的CPB管路長(zhǎng)度和尺寸,可進(jìn)一步減小CPB預(yù)充量,達(dá)到更佳的血液保護(hù)效果[23-24]。抬高CPB系統(tǒng)和使用小尺寸管路會(huì)影響靜脈系統(tǒng)的重力引流,同時(shí)可聯(lián)合使用負(fù)壓輔助靜脈引流系統(tǒng),以保證足夠的靜脈引流[25-26]。有研究者在聯(lián)合使用RAP和迷你CPB時(shí),亦達(dá)到了較理想的省血效果[27-29]。
總之,本薈萃分析顯示應(yīng)用RAP可減少成人患者圍術(shù)期輸血,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)其可促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),可能與入選RCT文獻(xiàn)的Jadad評(píng)分較低以及樣本量較小有關(guān),因此,還需開展大樣本的雙盲RCT以綜合評(píng)估其臨床效果。
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Effects of retrograde autologous priming on perioperative clinical results in a?dult:a meta-analysis
Sun Peng,Ji Bing-yang,Sun Yan-h(huán)ua,Zhu Xian,Liu Jin-ping,Long Cun
Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass,Cardiovascular Institute&Fuwai Heart Hospital,Beijing 100037,China
Ji Bing-yang,Email:dr.ji.cpb@gmail.com
ObjectiveTo undertake a meta-analysis of the effects of retrograde autologous priming(RAP)on perioperative results.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted for randomized controlled trials(RCT)relevant to RAP using PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Google Scholar,WangFang,WeiPu and CNKI literature databases.Clinical parameters and outcomes were focused on lowest hematocrit(Hct)during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),number of patients transfused blood intraoperatively,num?ber of patients transfused blood perioperatively,number of blood units transfused,24 houra chest tube drainage,hours to extubation,length of ICU stay and length of total hospital stay.ResultsTen studies were included.The lowest Hct during CPB(P<0.0001)and 24 hours chest tube drainage(P=0.0005)in RAP group had advantages over control group when the length of total hospital stay(P =0.28)was not apparently influenced.With significant heterogeneity(I2>50%),the effects of RAP could not be evaluated.The num?ber of patients transfused blood intraoperatively(P<0.00001),perioperatively(P<0.00001)and the number of blood units trans?fused(P<0.00001)were all significantly reduced in RAP group.No differences in the hours to extubation(P=0.37)and the length of ICU stay(P=0.18)were observed between the two groups.ConclusionRAP can reduce blood transfusion in adult significantly,but has no effect on patient's clinical outcomes comparing to conventional priming.
Retrograde autologous priming;Priming volume;Blood transfusion;Clinical results;Cardiopulmonary bypass
2013?09?10)
2013?10?23)
10.13498/j.cnki.chin.j.ecc.2014.01.10
100037北京,中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院阜外心血管病醫(yī)院體外循環(huán)科
吉冰洋,E-mail:dr.ji.cpb@gmail.com