∷曾泰元
《牛津英語詞典》(The Oxford English Dictionary)依歷史原則編纂,是英語世界最大、最權威的英語詞典。自2010年底整合資源,更新條目、定義與書證后,以在線版的形態(tài)重新問世。在線版的《牛津英語詞典》收錄了300個左右源自中文的詞匯,或音譯(loanword)或借譯(loan translation)。
從2013年第8期開始,作者每期介紹兩條,照登《牛津英語詞典》的定義并加以翻譯,解釋其詞源,挑選精當?shù)臅C,以英漢雙語的方式呈現(xiàn)。
【詞源】[ < Chinese (Hokkien)kiasu, lit.‘scared to lose’. ] 來自中文(閩南語)“驚輸”(害怕失去,怕輸)
【定義】n. andadj. colloq. (orig. and chie fly in South-East Asia, esp. Singapore). depreciative. A person governed by self-interest, typically manifesting as a sel fish, grasping attitude arising from a fear of missing out on something.
Also: such an attitude. (口語,帶貶義,源自東南亞,主要也用于東南亞,特別是新加坡)一個被利己之心所掌控的人。這樣的人通常因為害怕錯過,而展現(xiàn)出一種的自私自利、貪得無厭的態(tài)度。也指這種態(tài)度。
【書證】
Kiasu is what causes eager commuters to shove their way onto the MRT before other passengers can alight.“怕輸”導致急躁的通勤族在其他乘客還沒下車前就擠上地鐵。──英國《東方日報》(Eastern Daily Press),2006/2/27
I know I always think mean things of Alisa about her being kiasu and pretending not to study, but... I realize that she probably also feels insecure about her own intelligence.我知道我總想到艾莉薩刻薄的一面,想到她怕輸,假裝不學習,可是我了解,她或許也對自己的智力沒有把握。——《我在新加坡那怕輸?shù)那嗌倌晟睢罚∕y Kiasu Teenage Life in Singapore),2005
【詞源】[After Chinesetiě fànwǎn( 【定義】n. fig. (in Chinese contexts) a secure livelihood or source of income provided by the State;the system guaranteeing lifetime employment and other entitlements to state workers.(在中國的語境)比喻國家提供的穩(wěn)固生計或收入來源;保障公務員終生雇用和其他津貼的制度。 【書證】 A factory worker in Taiwan is subject to layoffs and firing; a government clerk at even the lowest level has ‘an iron rice bowl’. 臺灣的工廠工人有被裁員、解雇的可能,而連最低階的公務員都有“鐵飯碗”?!督袊冯s志(Modern China),1979年第3期 The transition to a more private economy in the 1990s abruptly overturned the iron rice bowl. 1990年代的經濟型態(tài)逐漸轉變?yōu)樗綘I,一下就打翻了鐵飯碗?!▏秶H先驅論壇報》(The International Herald Tribune),2012/9/29