王曉榮,李湧健,程彬彬
1南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),江蘇 南京 210023;2蘇州市中醫(yī)院腫瘤科;3第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院中醫(yī)科
薯蕷皂苷元抗腫瘤作用及其機(jī)制研究
王曉榮1,2,3,李湧健2△,程彬彬3
1南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),江蘇 南京 210023;2蘇州市中醫(yī)院腫瘤科;3第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院中醫(yī)科
從薯蕷皂苷元(D i osgeni n,D i o)抗腫瘤作用、抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制方面綜述近十年來國(guó)內(nèi)外薯蕷皂苷元抗腫瘤作用及其機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展,指出薯蕷皂苷元是一種天然的甾體皂苷,其來源廣泛,具有調(diào)節(jié)免疫、抗腫瘤、抗炎等多種藥理活性,其抗腫瘤活性引起了廣大學(xué)者的關(guān)注,作用機(jī)制具有多靶點(diǎn)、多環(huán)節(jié)、多效應(yīng)的特點(diǎn),同時(shí)指出D i o對(duì)不同類型的腫瘤作用機(jī)制各有不同,研究深度各有差異,因此有必要利用現(xiàn)代分子生物技術(shù)對(duì)D i o在不同腫瘤中的作用及機(jī)制進(jìn)行更全面更深入的研究;同時(shí),針對(duì)D i o的抗腫瘤作用特點(diǎn),聯(lián)合其他抗腫瘤藥物進(jìn)行研究,將能更充分發(fā)揮傳統(tǒng)中藥在抗腫瘤方面的獨(dú)特效用。
腫瘤;增殖;誘導(dǎo)分化;侵襲;凋亡;薯蕷皂苷元
薯蕷皂苷元(D i o s g e n i n,D i o)系薯蕷皂苷的水解產(chǎn)物,是一種重要的甾體皂苷元,廣泛存在于薯蕷科、百合科、薔薇科、石竹科等多種植物中,是多種中(成)藥的有效成分之一,也是合成甾體激素類藥物的重要原料[1]?,F(xiàn)代藥理研究表明,薯蕷皂苷元具有調(diào)節(jié)免疫[2]、抗腫瘤[3]、降血脂[4]、抗炎[5]、舒張血管[6]、保護(hù)心?。?]、抗艾滋病[8]等作用。近年來,其抗腫瘤作用日益引起廣大學(xué)者的關(guān)注,因此,本研究綜述近1 0年來國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)D i o抗腫瘤作用及其機(jī)制的研究,以供參考。
D i o的抗腫瘤作用較為廣泛,對(duì)不同腫瘤均有一定的抑制作用。王麗娟等[9]觀察了 D i o在體內(nèi)外的抗腫瘤作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o對(duì)肉瘤(S 1 8 0)、肝癌腹水型H e p A、宮頸癌U 1 4等小鼠移植腫瘤均有一定的抑制作用,抑制率在3 0%~5 0%;體外對(duì)小鼠肺上皮癌L 9 2 9、人宮頸癌H e L a、人乳腺癌M C F等多種腫瘤細(xì)胞有明顯的抑制作用。宋宇等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o對(duì)人胃低分化黏液腺癌細(xì)胞(M G C-8 0 3)、人宮頸癌細(xì)胞(H e L a)、人黑色素瘤細(xì)胞(A 3 7 5-S)、人小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞(N C I-H 4 4 6)、人乳腺癌細(xì)胞(M C F-7)、人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞(S W I L L C)、人星形膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞(U 2 5 1)、人胃癌細(xì)胞(S G C-7 9 0 1)、人慢性粒細(xì)胞性白血病細(xì)胞(k 5 6 2)、人肝癌細(xì)胞(B E L-7 4 0 2)均有生長(zhǎng)抑制作用。M o a l i cS等[11]早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o對(duì)人骨肉瘤細(xì)胞(1 5 4 7)具有增殖抑制作用,后來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o對(duì)人喉癌細(xì)胞(H E p-2)、黑色素瘤細(xì)胞(M 4 B)具有相似的增殖抑制作用[12]。隨著研究的深入,更多研究者擬通過探討D i o抗腫瘤作用的機(jī)制,為其臨床運(yùn)用奠定實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。
2.1 誘導(dǎo)分化 誘導(dǎo)分化是指惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞在誘導(dǎo)分化劑作用下,向正常或接近正常細(xì)胞方向分化逆轉(zhuǎn)的現(xiàn)象。法國(guó)巴黎藥學(xué)院生物化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究人員對(duì)D i o抗腫瘤作用進(jìn)行了多年的研究,1 9 9 5年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o可使人紅、白細(xì)胞(H E L)體積增大,細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核發(fā)生多樣性改變,糖蛋白I b(G p I b)的表達(dá)增加,并誘導(dǎo)H E L細(xì)胞向巨噬細(xì)胞分化,隨后發(fā)生細(xì)胞凋亡[13];2 0 0 6年以來,該團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)用沉降場(chǎng)流分離(S d F F F)細(xì)胞分選技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o誘導(dǎo)分化的細(xì)胞,核呈多倍體化,血小板分子標(biāo)記物C D 4 1的表達(dá)增加,伴有血型糖蛋白A(G P A)表達(dá)下降[14],D i o誘導(dǎo)H E L細(xì)胞分化的機(jī)制可能與抑制N F-κB和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(M A P K s)信號(hào)通路、激活細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(E R K)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路[15]以及上調(diào)環(huán)氧化酶-2和凝血惡烷合酶表達(dá)有關(guān)[16]。 L i uM J等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o與薯蕷皂苷相似,具有誘導(dǎo)人慢性粒細(xì)胞性白血病細(xì)胞K 5 6 2發(fā)生凋亡和多核分化作用。誘導(dǎo)分化療法在造血系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤中應(yīng)用較為成熟,但是D i o誘導(dǎo)實(shí)體瘤細(xì)胞分化作用尚未見到報(bào)道,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
2.2 抗侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移 腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的能力與其誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生蛋白酶降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)及基底膜的能力有密切相關(guān)。在參與破壞細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的酶類中,基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(M M P s)與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系最為密切;N F-κB能夠調(diào)控多種基因表達(dá),包括與腫瘤浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)的黏附分子及M M P s,活化的N F-κB能夠上調(diào)黏附分子和M M P s表達(dá),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和基底膜降解,引起腫瘤浸潤(rùn)。S h i s h od i aS等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o能夠抑制腫瘤壞死因子(T N F)誘導(dǎo)的人肺癌細(xì)胞H 1 2 9 9的侵襲能力,這可能與D i o通過抑制N F-κB的活性,進(jìn)而下調(diào)T N F誘導(dǎo)侵襲相關(guān)基因(M M P-9)表達(dá)有關(guān),提示D i o可通過抑制N F-κB調(diào)控的基因表達(dá)從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲。C h e nP S等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o能降低人前列腺癌細(xì)胞P C-3細(xì)胞M M P-2和M M P-9的活性,并抑制M M P-2、-9、-7的基因表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑-2(T I M P-2)的表達(dá)增加,同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o可抑制E R K、J N K和P I 3 K/A k t信號(hào)通路以及N F-κB活性,提示D i o能通過降低M M P s的表達(dá)以抑制人前列腺癌細(xì)胞P C-3的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲[19]。M a oZ J等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o對(duì)缺氧刺激敏感的人胃癌B G C-8 2 3細(xì)胞有一定的抗侵襲作用,且敲除缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子(H I F-1 α)能增強(qiáng)D i o對(duì)B G C-8 2 3的抗侵襲作用;氯化鈷缺氧模型降低了E鈣黏蛋白和整合素α5的表達(dá),而D i o聯(lián)合H I F-1 α s h R N A治療可上調(diào)E鈣黏蛋白和整合素α5的表達(dá),下調(diào)整合素β6表達(dá),提示D i o對(duì)B G C-8 2 3的抗侵襲作用涉及細(xì)胞吸附分子表達(dá)的變化。以上結(jié)果提示D i o可能具有抗侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移作用,但D i o對(duì)其他腫瘤是否有相似的抗侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移作用,D i o在體內(nèi)對(duì)腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的作用如何尚未見到相關(guān)報(bào)道。因此D i o的抗腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移作用有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。
2.3 細(xì)胞周期阻滯和誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用 細(xì)胞周期是生命活動(dòng)中一個(gè)極其重要的過程,是較為活躍的研究領(lǐng)域。某些細(xì)胞毒藥物作用于腫瘤細(xì)胞后,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控機(jī)制中斷,隨后出現(xiàn)程序性細(xì)胞死亡——凋亡(a p o p t o s i s)。凋亡是程序性細(xì)胞死亡的基本形式之一,也是近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究的重點(diǎn)方向。L i uM J等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o能使人慢性粒細(xì)胞性白血病K 5 6 2細(xì)胞周期非p 5 3依賴性阻滯在G 2/M期,c y c l i nB 1和p 2 1 C i p 1/W a f 1表達(dá)水平下調(diào),c d c 2表達(dá)上調(diào),細(xì)胞周期和凋亡發(fā)生早期細(xì)胞內(nèi)C a2+濃度顯著下降,M M P超極化和去極化,抗凋亡蛋白B c l-2和B c l-x L表達(dá)下調(diào),促凋亡蛋白B a x表達(dá)上調(diào),因此認(rèn)為D i o通過誘導(dǎo)K 5 6 2細(xì)胞發(fā)生G 2/M周期阻滯和凋亡抑制其增殖,對(duì)干擾C a2+體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)和線粒體功能障礙起到至關(guān)重要的作用。在D i o對(duì)人乳腺癌細(xì)胞作用的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),D i o通過抑制A k t、R a f/M E K信號(hào)通路以及N F-κB活性誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌(E R+和E R-)細(xì)胞凋亡,在體內(nèi)可抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng),因此認(rèn)為D i o可能成為治療乳腺癌的一個(gè)潛在藥物[21]。L e p a g eC等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o可通過活化P 3 8M A P K,使D R 5過表達(dá),從而增強(qiáng)T R I L誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡。在D i o對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞作用的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),甲基原薯蕷皂苷通過下調(diào)細(xì)胞周期蛋白B 1和B c l-2以及上調(diào)B a x信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)H e p G 2細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,并使細(xì)胞周期阻滯在G 2/M期[23]。L iF等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o能夠抑制信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活蛋白3(S T A T 3)活性及c-S r c、J A K 1和J A K 2活性,而對(duì)S T A T 5無影響,D i o誘導(dǎo)S H 2區(qū)的磷酸化酪氨酸磷酸酶2(S H-P T P 2)的表達(dá),而后者與下調(diào)S T A T 3相關(guān),提示D i o是S T A T 3信號(hào)通路的阻斷劑,可用于治療肝癌及其他癌癥。K i mD S等[25]的研究結(jié)果表明D i o通過B c l-2家族介導(dǎo)的線粒體/c a s p a s e-3信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞H e p G 2凋亡,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o干預(yù)H e p G 2細(xì)胞后產(chǎn)生大量活性氧(R O S),這種氧化應(yīng)激可能通過激活凋亡信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(A S K 1)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。這些研究結(jié)果表明,D i o能夠通過多條信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。
2.4 其他 機(jī)體的免疫監(jiān)視體系在防止腫瘤發(fā)生上起重要作用。體內(nèi)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),D i o能夠顯著抑制小鼠肉瘤S-1 8 0移植瘤的生長(zhǎng),顯著增加小鼠胸腺和脾臟的重量,并伴有血漿T N F-α水平上升;體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D i o可刺激淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化并增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬作用,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)N O和T N F-α的分泌,提示D i o可改善特異性和非特異性細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng),從而起到抗腫瘤的作用[2]。自噬與腫瘤的關(guān)系非常密切。多數(shù)腫瘤細(xì)胞中存在著自噬能力的降低,可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展;但自噬與腫瘤的關(guān)系是雙重的,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞自噬性死亡也是治療腫瘤的潛在途徑。葫蘆巴提取物對(duì)人T淋巴瘤J u r k a t細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)抑制作用呈劑量和時(shí)間依賴方式,J u r k a t細(xì)胞形態(tài)呈現(xiàn)出多個(gè)大液泡,自噬微管相關(guān)蛋白輕鏈3(L C 3)的表達(dá)上調(diào),兩者都提示葫蘆巴提取物可能通過自噬途徑誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡[26],而D i o作為葫蘆巴提取物的有效成分之一,也可能具有誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生自噬的作用,但這一作用還需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
綜上所述,D i o作為一種天然藥物中提取的化合物,抗腫瘤作用廣泛,其作用機(jī)制具有多靶點(diǎn)、多環(huán)節(jié)、多效應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)。然而,D i o對(duì)不同類型的腫瘤作用機(jī)制也各有不同,而且研究的深度也各有差異,因此有必要利用現(xiàn)代分子生物技術(shù)對(duì)D i o在不同腫瘤中的作用及機(jī)制進(jìn)行更全面更深入的研究;同時(shí),針對(duì)D i o的抗腫瘤作用特點(diǎn),聯(lián)合其他抗腫瘤藥物進(jìn)行研究,將能更充分發(fā)揮傳統(tǒng)中藥在抗腫瘤方面的獨(dú)特效用。
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Study on Anti-tumor Effects and the Mechanism of Diosgenin
WANG Xiaorong1,2,3,LI Yongjian2△,CHENG Binbin3
1 Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210023,China;2 Department of Oncology of Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine;3 TCM Department of Changhai Hospital Affiliated to the Second Military Medical University
The paper is discussing the progress of anti-tumor effects and its mechanism of diosgenin(Dio)in recent ten years at home and abroad from the anti-tumor effects and its mechanism.Dio is a kind of natural steroidal saponin,and widely available,it shows pharmacological activities such as immunity-regulating,anti-tumor,anti-inflammation,the anti-tumor activity had attracted the attention of many scholars,its mechanism demonstrates the features of multiple target points,multiple links and multiple effects,at the same time,the mechanisms of Dio fighting against different types of tumors are different,and their depths are different,therefore,it is necessary to study the effects and its mechanisms completely with modern molecular biology;meanwhile,the studies centered on anti-tumor features of Dio and the combination with other anti-tumor drugs could fully develop the unique roles of traditional herbs fighting against the tumor.
tumor;proliferation;inducing differentiation;invasion;apoptosis;diosgenin
R730.52
A
1004-6852(2014)05-0140-04
2013-11-06
王曉榮(1989—),女,碩士研究生。研究方向:中醫(yī)腫瘤學(xué)。
△通訊作者:李湧?。?957—),男,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,碩士學(xué)位,主任醫(yī)師,教授。研究方向:腫瘤疾病的中西醫(yī)結(jié)合防治。