田亞麗,張建清,楊 媚,白 鴿,馬曉麗,張 莉
腫瘤嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康,是當(dāng)今常見死因之一。化療仍是晚期實(shí)體瘤患者主要的治療手段,但在追求療效的同時,化療藥物的毒副作用也備受關(guān)注。順鉑及卡鉑是臨床上較為常用的化療藥物,Seng等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)順鉑可增加晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險,但目前關(guān)于卡鉑與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險的關(guān)系仍存在爭議??ㄣK主要用于小細(xì)胞肺癌、卵巢癌、睪丸腫瘤、頭頸部鱗癌等,也可用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌、膀胱癌、子宮頸癌、胸膜間皮瘤、黑色素瘤、子宮內(nèi)膜癌、消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤、肝癌等,還可用于放射增效治療。本研究采用Meta分析方法評價以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險的關(guān)系,為臨床提供循證證據(jù)。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)研究類型為前瞻性Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期 (因Ⅳ期臨床試驗(yàn)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)少而未納入)臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(RCT);(2)研究對象為經(jīng)病理和/或細(xì)胞學(xué)證實(shí),和/或經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查診斷為晚期實(shí)體瘤患者;(3)干預(yù)措施:卡鉑組采用以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療,非卡鉑組采用以非卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療;(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo):靜脈血栓栓塞事件 (深靜脈血栓形成和肺栓塞)發(fā)生率。
1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)非臨床RCT;(2)Jadad評分<2分;(3)無法獲得全文的會議摘要及重復(fù)發(fā)表文獻(xiàn);(4)干預(yù)措施中不包括卡鉑,和/或結(jié)局指標(biāo)未提及靜脈血栓栓塞事件發(fā)生率。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略 采用Cochrone協(xié)作網(wǎng)Handbook RCT檢索策略,通過計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、EMBase、Web of Science、CBM、CNKI和Wangfang Data等數(shù)據(jù)庫,中文檢索詞為“卡鉑”“隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)”“實(shí)體瘤”,英文檢索詞為“carboplain”“randomized clinical trial”“cancer”,采用主題詞和自由詞相結(jié)合的方式檢索,檢索時限為1990—2013年,無語種限制;同時追溯納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn),手工檢索相關(guān)會議論文集。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選及信息提取 文獻(xiàn)篩選由兩名研究員獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,通過閱讀所獲文獻(xiàn)的題目、摘要,排除明顯不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn),對于難以判斷的文獻(xiàn)通過詳細(xì)閱讀全文后由兩名研究員共同決定,遇有不同意見則通過討論或由第三位研究員決定是否納入[2]。提取的信息主要包括第一作者姓名、發(fā)表年份、例數(shù)、國家及一般情況、干預(yù)措施、結(jié)局指標(biāo)等。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評價 按照J(rèn)adad評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價所納入的RCT的質(zhì)量,由2位研究員獨(dú)立地評價納入文獻(xiàn)隨機(jī)分配、盲法設(shè)置、統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法等,總分為1~5分,以1~2分為低質(zhì)量,3~5分為高質(zhì)量。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的 RevMan 5.2軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,采用I2檢驗(yàn)對研究間的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行定量分析,以I2>50%為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性較大。各研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性時,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,反之則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。采用相對危險度 (RR)及其95%CI合并效應(yīng)量,假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)采用u檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。以RR值為橫坐標(biāo),logRR為縱坐標(biāo)繪制漏斗圖,采用Begg's檢驗(yàn)分析可能的發(fā)表偏倚,各研究間統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性較大時采用Meta回歸分析以找出異質(zhì)性來源。考慮到各研究樣本量、質(zhì)量及權(quán)重的差異,剔除某一研究可能會影響Meta分析結(jié)果,因此需剔除質(zhì)量較低文獻(xiàn) (Jadad評分1~2分)后進(jìn)行敏感性分析。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 最初檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫獲得1 258篇文獻(xiàn),通過剔重、閱讀摘要及全文后納入107篇文獻(xiàn),再根據(jù)上述文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最終共納入20篇文獻(xiàn)[3-22],均為英文文獻(xiàn)。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征和質(zhì)量評價 納入的20篇文獻(xiàn)共包括4 863例晚期實(shí)體瘤患者,其中卡鉑組2 171例,非卡鉑組2 692例。腫瘤類型包括非小細(xì)胞肺癌14篇[3-16]、小細(xì)胞肺癌1 篇[17]、膀胱癌1 篇[18]、睪丸腫瘤 1 篇[19]、頭頸部腫瘤 1篇[20]、乳腺癌 1 篇[21]、胃癌1 篇[22]。納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征及質(zhì)量評價見表1。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程Figure 1 Flow chart of literature screen
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果 20項(xiàng)研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (I2=0,P=0.55),采用固定效應(yīng)模型;Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險無關(guān)〔RR=0.48,95%CI(0.26,0.90),Z=2.29,P=0.02,見圖 2〕。
2.4 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚 繪制漏斗圖發(fā)現(xiàn),散點(diǎn)集中分布在直線兩側(cè)并靠近漏斗中部,對稱性好 (見圖3),納入文獻(xiàn)存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較小。
圖2 以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險關(guān)系的Meta分析結(jié)果Figure 2 Meta-analysis on relationship between carboplatin based chemotherapy and VTE risk in patients with advanced solid tumors
表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征及質(zhì)量評價Table 1 Basic characteristics of quality evaluation of included literature
2.5 敏感性分析 納入文獻(xiàn)中高質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)共有13篇[4,6-7,9,11-13,15-16,18-19,21-22],各研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性 (I2=10%,P=0.35),采用固定效應(yīng)模型;敏感性分析結(jié)果顯示,以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險無關(guān)〔RR=0.38,95%CI(0.18,0.82),Z=2.46,P=0.01,見圖4〕。
圖3 納入文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖Figure 3 Funnel plot of published bias of included literature
圖4 以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險關(guān)系的敏感性分析結(jié)果Figure 4 Sensitivity analysis on relationship between carboplatin based chemotherapy and VTE risk in patients with advanced solid tumors
研究表明,腫瘤患者發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險較普通人群高4~8倍[23-25],腫瘤患者合并多種疾病、腫瘤分期較晚、體質(zhì)較弱時可增加靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險[26-27],靜脈血栓栓塞性疾病是晚期實(shí)體腫瘤患者死亡的重要原因。本研究共納入20項(xiàng)RCT,Jadad評分為2~3分,各研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,于是采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示,以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險無關(guān)〔RR=0.48,95%CI(0.26,0.90)〕,表明以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療不增加晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險。進(jìn)一步剔除質(zhì)量較低的文獻(xiàn)后進(jìn)行敏感性分析,結(jié)果與原Meta分析結(jié)果一致,說明本研究可靠性較好。
卡鉑及順鉑同屬細(xì)胞周期非特異性藥物,均被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種實(shí)體瘤的治療中。目前,以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療不增加晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險的具體作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。Seng等[1]進(jìn)行的關(guān)于順鉑與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞事件相關(guān)性的薈萃分析顯示,順鉑誘導(dǎo)靜脈血栓栓塞的機(jī)制是誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮損傷、血小板活化及上調(diào)血栓形成因子等,順鉑引起的腎功能障礙也可能起到了一定的促進(jìn)作用,而卡鉑不會導(dǎo)致上述引起血栓栓塞的機(jī)體變化,且腎毒性較輕,因此,以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療不增加晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險的作用機(jī)制可能與此有關(guān)。此外,在晚期實(shí)體瘤患者的治療過程中,卡鉑作用于機(jī)體后是否會導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)作用靶點(diǎn)發(fā)生改變從而降低了靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險,這方面作用機(jī)制還需要大量的臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究存在的局限性與不足:(1)納入文獻(xiàn)的治療方案各異,不能排除卡鉑與其他化療藥物聯(lián)合使用時對本研究結(jié)果造成的影響;(2)在篩選文獻(xiàn)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),部分文獻(xiàn)沒有具體描述靜脈血栓栓塞事件的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),導(dǎo)致其未能納入本研究,可能會產(chǎn)生一定的偏倚[28];(3)各文獻(xiàn)對于靜脈血栓栓塞事件的定義不統(tǒng)一,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一致;(4)單個臨床試驗(yàn)樣本量小,還需開展大樣本、多中心、高質(zhì)量的RCT以進(jìn)一步評價以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險的關(guān)系,從而得到更加科學(xué)、可靠的結(jié)論;(5)部分納入文獻(xiàn)靜脈血栓栓塞事件發(fā)生率為0,導(dǎo)致本研究進(jìn)行Meta分析和敏感性分析時均有不可評價的文獻(xiàn),但沒有發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞事件對臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果亦有很大的指導(dǎo)意義。
目前,關(guān)于以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療與靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險間的關(guān)系研究極少,基于現(xiàn)有臨床證據(jù),可以認(rèn)為以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療不增加晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險。本研究結(jié)論使臨床醫(yī)師和患者對卡鉑有了進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識,為今后臨床上卡鉑藥物的應(yīng)用提供了幫助。但以卡鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療不增加晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險的具體作用機(jī)制尚不清楚,仍是今后研究的方向,而關(guān)于晚期實(shí)體瘤靜脈血栓栓塞患者基因易患性位點(diǎn)及卡鉑作用靶點(diǎn)的研究將成為惡性腫瘤新藥研發(fā)方向。需要指出的是,在報(bào)告臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果時規(guī)范晚期實(shí)體瘤患者靜脈血栓栓塞事件的報(bào)告,提供相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),可以為新化療方案的制定及完善現(xiàn)有化療方案,降低患者靜脈血栓栓塞風(fēng)險提供更好的幫助。
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