趙 蕊 李 智 汪曉東 李 立
直腸癌是世界范圍內(nèi)死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤之一[1],其疾病管理不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)提高生存率、減少并發(fā)癥,更注重患者生存質(zhì)量的維持和提高[2]。臨床上常用的生存質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)量表包括癌癥患者生活質(zhì)量測(cè)定量表(EORTC QLQ-C30)、直腸癌患者生活質(zhì)量測(cè)定量表(QLQ-CR29)、健康調(diào)查簡表(SF-36)、大腸癌生命質(zhì)量測(cè)定量表(FACT-C)等。作為治療直腸癌的主要手段,手術(shù)影響著患者的生存質(zhì)量。近幾年,關(guān)于直腸癌術(shù)式的研究較多,而不同術(shù)式對(duì)患者生存質(zhì)量的影響尚存爭議,現(xiàn)就手術(shù)方式對(duì)直腸癌患者生存質(zhì)量的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
手術(shù)吻合技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得前切除等保肛手術(shù)成為高、低位直腸癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法。由于吻合位置不同,LAR和HAR患者的生存質(zhì)量不同[3]。研究表明,相比于HAR,行LAR患者術(shù)后6~9個(gè)月及12~15個(gè)月的角色功能、社會(huì)功能、身體意象、未來期望等方面評(píng)分更低,術(shù)后功能受損更明顯,其短期生存質(zhì)量受損更嚴(yán)重,整體的生存質(zhì)量更低[4]。Masljankov等[5]也發(fā)現(xiàn)LAR組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月和1年的功能評(píng)分相對(duì)HAR較低。Engel等[3]通過對(duì)直腸癌患者長期的生存質(zhì)量評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn),行HAR和LAR患者術(shù)后2年的功能評(píng)分較術(shù)前有顯著提高,LAR組表現(xiàn)在情感功能和未來期望方面,而HAR組表現(xiàn)在身體意象、惡心嘔吐、性功能等方面。術(shù)后3年里,2組患者排便功能均有所改善,其中HAR組患者排便功能更佳。術(shù)后4年長期隨訪中,HAR組生存質(zhì)量仍較LAR組更好,尤其角色功能更完善。Tsunoda等[6]也發(fā)現(xiàn)直腸癌患者HAR術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量量表中各條目普遍改善,LAR術(shù)后軀體和角色功能顯著降低。但是也有研究認(rèn)為,盡管LAR術(shù)后發(fā)生大便失禁頻率較HAR更高,但HAR和LAR術(shù)后患者的生存質(zhì)量沒有差異[7]。Vironen等[8]也發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然HAR和LAR術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的腸功能紊亂會(huì)對(duì)患者社會(huì)功能產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,但2組術(shù)后的整體生存質(zhì)量與正常人相近。
對(duì)于接受保肛術(shù)的患者而言,降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率和獲得較高的生存質(zhì)量是其兩大主要目標(biāo)。LAR是目前治療低位直腸癌常用的手術(shù)方式,但LAR結(jié)肛吻合術(shù)術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的“前切除綜合征”如便頻、便急、氣體便失禁等,對(duì)患者的生存質(zhì)量有不良影響[9]。ISR是一種極限低位保肛術(shù),其切除范圍擴(kuò)大而導(dǎo)致的排便失禁會(huì)影響患者癥狀特異性生存質(zhì)量[10]。Konanz等[11]對(duì)ISR、LAR術(shù)后患者5年生存質(zhì)量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ISR組患者排便的癥狀評(píng)分和失禁量表得分均更高,相比于LAR更容易出現(xiàn)短期和長期的排便功能異常;而2組在角色功能等方面得分相似,且都存在腹瀉癥狀,整體生存質(zhì)量也未出現(xiàn)差異。只是ISR組還表現(xiàn)出更明顯的胃腸道功能紊亂。臨床上ISR經(jīng)常被混同于低位前切除結(jié)肛吻合術(shù)(colon anus anastomosis,CAA),CAA基本全部保留內(nèi)括約肌,而ISR大約切除10 mm的內(nèi)括約肌[12]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ISR和CAA術(shù)后患者的SF-36評(píng)分相近,整體生存質(zhì)量相似,而ISR組主觀和癥狀特異性生存質(zhì)量更好,在排便失禁患者生存質(zhì)量量表(FIQL)中,ISR術(shù)后患者只有“尷尬”一項(xiàng)得分更差[13]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)肛切除術(shù)后雖然小部分人群出現(xiàn)了功能減退,但大多數(shù)人排便相關(guān)的生存質(zhì)量與正常水平相近[14]。Chen等[15]研究了經(jīng)肛切除和開腹手術(shù)對(duì)不可切除肝轉(zhuǎn)移直腸癌患者的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)2組患者的住院時(shí)間和整體生存率相似,但經(jīng)肛切除術(shù)的術(shù)后造口率、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率顯著降低。經(jīng)肛門內(nèi)鏡切除(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)作為經(jīng)肛微創(chuàng)切術(shù)手術(shù),其手術(shù)區(qū)域可視化,比傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)肛局部切除能更有效地降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率,提高早期直腸癌或較大直腸息肉患者的整體生存質(zhì)量[16]。Allaix等[17]用多種量表評(píng)估TEM患者生存質(zhì)量發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然術(shù)后3個(gè)月患者角色功能受損,且身體意象和排便困難這兩方面評(píng)分降低,但這些在長期隨訪(12和60個(gè)月)時(shí)均得到改善,同時(shí)QLQ-C30量表評(píng)分基本恢復(fù)到術(shù)前水平,且患者主觀生存質(zhì)量以及對(duì)未來期望較術(shù)前也有顯著提高。Allaix等[16]也認(rèn)為TEM并未對(duì)患者術(shù)后短期和長期的肛門功能和生活質(zhì)量造成明顯影響。Langer等[18]將TEM和其他的根治術(shù)相比,發(fā)現(xiàn)TEM組患者住院時(shí)間顯著減少、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和病死率更低,2年的生存率更高。這與Zieren等[19]的研究結(jié)果相似。德國研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于其他根治性直腸癌切除術(shù),TEM術(shù)后的功能情況和生存質(zhì)量更好[20]。
隨著保肛手術(shù)指征不斷擴(kuò)大,腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(abdom?inoperineal resection,APR)在近20年中使用減少。但是仍有10%~30%的患者必須進(jìn)行APR[21]。而為了降低吻合口瘺的發(fā)生率,減少再次手術(shù)的比例,預(yù)防性造口幾乎出現(xiàn)在50%~100%的保肛術(shù)中[16]。研究表明行預(yù)防性造口后患者住院時(shí)間延長、軀體和角色功能評(píng)分低于術(shù)前水平[6],健康有關(guān)的生存質(zhì)量受損,但預(yù)防性造口還納后患者的生存質(zhì)量會(huì)提高[22]。而Neuman等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然實(shí)施預(yù)防性造口后造口相關(guān)問題明顯,但是患者的整體生存質(zhì)量與正常人相近。在對(duì)143例行APR患者的研究中,只有23%患者的術(shù)后長期生存質(zhì)量受損[24]。Mahjoubi等[25]還發(fā)現(xiàn)造口會(huì)造成患者情感功能和性功能的損害,進(jìn)而影響患者的生存質(zhì)量,且永久性造口對(duì)不同性別患者的影響程度不同,它對(duì)女性性功能和身體意象的影響更大。部分研究認(rèn)為APR相對(duì)于保肛術(shù)患者生存質(zhì)量更差[11,26]。但隨著保肛術(shù)臨床運(yùn)用率增高,其術(shù)后的不良反應(yīng)如前切除綜合征等對(duì)患者生活產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響也逐漸受到關(guān)注[9]。越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),APR術(shù)后患者的生存質(zhì)量并不比保肛術(shù)差[9,27]。Orsini等[28]認(rèn)為雖然老年患者的軀體功能更差,但是永久性造口對(duì)其整體生存質(zhì)量沒有影響。對(duì)于低位直腸癌患者而言,APR不應(yīng)作為次于LAR的手術(shù)選擇[26]。Campos-Lobato等[29]在研究低位直腸癌患者APR和LAR術(shù)前及術(shù)后的生存質(zhì)量中發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然術(shù)前APR組SF-36量表評(píng)分更低,但其在術(shù)后得到了明顯的改善,其術(shù)后長期生存質(zhì)量與LAR組患者并無差異。超低位直腸癌患者前切除結(jié)肛吻合和APR術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量也被證實(shí)沒有差別[30]。該研究表明APR術(shù)后患者性生活更差,但前切除結(jié)肛吻合術(shù)后大便失禁、排便障礙等功能紊亂對(duì)患者的生存質(zhì)量影響更大[30]。對(duì)高位直腸癌患者的生存質(zhì)量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LAR、ISR和APR的整體生存質(zhì)量并無差異[11]。在主觀評(píng)價(jià)方面,行LAR患者術(shù)前對(duì)手術(shù)的期望高于APR組患者,但在術(shù)后長期隨訪中,APR組患者術(shù)后長期滿意度更高[29]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然低位直腸癌患者自身往往更傾向于選擇LAR,且術(shù)后短期滿意度更高,但是長期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),約80%的APR患者表示并不后悔自己的手術(shù)選擇[31]。盡管上述研究表明保肛術(shù)和造口手術(shù)術(shù)后患者整體生存質(zhì)量相近,但保肛術(shù)的患者術(shù)后軀體功能更好,男性患者ISR術(shù)后性功能和疾病特異性的生存質(zhì)量較APR更好[11]。
相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù),腹腔鏡最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于患者術(shù)后康復(fù)較快,包括住院時(shí)間縮短、疼痛減輕、睡眠紊亂緩解等[32]。同時(shí),腹腔鏡手術(shù)還可降低傷口感染、疝氣、腸梗阻的發(fā)生率,提高患者短期的生存質(zhì)量[33]。Jensen等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然直腸癌患者腹腔鏡手術(shù)健康生存時(shí)間與開腹手術(shù)相近,且腹腔鏡手術(shù)本身的花費(fèi)高于開腹手術(shù),但由于術(shù)后疝氣的發(fā)生率較低,患者的總支出相比于開腹手術(shù)降低。而由于直腸與周圍神經(jīng)組織距離很近,手術(shù)暴露困難等,腹腔鏡手術(shù)中直腸癌切除的手術(shù)部位仍需進(jìn)一步研究[32]。目前直腸癌腹腔鏡手術(shù)尚無統(tǒng)一的指征,其在直腸癌患者中的運(yùn)用也受到一定限制。當(dāng)下不少研究者認(rèn)為手術(shù)方式不影響患者健康相關(guān)的生存質(zhì)量。Andersson等[35]評(píng)估了直腸癌腹腔鏡和開腹手術(shù)患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后2年內(nèi)多個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的整體健康狀況和生存質(zhì)量的各個(gè)維度,發(fā)現(xiàn)2組患者的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均無明顯差異。還有研究者比較腹腔鏡手術(shù)和提肛肌外腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除(ELAPE)的患者術(shù)后7~46個(gè)月的生存質(zhì)量,也得出了相似的結(jié)論[36]。Vaughan-Shaw等[37]還比較了ELAPE與傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡和開腹患者的短期生存質(zhì)量,發(fā)現(xiàn)3組患者術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)并發(fā)癥、再入院、住院時(shí)間均無明顯差異,除了ELAPE和傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡拔出尿管時(shí)間更早外,其他恢復(fù)指標(biāo)結(jié)果相似。傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡與ELAPE、開腹相比,沒有出現(xiàn)短期功能和生存質(zhì)量的降低。還有研究比較直腸癌患者達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)、腹腔鏡、開腹手術(shù)后的生存質(zhì)量,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后30 d機(jī)器人手術(shù)組、腹腔鏡組術(shù)后恢復(fù)較快,且機(jī)器人手術(shù)組在軀體功能評(píng)分中相較其他2組有顯著提高。但考慮到機(jī)器人手術(shù)的高成本,目前不將其作為常規(guī)手術(shù)開展[38]。
盡管不少研究提及腹腔鏡有快速康復(fù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)[32,38],但其對(duì)患者短期長期生存質(zhì)量的影響尚有爭議。且有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腹腔鏡術(shù)后患者會(huì)陰和生殖泌尿功能損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,需要得到足夠的臨床重視[36]。作為腹腔鏡的發(fā)展,機(jī)器人協(xié)助下的腹腔鏡手術(shù)提高了手術(shù)的精確度。但是目前臨床上對(duì)于機(jī)器人協(xié)助的腹腔鏡手術(shù)生存質(zhì)量的評(píng)估較少,而現(xiàn)有的研究也存在樣本量較小等問題,其對(duì)直腸癌患者生存質(zhì)量的影響還需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)[39]。
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