周 濤, 楊普云, 趙汝娜, 師迎春, 原 鍇, 范在豐

(1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物病理學(xué)系,北京 100193；2. 全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心,北京 100125；3. 北京市植物保護(hù)站,北京 100029；4. 北京市房山區(qū)植物保護(hù)站,北京 102488)

有害生物動(dòng)態(tài)

警惕番茄褪綠病毒在我國(guó)的傳播和危害

周 濤1*, 楊普云2, 趙汝娜1, 師迎春3, 原 鍇4, 范在豐1

(1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物病理學(xué)系,北京 100193；2. 全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心,北京 100125；3. 北京市植物保護(hù)站,北京 100029；4. 北京市房山區(qū)植物保護(hù)站,北京 102488)

番茄褪綠病毒(Tomatochlorosisvirus,ToCV)侵染番茄引起番茄褪綠病毒病。發(fā)病植株下部葉片黃化、脈間褪綠、邊緣輕微卷曲,葉片光合作用顯著降低,果實(shí)變小,產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)明顯下降。該病毒最早于1998年在美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州發(fā)現(xiàn),隨后在世界多地陸續(xù)報(bào)道。我國(guó)首先于2004年在臺(tái)灣報(bào)道,2013年又在北京和山東發(fā)現(xiàn)并鑒定了該病毒,同時(shí)在辣椒上檢測(cè)到該病毒。ToCV屬于長(zhǎng)線形病毒科(Closteroviridae)毛形病毒屬(Crinivirus)成員,基因組為二分體正義單鏈RNA,由粉虱傳播。經(jīng)初步調(diào)查和檢測(cè),ToCV在我國(guó)北京、山東、河北、天津等省市相繼發(fā)生,給當(dāng)?shù)胤焉a(chǎn)造成了嚴(yán)重危害。ToCV傳播迅速,成為我國(guó)番茄生產(chǎn)中又一重要病毒,防控形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。基于以上原因,建議有關(guān)部門立即采取相應(yīng)預(yù)防和防治措施,組織開展相關(guān)研究和攻關(guān),控制該病毒在我國(guó)的傳播和危害。

番茄褪綠病毒； 脈間褪綠； 粉虱； 防治措施

1989年美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州溫室栽培的番茄(Solanumlycopersicum)上出現(xiàn)“黃葉紊亂”(yellow leaf disorder)癥狀,懷疑為生理或營(yíng)養(yǎng)失調(diào)、農(nóng)藥藥害或者病毒侵染所致；1998年,該病原被鑒定為番茄褪綠病毒(Tomatochlorosisvirus, ToCV)[1]。ToCV侵染番茄導(dǎo)致番茄葉片脈間黃化,部分區(qū)域變紅,發(fā)育受阻,輕微卷曲,通常在老葉上表現(xiàn)明顯,新生枝條和葉片表現(xiàn)正常,隨著病害發(fā)展,發(fā)生脈間壞死,葉片變脆易碎、葉片變厚(圖1)。ToCV侵染番茄引起的癥狀極易與物理?yè)p傷、營(yíng)養(yǎng)失調(diào)或農(nóng)藥藥害混淆,但典型的癥狀特點(diǎn)是植株中下部葉片發(fā)病,而新生部分正常。

已知有兩種長(zhǎng)線形病毒侵染番茄引起番茄褪綠病,一種是番茄褪綠病毒(ToCV),一種是番茄侵染性褪綠病毒(Tomatoinfectiouschlorosisvirus, TICV)。ToCV和TICV在番茄上引起癥狀相同,且均導(dǎo)致植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)變?nèi)?果實(shí)產(chǎn)量降低[2]。我國(guó)目前僅發(fā)現(xiàn)ToCV。

1 世界分布和在我國(guó)的危害

目前,除大洋洲和南極洲未見報(bào)道外,其余各洲均報(bào)道有ToCV發(fā)生。在歐洲,葡萄牙[3]、意大利[4-5]、法國(guó)[6]、匈牙利[7]、西班牙[8]和希臘[9]報(bào)道有ToCV發(fā)生；在北美洲,美國(guó)[1]、墨西哥[10]、古巴[11]、哥斯達(dá)黎加[12]報(bào)道有ToCV的分布；南美洲的巴西[13]報(bào)道ToCV發(fā)生；在非洲,毛里求斯[14]和蘇丹[15]有ToCV的分布；在亞洲,以色列[16]、塞浦路斯[17]、黎巴嫩[18]、土耳其[19]、日本[20]和中國(guó)[21-23]均有ToCV的分布。

我國(guó)首先在臺(tái)灣地區(qū)報(bào)道了ToCV的發(fā)生[21],隨后在北京[22]、江蘇[23]、山東[24]三省市溫室栽培的番茄植株上檢出ToCV,并且其發(fā)病率呈逐漸增長(zhǎng)之勢(shì)。2013年我們?cè)诔Ｒ?guī)蔬菜病毒病調(diào)查過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),番茄褪綠病毒病已在山東(壽光、莘縣)、河北(唐山、保定)、北京、天津等省市發(fā)生,一般田塊的發(fā)病率高于50%(圖2)。采集樣品帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行分子檢測(cè),這些樣品全部被ToCV侵染(未發(fā)表結(jié)果)。ToCV已給當(dāng)?shù)胤焉a(chǎn)造成了嚴(yán)重危害,受害番茄產(chǎn)量降低60%,單價(jià)降低50%,成為我國(guó)番茄生產(chǎn)中又一重要病毒。

2 分類、基因組和粒子特性

根據(jù)國(guó)際病毒分類委員會(huì)(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,ICTV)第9次分類報(bào)告所述,ToCV屬于長(zhǎng)線形病毒科(Closteroviridae)毛形病毒屬(Crinivirus)[25]。ToCV的基因組為二分體正義單鏈RNA(+ssRNA),RNA的5′端可能有一個(gè)甲基化帽子結(jié)構(gòu),3′端既無Ploy(A),也不形成tRNA樣結(jié)構(gòu),可能形成發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu)[25]。目前世界上報(bào)道了7個(gè)分離物的基因組全序列,包括美國(guó)分離物[26],西班牙的2個(gè)分離物[8,27],希臘分離物[9]、巴西分離物[28],以及中國(guó)北京分離物[29]和山東分離物[24]。病毒粒子彎曲長(zhǎng)線形,長(zhǎng)800～850 nm,直徑約為12 nm,呈螺旋對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu),螺距3.4～3.8 nm[30]。ToCV基因組RNA1和RNA2分別包裝在兩種不同的病毒粒子中,兩者對(duì)成功侵染寄主都是必需的。

3 寄主范圍

ToCV可以侵染茄科(Solanaceae)、菊科(Compositae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、莧科(Amaranthaceae)、番杏科(Aizoaceae)、夾竹桃科(Apocynaceae)及白花丹科(Plumbaginaceae)等7科25種植物。其中,茄科寄主數(shù)目最多,如：番茄(S.lycopersicum)、辣椒(Capsicumannuum)、普通煙(Nicotianatabacum)、本生煙(N.benthamiana)等多種煙草[2]。一些常見雜草和觀賞植物也是ToCV的寄主,如苦苣菜(Sonchusoleraceus)、百日菊(Zinniaelegans)、矮牽牛(Petuniahybrida)等。

4 傳播方式

ToCV不能通過汁液摩擦傳播,其自然傳毒介體為粉虱。有4種粉虱能夠傳播ToCV,但傳毒效率差異較大。紋翅粉虱(Trialeurodesabutilonea)和B型煙粉虱(BemisiatabaciB-biotype)的傳毒效率較高,A型煙粉虱(B.tabaciA-biotype)和溫室白粉虱(T.vaporariorum)的傳毒效率則較低。紋翅粉虱帶毒長(zhǎng)達(dá)5 d,B型煙粉虱帶毒為2 d,而A型煙粉虱和溫室白粉虱只能帶毒1 d,雖然傳毒效率有差異,但都可以進(jìn)行有效的傳毒[2]。

5 防控措施

目前國(guó)際上還未發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)ToCV表現(xiàn)抗性的番茄材料,無抗病品種可以使用。因?yàn)門oCV的傳播介體為粉虱,使用殺蟲劑殺滅粉虱是控制損失的首選方法。因目前我國(guó)番茄產(chǎn)區(qū)粉虱種群主要為煙粉虱,煙粉虱同時(shí)又是番茄黃化曲葉病毒(Tomatoyellowleafcurlvirus,TYLCV)的傳播介體,所以可以借鑒番茄黃化曲葉病毒病的防治方法[31]來防治番茄褪綠病毒病。但要注意的是,雖然殺蟲劑能夠有效控制粉虱群體,但不能有效控制病毒,因?yàn)榉凼诒粴⑺狼翱赡芤呀?jīng)傳播了病毒。另外,番茄被ToCV侵染后3～4周才表現(xiàn)癥狀。因此,在觀察到癥狀時(shí)病毒已經(jīng)侵入植株體內(nèi),這時(shí)再通過控制煙粉虱來防控,效果就不明顯了。

清除雜草等ToCV的寄主是控制ToCV的另一項(xiàng)重要措施。ToCV寄主范圍中等,其中許多能感染ToCV的雜草在番茄田間和園藝植物附近非常常見。因此清除番茄生產(chǎn)棚室內(nèi)及周邊的其他寄主植物,同時(shí)控制傳播介體能夠降低病毒的擴(kuò)散和損失。

相比于感染后2～3周發(fā)病的番茄黃化曲葉病毒病,ToCV引起的番茄褪綠病毒病潛育期更長(zhǎng),隱蔽性強(qiáng),容易與缺素癥混淆,被發(fā)現(xiàn)或鑒定時(shí),已大面積嚴(yán)重發(fā)生,造成防治不及時(shí)。近幾年來,菜農(nóng)逐漸對(duì)番茄黃化曲葉病毒病熟悉,在番茄田間發(fā)現(xiàn)病株能即刻拔除,而對(duì)番茄褪綠病毒病還沒有認(rèn)識(shí),這也是番茄褪綠病毒病嚴(yán)重發(fā)生的重要原因?；谝陨显?建議有關(guān)部門立即采取相應(yīng)預(yù)防和防治措施,組織研究單位開展相關(guān)研究和攻關(guān),控制ToCV在我國(guó)的傳播和危害。

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AlarmingthetransmissionanddamageofTomatochlorosisvirusinChina

Zhou Tao1, Yang Puyun2, Zhao Runa1, Shi Yingchun3, Yuan Kai4, Fan Zaifeng1

(1.DepartmentofPlantPathology,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China; 2.NationalAgro-TechnicalExtensionandServiceCentre,Beijing100125,China; 3.BeijingPlantProtectionStation,Beijing100029,China; 4.FangshanStationofPlantProtection,Beijing102488,China)

Tomatochlorosisvirus(ToCV) causes leaf chlorosis on infected tomato plants. The lower leaves become yellow, interveinal chlorosis, slightly curling on edges, and photosynthesis decreases obviously. The fruits on infected plants turn smaller, and the production and quality are reduced significantly. ToCV was firstly identified in Florida, USA, and then was reported in many countries. In China, ToCV was reported firstly from Taiwan in 2004. In 2013, ToCV was found on tomato plants in Beijing and Shandong Province, and was detected on pepper plants at the same time. Being a member ofCrinivirusin family Closteroviridae, ToCV has a bipartite positive single-stranded RNA, and is transmitted by whitefly. Preliminary survey indicated ToCV had spread in Beijing, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin, and caused severe damage on local tomato production. As its fast transmission, ToCV has become one of the most important viruses for China’s tomato production. It is suggested that measures must be carried out to perform research on ToCV, and to control its transmission and damage on tomato plants.

Tomatochlorosisvirus； interveinal chlorosis； whitefly； control measures

2014-05-03

：2014-06-03

國(guó)家“863”計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012AA100103)

S 432.41

：BDOI：10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2014.05.038

* 通信作者 E-mail: taozhoucau@cau.edu.cn