徐迎陽(yáng),支玉香
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院變態(tài)反應(yīng)科,北京 100730)
蕁麻疹和血管性水腫(urticaria and angioedema,UA)是藥物不良反應(yīng)中非常常見的皮膚表現(xiàn),其中約55.7%由非甾體類抗炎藥(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)所致[1]。NSAIDs是臨床常用的一類解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,且大部分具有抗炎、抗風(fēng)濕作用。NSAIDs主要的作用機(jī)制是通過(guò)抑制體內(nèi)環(huán)氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX),從而抑制前列腺素(prostaglandin,PG)的生物合成。根據(jù)其對(duì)COX作用的選擇性,可將NSAIDs分為非選擇性COX抑制劑和選擇性COX-2抑制劑;其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)又可分為水楊酸類、苯胺類、吡唑酮類及其他有機(jī)酸類等。因NSAIDs自身藥理機(jī)制及普遍應(yīng)用,所致不良反應(yīng)亦十分常見,約占藥物不良反應(yīng)的21%~25%[2]。自1902年Hirschberg首次報(bào)道阿司匹林高敏感以來(lái)[3],關(guān)于NSAIDs高敏感各種表現(xiàn)的報(bào)道屢見不鮮。NSAIDs不良反應(yīng)主要表現(xiàn)為3種:(1)呼吸道癥狀:鼻-鼻竇炎,鼻息肉,哮喘;(2)皮膚癥狀:蕁麻疹,血管性水腫;(3)全身癥狀:泛發(fā)性蕁麻疹和血管性水腫,支氣管痙攣,過(guò)敏性休克。曾經(jīng)使用敏感(sensitivity)、假性過(guò)敏(pseudoallergy)、不耐受(intolerance)來(lái)描述NSAIDs的不良反應(yīng),而歐洲變態(tài)反應(yīng)和臨床免疫學(xué)會(huì)(European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,EAACI)/European Network of Drug Allergy(ENDA)于2011年推薦使用高敏感(hypersensitivity)一詞來(lái)命名NSAIDs導(dǎo)致的不良反應(yīng)[2]。
NSAIDs所致蕁麻疹和血管性水腫(NSAIDs induced urticaria and angioedema,NIU/A)在一般人群中的發(fā)病率約為0.1%~0.3%[4-5],而在慢性蕁麻疹(chronic urticaria,CU)患者中可高達(dá)27%~35%[6]。此外,約30%~75%的CU患者在應(yīng)用NSAIDs后可發(fā)展為血管性水腫[7]。水楊酸類是最易引起NIUA的藥物類型,發(fā)生率約占37.45%[1],其次依次為吡唑酮類(如雙氯芬酸鈉和去甲氨基比林,30.1%)和芳基丙酸類(如奈普生和布洛芬,12.83%)[1]。NIU/A多見于女性,男女比例約為1∶2.5[8];且主要見于成人,兒童少見[9-10]。
NSAIDs加重的血管性水腫
NSAIDs加重的UA指CU患者應(yīng)用NSAIDs后,原有皮膚疾病加重,出現(xiàn)風(fēng)團(tuán)疹伴或不伴UA。目前,多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,此類反應(yīng)與NSAIDs抑制COX-1有關(guān);COX-1被抑制后,具有抗炎作用的前列腺素合成減少,使皮膚炎性細(xì)胞釋放的炎性介質(zhì)增多[2,11-12]。
典型表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)用高敏感藥物后1~4 h(不超過(guò)24 h)出現(xiàn)UA,癥狀通常于數(shù)小時(shí)后消退,但也可持續(xù)數(shù)天。
多種NSAIDs所致的血管性水腫
多種NSAIDs所致的UA指無(wú)慢性皮膚/氣道炎性疾病史患者因應(yīng)用不同類型NSAIDs所引發(fā)的UA。此類反應(yīng)機(jī)制尚未明確,現(xiàn)認(rèn)為與IgE介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng)無(wú)關(guān),可能與COX-1被抑制有關(guān)[13]。
典型表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)用不同類型NSAIDs后24 h內(nèi)出現(xiàn)UA,尤其是面部水腫[14-15]。此類型患者在首次出現(xiàn)癥狀前通常無(wú)慢性皮膚疾病史[16],出現(xiàn)此類反應(yīng)后約37%的患者可發(fā)展為CU[17]。
單一類型NSAIDs所致的不良反應(yīng)
此類不良反應(yīng)指患者在應(yīng)用某一種或某一類化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)相似的NSAIDs后出現(xiàn)的蕁麻疹、血管性水腫和(或)嚴(yán)重過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。單一類型NSAIDs所致的不良反應(yīng)可能與IgE介導(dǎo)的超敏反應(yīng)有關(guān),原因如下:(1)應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致不良反應(yīng)的NSAIDs進(jìn)行皮膚試驗(yàn),陽(yáng)性率較高[18];(2)此類患者對(duì)與導(dǎo)致反應(yīng)藥物化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)不相關(guān)的其他類型NSAIDs耐受性良好;(3)此類反應(yīng)為速發(fā)型,通常在用藥后數(shù)分鐘即可出現(xiàn),與IgE介導(dǎo)的超敏反應(yīng)相符。
典型表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)用NSAIDs后數(shù)分鐘即出現(xiàn)泛發(fā)性的蕁麻疹、伴或不伴有UA,并可進(jìn)展為過(guò)敏性休克。據(jù)報(bào)道,以強(qiáng)效COX-1抑制劑做激發(fā)試驗(yàn),約30%的NSAIDs高敏感患者為針對(duì)單一類型NSAIDs敏感[16]。
NIU/A的基因分子學(xué)發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,但其可能與一些基因位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性有關(guān)。與健康對(duì)照相比,轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)β1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)-509C>T、FcεRIa-344C>T及LTC4S-444A>C的出現(xiàn)頻率明顯增高[19-21]。人類白細(xì)胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)-DRB*1302和HLA-DRB*0609在阿司匹林引起的蕁麻疹患者中出現(xiàn)頻率也明顯高于健康對(duì)照者[22]。因此,這些基因標(biāo)記有可能成為早期診斷NIU/A的標(biāo)志物。
口服激發(fā)試驗(yàn)
口服激發(fā)試驗(yàn)是診斷NSAIDs高敏感的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但不適用于既往已有阿司匹林或其他NSAIDs引發(fā)嚴(yán)重過(guò)敏反應(yīng)病史的患者。此外,患有其他系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重疾病、妊娠、正在使用β受體阻滯劑及4周前有呼吸道感染史者不應(yīng)進(jìn)行口服激發(fā)試驗(yàn)[23]。
根據(jù)EAACI/全球過(guò)敏原和哮喘歐洲卓越網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Global Allergy and Asthma European Network,GA2LEN)關(guān)于阿司匹林口服激發(fā)試驗(yàn)操作指南[23],激發(fā)試驗(yàn)最好選在皮損痊愈1~2周后進(jìn)行,且激發(fā)前應(yīng)停用抗組胺藥和糖皮質(zhì)激素。若不能停用激素者,則每日口服量應(yīng)低于10 mg潑尼松。
口服阿司匹林激發(fā)為雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照試驗(yàn),分2 d進(jìn)行。第1天,給予安慰劑,每隔1.5~2小時(shí)給予1次,共4次,并分別記錄給藥前及每次給藥后的皮膚狀態(tài)。第2天,依次給予不同劑量的阿司匹林(71,117,312,500 mg),每隔1.5~2小時(shí)給予1次,記錄給藥前皮膚狀態(tài)及第1秒用力呼出量(forced expiratory volume in one second,F(xiàn)EV1),并于開始給藥后每30 min記錄1次皮膚狀態(tài)及FEV1,直至激發(fā)結(jié)束后6 h。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)皮膚癥狀或其他不良反應(yīng)時(shí),激發(fā)終止。
皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)及皮內(nèi)試驗(yàn)
皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)(skin prick test,SPT)/皮內(nèi)試驗(yàn)(interdermal test,IDT)僅適用于由單一類型NSAIDs引發(fā)不良反應(yīng)患者,對(duì)于NSAIDs加重的UA及對(duì)多種NSAIDs高敏感的患者不推薦應(yīng)用[2]。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于NSAIDs皮膚試驗(yàn)的操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),且針對(duì)不同類型NSAIDs皮膚試驗(yàn)的靈敏度和特異度的研究結(jié)果不盡相同[24-26]。因此,應(yīng)結(jié)合SPT及IDT結(jié)果綜合評(píng)價(jià)皮膚試驗(yàn)在診斷NSAIDs高敏感中的價(jià)值。
體外檢測(cè)
體外檢測(cè)如肥大細(xì)胞釋放試驗(yàn)、嗜堿粒細(xì)胞活性檢測(cè)及血清特異性IgE(specific IgE,sIgE)檢測(cè)等在診斷NSAIDs所致皮膚反應(yīng)的應(yīng)用價(jià)值存在爭(zhēng)議,EAACI/ENDA不推薦使用體外檢測(cè)方法[2]。
嗜堿粒細(xì)胞活化實(shí)驗(yàn):對(duì)NSAIDs高敏感的患者,其外周血中嗜堿粒細(xì)胞以一種非特異性方式激活,將這種過(guò)度活化的嗜堿粒細(xì)胞在體外暴露于NSAIDs后可合成大量白三烯、C4、D4和E4,而前列腺素2合成減少[27-28]。但是否將此方法用于診斷NSAIDs高敏感仍存有爭(zhēng)議。
sIgE檢測(cè):目前,臨床已有商品化的針對(duì)某些類型NSAIDs的血清s-IgE檢測(cè)產(chǎn)品,但方法局限性頗多,如sIgE檢測(cè)僅適用于單一類型NSAIDs高敏感患者,僅可檢測(cè)部分類型NSAIDs(如奮乃靜),而對(duì)許多其它類型NSAIDs尚無(wú)法檢測(cè);sIgE檢測(cè)的靈敏度及特異度缺乏有效臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的支持。
綜上所述,對(duì)于單一類型NSAIDs高敏感的患者,血清sIgE檢測(cè)的診斷價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)不如皮膚試驗(yàn)。
對(duì)于NSAIDs所致的UA患者,判斷其反應(yīng)類型極其重要[29]??傮w原則是首先應(yīng)避免使用與高敏感NSAIDs化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)相近的同類型藥物,可用其他類型或耐受性較好的NSAIDs替換,但替換前必須經(jīng)口服激發(fā)/耐受試驗(yàn)以驗(yàn)證替換藥物耐受性[2,29]。具體步驟如下:(1)根據(jù)病史初步判斷患者是對(duì)單一類型NSAIDs高敏感或?qū)Χ喾NNSAIDs高敏感。(2)若為單一類型NSAIDs高敏感,則選用與高敏感藥物化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)不同的其他類型NSAIDs做口服激發(fā)/耐受實(shí)驗(yàn);若口服激發(fā)/耐受實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果為陰性,說(shuō)明患者對(duì)激發(fā)所用藥物耐受性較好,則可選用激發(fā)用藥替換原高敏感的NSAIDs;若口服激發(fā)/耐受實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果為陽(yáng)性,則證明患者是對(duì)多種NSAIDs高敏感。對(duì)多種NSAIDs高敏感,可嘗試給予對(duì)COX-1抑制性弱或無(wú)抑制作用的NSAIDs,如撲熱息痛及尼美舒利[13,30-32];或選擇性COX-2抑制劑,如塞來(lái)昔布、羅非昔布及艾托考昔[33-37]。給藥前仍需進(jìn)行口服激發(fā)/耐受實(shí)驗(yàn),以評(píng)估患者對(duì)替換用藥的耐受性;若激發(fā)/耐受試驗(yàn)結(jié)果仍為陽(yáng)性,則必須嚴(yán)格避免使用任何類型的NSAIDs。(3)對(duì)于同時(shí)患有CU或其他慢性皮膚疾病者,應(yīng)積極治療原有疾病。(4)EAACI/ENDA不推薦使用阿司匹林脫敏治療應(yīng)對(duì)NSAIDs所致的皮膚反應(yīng)[2]。
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中華臨床免疫和變態(tài)反應(yīng)雜志2014年1期