孫健妹
初中英語教學中,主謂一致的語法教學是個難點,由初期的三單到就近原則和語法一致原則,這些常常讓學生感到摸不著頭腦,解題全靠直覺,錯誤百出。下面我就中學英語語法中的主謂一致進行小結(jié)。
1.名詞做主語
(1)單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語用單數(shù)形式;而復數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語則用復數(shù)形式。例如:This necklace belongs to Mrs.Smith.
(2)某些集體名詞,如family,team,club,class,public,group等作主語時,如果作為一個整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,如果就其中一個個成員而言,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
例如:My family is a big one with eight people.
(3)某些集體名詞,如people,police,clothes等,只當復數(shù)看待,謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)。
例如:The police have a suspect now,a man with blood on his shirt.
(4)表示成雙成套的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)形式,例如:glasses,shoes,chopsticks,pants等。例如:Your pants are in the washing machine.
但如果主語由“a kind of,a pair of,a series of等加名詞”構(gòu)成時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如:A pair of glasses is on the table.
(5)當表示國家、城市、人名、書名、報紙、雜志,以及組織機構(gòu)等專有名詞做主語時,作為整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:The United States lies in North America.
(6)news,maths,physics,politics等詞貌似復數(shù),實為單數(shù),其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如:Maths is very popular in our class.
2.連接詞連接的名詞作主語
(1)用and或both...and連接并列主語,謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)形式。
例如:Walking and riding are good exercises.
注:A:并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。反之,用復數(shù)。
例如:The writer and teacher is coming.
The writer and the teacher are coming.
B:由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each,every等詞修飾,結(jié)構(gòu)是each/every+n.+and+(each/every)+n.,其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。
(2)當主語后面跟有as well as,along with,with,like,together with,but,except,besides,including,等引導的詞組時,其謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)由前面的主語而定。
例如:The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.
(3)many a+單數(shù)名詞作主語,意義雖為“許多”,但謂語要用單數(shù)形式。
例如:Many a student has been to Shanghai.
(4)more than one+單數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語用單數(shù)。
例如:More than one student has ever been to Beijing.
(5)主語是each/every+單數(shù)名詞+and(each/every)+單數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如:Every man and every woman is at work.
(6)a/an+單數(shù)名詞+or two作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
例如:A student or two has failed the exam.
3.分數(shù)和量詞作主語
(1)由a lot of,lots of,plenty of,all of,most of,some of,half of,(a)part of,rest of構(gòu)成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞形式要與短語中of后面的名詞保持一致.例如:Lots of damage was caused by fire.
(2)表示數(shù)量的one and a half后的名詞要用復數(shù)形式,但是其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:One and a half hours is enough.
(3)表示時間、價格、度量、距離、金額、書名、重量、數(shù)目、長度、數(shù)學運算等的詞或短語作主語時,它們通常作一個整體概念,謂語用單數(shù)形式。例如:Two months is a long holiday.
(4)分數(shù)(百分數(shù))+of+名詞做主語時,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于of后面的名詞的數(shù)。
例如:Ten percent of the apples were bad.
注意:population一詞,用作整體時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),用其部分做主語時,謂語動詞形式用復數(shù)。如:The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70% of the population are peasants.
(5)a number of后面加復數(shù)名詞或代詞,其動詞用復數(shù)形式;但the number of后面加復數(shù)名詞或代詞時,其謂語用單數(shù)。
例如:The number of the teachers in No. 2 Middle School is over 100. A number of them are young.
4.名詞化的形容詞做主語
如果主語由“the+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)擔任表示一類人或物,謂語通常用復數(shù),這類詞有:the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dumb.例如:The rich often help the poor.
5.從句、動詞不定式、動名詞作主語
(1)由what引導的主語從句,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù),但當所指的具體內(nèi)容是復數(shù)意義時,謂語動詞一般用復數(shù)形式。
(2)動詞不定式、動名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
(3)定語從句中主語是關(guān)系代詞who,that,which時,謂語動詞的數(shù)應與先行詞的數(shù)一致。
注意:在“one of+復數(shù)名詞+who/that/which”引導的定語從句中,從句謂語的單復數(shù)取決于one前面是否有the(only),the very。如果有,則從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù),如果沒有the only, 就用復數(shù)形式。
參考文獻:
[1]張道真.實用英語語法[Z]. 北京: 外語教學與研究出版社,1999.
[2]郭克晴.英語中考專項突破[M]. 北京: 中國社會出版社,2004.
[3]李洪濤.中學生英語語法大全.中國致公出版社,2001.