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比特幣:挖掘數(shù)字黃金

2013-04-29 19:12:42Fromeconomist.com/鄧斯佳
新東方英語 2013年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:波紋比特貨幣

From economist.com 譯 / 鄧斯佳

2009年,網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界誕生了一個(gè)新鮮玩意——比特幣。比特幣不由任何政府、銀行或企業(yè)所發(fā)行,但卻可以在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上真實(shí)交易。它的誕生引起計(jì)算機(jī)迷和金融投機(jī)家的興趣,他們積極爭(zhēng)做“礦工”,通過用電腦參與解決復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)題來“挖掘”比特幣。但是,由于自身的技術(shù)缺陷、交易難題以及其他數(shù)字貨幣的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),比特幣的價(jià)格經(jīng)歷幾番沉浮,不少人的信心也隨之動(dòng)搖。也許,比特幣最終會(huì)走下神壇,陷入崩潰。但無論成功與否,它都將為整個(gè)金融行業(yè)留下恒久的遺產(chǎn),繼續(xù)推動(dòng)新的數(shù)字貨幣向前發(fā)展。

In 1999 an 18-year-old called Shawn Fanning changed the music industry for ever. He developed a service, Napster, that allowed individuals to swap music files with one another, instead of buying pricey compact discs from record labels1). Lawsuits followed and in July 2001 Napster was shut down. But the idea lives on, in the form of BitTorrent2) and other peer-to-peer3) filesharers; the Napster brand is still used by a legal music-downloading service.

The story of Napster helps to explain the excitement about Bitcoin, a digital currency, that is based on similar technology. In January a unit of Bitcoin cost around $15 (Bitcoins can be broken down to eight decimal4) places for small transactions). By April, it had settled at $179, taking the value of all Bitcoins in circulation to $2 billion. Bitcoin has become one of the worlds hottest investments, a bubble inflated by social media, loose capital in search of the newest new thing and perhaps even by bank depositors unnerved by recent events in Cyprus5).

Just like Napster, Bitcoin may crash but leave a lasting legacy. Indeed, the currency experienced a sharp correction on April 10th—at one point losing close to half of its value before recovering sharply. Yet the price is the least interesting thing about Bitcoin, says Tony Gallippi, founder of BitPay, a firm that processes Bitcoin payments for merchants. More important is the currencys ability to make e-commerce much easier than it is today.

Bitcoin is not the only digital currency, nor the only successful one. Gamers on Second Life6), a virtual world, pay with Linden Dollars; customers of Tencent, a Chinese internet giant, deal in QQ Coins; and Facebook sells “Credits.” What makes Bitcoin different is that, unlike other online (and offline) currencies, it is neither created nor administered by a single authority such as a central bank.

Instead, “monetary policy” is determined by clever algorithms7). New Bitcoins have to be “mined,” meaning users can acquire them by having their computers compete to solve complex mathematical problems (the winners get the virtual cash). The coins themselves are simply strings of numbers. They are thus a completely decentralised currency: a sort of digital gold.

Bitcoins inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, is a mysterious hacker (or a group of hackers) who created it in 2009 and disappeared from the internet some time in 2010. The currencys early adopters have tended to be tech-loving libertarians and gold bugs8), determined to break free of government control. The most infamous place where Bitcoin is used is Silk Road, a marketplace hidden in an anonymised part of the web called Tor. Users order goods—typically illegal drugs—and pay with Bitcoins.

Some legal businesses have started to accept Bitcoins. Among them are Reddit, a social-media site, and WordPress, which provides web hosting9) and software for bloggers. The appeal for merchants is strong. Firms such as BitPay offer spot-price10) conversion into dollars. Fees are typically far less than those charged by credit-card companies or banks, particularly for orders from abroad. And Bitcoin transactions cannot be reversed, so frauds cannot leave retailers out of pocket11).

Yet for Bitcoins to go mainstream much has to happen, says Fred Ehrsam, the co-developer of Coinbase, a Californian Bitcoin exchange and “wallet service,” where users can store their digital fortune. Getting hold of Bitcoins for the first time is difficult. Using them is fiddly12). They can be stolen by hackers or just lost, like dollar bills in a washing machine. Several Bitcoin exchanges have suffered thefts and crashes over the past two years.

As a result, the Bitcoin business has consolidated. The leading exchange is Mt.Gox. Based in Tokyo and run by two Frenchmen, it processes around 80% of Bitcoin-dollar trades. If such a business failed, the currency would be cut off at the knees13). In fact, the price hiccup14) on April 10th was sparked by a software breakdown at Mt.Gox, which panicked many Bitcoin users. The currencys legal status is unclear, too. On March 18th the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, an American government agency, proposed to regulate Bitcoin exchanges; this suggests that the agency is unlikely to shut them down.

Technical problems will also have to be overcome, says Mike Hearn, a Bitcoin expert. As more users join the network, the amount of data that has to circulate among them (to verify ownership of each Bitcoin) gets bigger, which slows the system down. Technical fixes could help but they are hard to deploy: all users must upgrade their Bitcoin wallet and mining software. Mr Hearn worries that the currency could grow too fast for its own good.

But the real threat is competition. Bitcoin-boosters15) like to point out that, unlike fiat money16), new Bitcoins cannot be created at whim. That is true, but a new digital currency can be. Alternatives are already in development. Litecoin, a Bitcoin clone, is one. So far it is only used by a tiny hard-core17) of geeks, but it too has shot up in price of late. Rumour has it that Litecoin will be tradable on Mt.Gox soon.

A less nerdy alternative is Ripple. It will be much easier to use than Bitcoin, says Chris Larsen, an serial entrepreneur from Silicon Valley and co-founder of OpenCoin, the start-up behind Ripple. Transactions are approved (or not) in a few seconds, compared with the ten minutes a typical Bitcoin trade takes to be confirmed. There is no mystery about the origins of Ripple nor (yet) any association with criminal or other dubious activities.

OpenCoin is expected to start handing out Ripples to the public in May. It has created 100 billion, a number it promises never to increase. To give the new currency momentum, OpenCoin plans eventually to give away 75% of the supply. Existing Bitcoin users can already claim free Ripples and eventually anyone opening an OpenCoin account will also receive some.

The 25% retained by OpenCoin will give it a huge incentive to make sure that the Ripple is strong: the higher its value, the bigger the reward for OpenCoins investors. On April 10th several blue-chip18) venture-capital firms announced that they had invested in OpenCoin.

If Ripple gains traction19), even bigger financial players may enter the fray. A firm such as Visa could create its own cheap instant international-payments system, notes BitPays Mr Gallippi. And what if a country were to issue algorithmic money?

At that point Bitcoin would probably be bust. But if that happened, its creators would have achieved something like Mr Fanning. Napster and other file-sharing services have forced the music industry to embrace online services such as iTunes or Spotify. Bitcoins price may collapse; its users may suddenly switch to another currency. But the chances are that some form of digital money will make a lasting impression on the financial landscape.

1999年,18歲的肖恩·范寧永遠(yuǎn)地改變了音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)。他開發(fā)了一款叫做Napster的服務(wù)軟件。借助這一軟件,人們可以相互交換音樂文件,而不必再去唱片公司購(gòu)買價(jià)格不菲的唱片了。之后有人對(duì)此提起了訴訟,2001年7月,Napster被關(guān)閉。但是(共享服務(wù))這一理念卻以比特流和其他對(duì)等文件共享的形式流傳了下來。如今,一家合法的音樂下載服務(wù)商仍在使用Napster這一品牌。

Napster的故事有助于解釋人們對(duì)于比特幣的興奮之情。比特幣是一種基于與Napster類似技術(shù)的數(shù)字貨幣。1月份(編注:本文英文原文刊發(fā)于2013年4月),一個(gè)單位的比特幣價(jià)值15美元(比特幣可以分解到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后八位數(shù),以便用于小額交易)。到了4月份,一個(gè)單位的比特幣的價(jià)值已穩(wěn)定在179美元,這使得流通中的全部比特幣的價(jià)值達(dá)到20億美元。比特幣成為世界上最熱門的投資項(xiàng)目之一,成為一個(gè)被吹捧起來的泡沫,其推手包括社交媒體、尋找最新事物的閑散資本,甚至可能還有那些對(duì)塞浦路斯金融危機(jī)深感不安的銀行儲(chǔ)戶。

與Napster一樣,比特幣可能以失敗告終,但將會(huì)留下一筆恒久的遺產(chǎn)。事實(shí)上,比特幣的市價(jià)在4月10日經(jīng)歷了一次大幅調(diào)整,其價(jià)格一度跌至原先的一半多一點(diǎn),之后又快速回升。不過,BitPay公司(一家為商家處理比特幣支付業(yè)務(wù)的公司)的創(chuàng)始人托尼·加利佩卻說,價(jià)格是比特幣最無趣的部分,該貨幣能夠使電子商務(wù)變得比今天更容易——這才是更為重要的。

比特幣并不是唯一的數(shù)字貨幣,也不是唯一成功的數(shù)字貨幣。在線虛擬世界“第二人生”的玩家用林登幣付款;中國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)巨頭騰訊公司的用戶用QQ幣交易;臉譜網(wǎng)則銷售“信用幣”。比特幣與眾不同的地方在于,它與其他在線(以及線下)貨幣不同,并不是由中央銀行這樣的單一權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)行或是管理的。

相反,比特幣的“貨幣政策”由巧妙的算法決定。新的比特幣需要人們“挖掘”出來。也就是說,用戶可以通過用電腦競(jìng)相參與解決復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)題來獲取比特幣(贏家獲得這種虛擬貨幣)。比特幣本身不過是一連串的數(shù)字。正因?yàn)槿绱耍鼈儾懦蔀橐环N完全不由中央政府控制的貨幣:一種數(shù)字黃金。

比特幣的創(chuàng)始人中本聰是一名神秘的網(wǎng)絡(luò)黑客(或是一群黑客)。他于2009年創(chuàng)造了“比特幣”,在2010年的某一天又從網(wǎng)上消失了。比特幣的早期使用者往往是酷愛科技的自由論者和黃金愛好者,他們決意要擺脫政府的管控。在使用比特幣的所有場(chǎng)所中,最臭名昭著的莫過于“絲綢之路”了。“絲綢之路”是一個(gè)交易市場(chǎng),隱藏在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上一個(gè)名為“托爾”的匿名角落里。用戶們?cè)谶@里訂貨,貨物通常是非法的毒品,然后使用比特幣付款。

一些合法企業(yè)也已經(jīng)開始接受比特幣,其中包括社交網(wǎng)站紅迪網(wǎng)以及為博主提供虛擬主機(jī)和軟件的WordPress網(wǎng)站。比特幣對(duì)商家具有強(qiáng)大的吸引力。像BitPay之類的公司還提供比特幣與美元的現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格兌換服務(wù)。比特幣交易產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用——尤其是海外訂單的費(fèi)用——通常要比信用卡公司或銀行收取的費(fèi)用低得多。另外,由于比特幣交易無法撤銷,所以零售商們不會(huì)因?yàn)榻灰字械钠墼p行為而蒙受損失。

然而,比特幣要想成為主流貨幣,還有很長(zhǎng)的一段路要走,Coinbase的聯(lián)合開發(fā)者弗雷德·厄爾薩姆如是說道。Coinbase位于加利福尼亞州,是一家為用戶提供比特幣兌換和“錢包服務(wù)”的在線交易平臺(tái),其用戶可以在此存儲(chǔ)數(shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)。首次獲取比特幣很困難,使用比特幣也絕非易事。比特幣可能被黑客竊取,或是莫名丟失,就像美鈔在洗衣機(jī)中被洗碎一樣。在過去的兩年中,有幾家比特幣交易平臺(tái)都遭遇了盜竊和系統(tǒng)崩潰事件。

正因?yàn)槿绱?,比特幣行業(yè)進(jìn)行了整合。目前,比特幣最主要的交易平臺(tái)是Mt.Gox。Mt.Gox總部位于日本東京,由兩名法國(guó)人運(yùn)作,處理全球約80%的比特幣與美元的兌換業(yè)務(wù)。如果像Mt.Gox這樣的交易平臺(tái)失敗,那么比特幣的價(jià)格就要遭遇重創(chuàng)。事實(shí)上,比特幣的價(jià)格在4月10日發(fā)生的短暫下滑正是由于Mt.Gox的某個(gè)軟件發(fā)生崩潰,這也引發(fā)了很多比特幣用戶的恐慌。比特幣的合法性也尚不明朗。3月18日,美國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)金融犯罪執(zhí)法網(wǎng)就提出應(yīng)對(duì)比特幣交易平臺(tái)進(jìn)行管控。這也暗示著該機(jī)構(gòu)不太可能會(huì)關(guān)閉這些平臺(tái)。

比特幣專家麥克·赫恩指出,技術(shù)方面的問題也必須克服。隨著更多的用戶加入比特幣交易網(wǎng)絡(luò),用戶之間必須要流通的數(shù)據(jù)量(用來驗(yàn)證每個(gè)比特幣的所有權(quán))也日益龐大,這拖慢了整個(gè)交易系統(tǒng)。技術(shù)方面的補(bǔ)救或許有所幫助,但卻很難開展,因?yàn)樗斜忍貛庞脩舳急仨毟缕浔忍貛拧板X包”和“挖掘”軟件。赫恩擔(dān)心,比特幣會(huì)因發(fā)展過快而危及自身。

但比特幣所面臨的真正威脅是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。比特幣的支持者們想要指出的是,新的比特幣不像法定貨幣那樣能夠被隨意制造出來。這一說法沒錯(cuò),但一種新的數(shù)字貨幣卻可以。比特幣的替代產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)在開發(fā)當(dāng)中。里特幣就是其中一種與比特幣非常相似的電子貨幣。截至目前,里特幣的使用者還僅限于一小部分鐵桿極客,但近來它的價(jià)格也已有所飆升。有傳言稱,里特幣很快就可以在Mt.Gox進(jìn)行交易。

另一個(gè)不那么書呆子氣的替代品是波紋幣。波紋幣由新興公司OpenCoin推出,該公司聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人、來自硅谷的企業(yè)家克里斯·拉森說,使用波紋幣比使用比特幣更為簡(jiǎn)單。核準(zhǔn)(或拒絕)波紋幣交易僅需幾秒鐘,而相比之下,典型的比特幣交易則需要十分鐘的時(shí)間來確認(rèn)。波紋幣的起源沒有神秘之處,(目前來看)與犯罪活動(dòng)或其他可疑活動(dòng)也沒有任何聯(lián)系。

據(jù)估計(jì),OpenCoin公司將在5月開始向公眾推出波紋幣。OpenCoin公司已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造出一千億個(gè)波紋幣,并承諾這一數(shù)字永不增加。為了讓這一新貨幣有更好的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭,OpenCoin公司最終計(jì)劃向外發(fā)放占供給量75%的波紋幣。比特幣的現(xiàn)有用戶已經(jīng)可以申領(lǐng)免費(fèi)的波紋幣。而且,任何開設(shè)OpenCoin賬戶的用戶最終也將獲得一些波紋幣。

OpenCoin公司所持有的另外25%的波紋幣將會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大的激勵(lì)作用,以確保波紋幣保持強(qiáng)勁的勢(shì)頭:波紋幣的市值越高,OpenCoin的投資者們獲取的利潤(rùn)也就越高。4月10日,數(shù)家藍(lán)籌風(fēng)投公司宣布他們已經(jīng)注資OpenCoin公司。

如果波紋幣被公眾接受,甚至更大的金融玩家也有可能加入到這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)斗中。BitPay的創(chuàng)始人加里佩說,像Visa這樣的信用卡公司可能會(huì)創(chuàng)建他們自己的便宜快捷的國(guó)際支付系統(tǒng)。試想,如果一個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)行基于算法的虛擬貨幣,那會(huì)怎樣呢?

到了那時(shí),比特幣很可能會(huì)消亡。但是即便如此,比特幣的創(chuàng)始者們也會(huì)像范寧先生那樣,已經(jīng)有所成就。Napster以及其他文件分享服務(wù)的出現(xiàn)迫使音樂行業(yè)接受了像iTunes和Spotify這樣的在線服務(wù)。比特幣的價(jià)格可能會(huì)崩盤,它的用戶可能會(huì)突然轉(zhuǎn)向其他的虛擬貨幣。但可能出現(xiàn)的情況是,某種形式的數(shù)字貨幣會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)金融行業(yè)產(chǎn)生曠日持久的影響。

1. label [?le?b(?)l] n. 唱片公司;唱片公司的商標(biāo)

2. BitTorrent:比特流,一種內(nèi)容分發(fā)協(xié)議。它采用高效的軟件分發(fā)系統(tǒng)和點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)技術(shù)共享大體積文件,并使每個(gè)用戶像網(wǎng)絡(luò)重新分配結(jié)點(diǎn)那樣提供上傳服務(wù)。

3. peer-to-peer:[計(jì)] (計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò))對(duì)等的(指網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)的每一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)均可用作其他計(jì)算機(jī)的服務(wù)器,并允許文件與外圍設(shè)備的共享)

4. decimal [?des?m(?)l] adj. 小數(shù)的

5. 此處指塞浦路斯在2012~2013年度發(fā)生的金融危機(jī)。

6. Second life:第二人生,由美國(guó)加州林登實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Linden Lab)開發(fā)的基于因特網(wǎng)的虛擬世界游戲。在這里,用戶可以學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生產(chǎn)、購(gòu)物、存款,或是跟朋友們一起四處閑逛、娛樂等。游戲中的通用貨幣是林登幣(Linden dollars),該貨幣可與美元以一定匯率進(jìn)行自由兌換?!暗诙松眱?nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)能賺取真金白銀。

7. algorithm [??lɡ??r??(?)m] n. 算法;運(yùn)算法則

8. bug [b?ɡ] n. 熱衷于某事的人;有癖好者

9. web hosting:網(wǎng)頁(yè)寄存,指一種因特網(wǎng)寄存服務(wù),它提供個(gè)人、組織和用戶用于存儲(chǔ)信息、圖像、視頻或任何通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)可訪問內(nèi)容的在線系統(tǒng)。網(wǎng)頁(yè)寄存通稱虛擬主機(jī)。

10. spot-price:現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格,即商品在現(xiàn)貨交易中的成交價(jià)格

11. out of pocket:白花錢的,賠錢的

12. fiddly [?f?d(?)li] adj. 要求極度精確的;瑣碎而難對(duì)付的

13. cut … off at the knees:將……徹底粉碎或鎮(zhèn)壓

14. hiccup [?h?k?p] n. 暫時(shí)的下降(或中斷、停頓)

15. booster [?bu?st?(r)] n. 熱情的支持者

16. fiat money:法定貨幣,指不代表實(shí)質(zhì)商品或貨物,只依靠政府的法令使其成為合法通貨的貨幣。法定貨幣的價(jià)值來自擁有者相信貨幣將來能維持其購(gòu)買力,貨幣本身并無內(nèi)在價(jià)值。

17. hard-core:(組織中)斗志最堅(jiān)定的;鐵桿的

18. blue-chip:藍(lán)籌,源于西方賭場(chǎng)的一個(gè)術(shù)語。在西方賭場(chǎng)中有三種顏色的籌碼,其中藍(lán)色籌碼最為值錢。

19. traction [?tr?k?(?)n] n. 新觀點(diǎn)、新產(chǎn)品等被公眾接受的程度

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