朱雪泉 楊 杰
中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心控?zé)熮k公室 北京 100050
·公共衛(wèi)生·
無(wú)煙環(huán)境執(zhí)法評(píng)價(jià):國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)及啟示
朱雪泉?楊 杰
中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心控?zé)熮k公室 北京 100050
本文在回顧和總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)無(wú)煙環(huán)境執(zhí)法過(guò)程及效果評(píng)價(jià)研究中常用的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)類(lèi)型:投入及活動(dòng)、產(chǎn)出,煙草使用情況、二手煙暴露、健康效應(yīng)等,并提出了開(kāi)展評(píng)價(jià)研究中存在的問(wèn)題及建議,包括考慮法律規(guī)定條款,平衡群體特征帶來(lái)的影響,建立完善的信息收集及監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)等,為今后開(kāi)展統(tǒng)一的綜合評(píng)價(jià)提供參考依據(jù)。建議我國(guó)的無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律立法和執(zhí)法的評(píng)估工作應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:注重過(guò)程評(píng)價(jià);合理選取效果評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo);結(jié)合項(xiàng)目或地方活動(dòng)或法律特點(diǎn);避免煙草業(yè)的干擾。
評(píng)價(jià);無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律;綜述
世界衛(wèi)生組織《煙草控制框架公約》明確指出全面無(wú)煙環(huán)境立法是保護(hù)公眾免受吸煙及二手煙危害的最有效手段。在無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律實(shí)施之后,需要對(duì)法律進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),以評(píng)估是否達(dá)到既定的目標(biāo),實(shí)施的效果以及是否產(chǎn)生負(fù)面效應(yīng)等。目前控?zé)熛冗M(jìn)國(guó)家和地區(qū)已經(jīng)開(kāi)展了大量的無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律評(píng)價(jià)工作,英格蘭、蘇格蘭、芬蘭、土耳其等國(guó)家,加拿大安大略省,美國(guó)實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的州和城市,包括我國(guó)的香港特別行政區(qū),都對(duì)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律實(shí)施及效果開(kāi)展了評(píng)價(jià),為有效執(zhí)法提供了很好的指導(dǎo)依據(jù)。
國(guó)內(nèi)部分城市,如上海、廣州、哈爾濱、天津等也開(kāi)展了無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的評(píng)價(jià)工作,但由于我國(guó)城市實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的時(shí)間較短,評(píng)價(jià)工作多針對(duì)單一策略的干預(yù)活動(dòng),并且主要集中于干預(yù)效果的評(píng)價(jià),較少考慮控?zé)煿ぷ魍度爰皬?qiáng)度。[1-4]一般假設(shè)干預(yù)措施得到了完全的開(kāi)展或者法律得到有效的實(shí)施,但這種假設(shè)具有一定的主觀性及片面性。無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律實(shí)施不僅指執(zhí)法活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展,還應(yīng)包括支持性活動(dòng),如宣傳、無(wú)煙場(chǎng)所創(chuàng)建、能力建設(shè)等。目前國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)于無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的實(shí)施尚未開(kāi)展系統(tǒng)的綜合性評(píng)價(jià),也缺乏系統(tǒng)性指導(dǎo),評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及科學(xué)性有待于提高。本文通過(guò)總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)外無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律評(píng)價(jià)工作中常用的指標(biāo)及方法,為無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的有效實(shí)施提供借鑒。
項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)體系的要素主要包括:項(xiàng)目投入,活動(dòng),產(chǎn)出,短期、中期、長(zhǎng)期效果的評(píng)價(jià),研究者需根據(jù)評(píng)估的目的及亟待解決的問(wèn)題開(kāi)展研究設(shè)計(jì)、選擇評(píng)價(jià)類(lèi)型及指標(biāo)。
評(píng)價(jià)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律實(shí)施效果的研究設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)型一直備受爭(zhēng)議。由于控?zé)煾深A(yù)無(wú)法進(jìn)行精確的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),且在政策干預(yù)過(guò)程中,普遍存在人群自然行為趨勢(shì),而干預(yù)效果證據(jù)一般傾向于個(gè)體而非政策整體,因此一般常用的評(píng)價(jià)方法包括類(lèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)、描述性研究及綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法。
信息收集方法包括定量及定性兩種。定量方法包括問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)等。定性方法包括訪談,案例分析,文件研究等。理想的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)該綜合使用定性與定量信息,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,并互相作為補(bǔ)充及解釋?zhuān)瑥亩娴卣f(shuō)明問(wèn)題。
根據(jù)研究目的,無(wú)煙執(zhí)法評(píng)價(jià)可分為過(guò)程評(píng)價(jià)和效果評(píng)價(jià)。
2.1 過(guò)程評(píng)價(jià)
過(guò)程評(píng)價(jià)是指系統(tǒng)性地收集投入、活動(dòng)及產(chǎn)出的信息,并結(jié)合背景及其他關(guān)鍵特征對(duì)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)于已經(jīng)實(shí)施的無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的評(píng)價(jià)目的即是獲得在執(zhí)法過(guò)程中所做的教育、培訓(xùn)、技術(shù)支持等信息。[5]
2.1.1 投入
投入指標(biāo)主要用于測(cè)量在工作中投入的人力、物力及其他相關(guān)的資源信息。美國(guó)CDC關(guān)于預(yù)防青少年煙草使用報(bào)告中提出干預(yù)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)不足是導(dǎo)致青少年煙草使用下降停滯的原因之一[6],因此建議經(jīng)費(fèi)投入按照人均15~20美元最符合成本效益,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)煙草控制的預(yù)期目標(biāo)[7]。世界衛(wèi)生組織針對(duì)泰國(guó)控?zé)煿ぷ髟u(píng)價(jià)發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的控?zé)煿ぷ髂J?,即加?qiáng)控?zé)煿ぷ髂芰Α⑿l(wèi)生部門(mén)的強(qiáng)有力領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及多部門(mén)的有效合作,此外,充足的工作經(jīng)費(fèi)也是控?zé)煿ぷ鞒晒Φ挠行ПU现?。?]
2.1.2 活動(dòng)及產(chǎn)出
活動(dòng)指標(biāo)用于描述具體所開(kāi)展的工作,如能力建設(shè)、社會(huì)動(dòng)員、媒體傳播及執(zhí)法活動(dòng)開(kāi)展情況等。產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)于所開(kāi)展活動(dòng)的結(jié)果,產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)能夠顯示出政策的實(shí)施是否達(dá)到了預(yù)期的目的,包括能力提升情況、媒體覆蓋率、知曉率、執(zhí)法結(jié)果等,將產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)與過(guò)程評(píng)價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來(lái)能夠確定無(wú)煙環(huán)境政策的實(shí)施效果及是否達(dá)到了預(yù)期的效果。
1996年John等人對(duì)加利福尼亞州99號(hào)令關(guān)于加大控?zé)煿ぷ魍度爰敖档凸矆?chǎng)所吸煙率的評(píng)估中,采用的指標(biāo)針對(duì)不同社會(huì)背景下開(kāi)展的控?zé)煿ぷ鲀?nèi)容及重點(diǎn)有所不同,如1990—1992年培訓(xùn)活動(dòng)內(nèi)容集中于預(yù)防及戒煙,1992年以后,培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容增加了社會(huì)動(dòng)員、二手煙草煙霧危害等內(nèi)容。[9]
對(duì)《墨西哥城無(wú)煙環(huán)境條例》立法和執(zhí)法的評(píng)估,主要通過(guò)回顧無(wú)煙環(huán)境立法過(guò)程、分析媒體報(bào)道及關(guān)鍵人物訪談獲得墨西哥城市無(wú)煙環(huán)境立法及實(shí)施過(guò)程的評(píng)估信息,明確在法律實(shí)施初期開(kāi)展社會(huì)動(dòng)員及健康教育等活動(dòng)促進(jìn)了法律的有效實(shí)施。[10]
對(duì)于《禁止向青少年售煙條例》實(shí)施情況的評(píng)估,主要針對(duì)執(zhí)法頻率、范圍及違法行為處罰等執(zhí)法形式進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),執(zhí)法頻率越高,即至少每四個(gè)月執(zhí)法一次,能夠有效地降低違法售煙行為,而且僅對(duì)違法行為處以警告而不進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)的處罰不能有效地提高法律的依從率從而減少違法行為。[11]
2.2 效果評(píng)價(jià)
效果評(píng)價(jià)指系統(tǒng)地收集項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)、特征及影響方面的信息,進(jìn)而綜合判斷實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律是煙草控制的有效手段之一,最終目標(biāo)是降低煙草使用相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)病及死亡情況。減少煙草使用和避免二手煙暴露是實(shí)現(xiàn)最終目標(biāo)的主要途徑。因此,無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的效果體現(xiàn)在煙草使用及二手煙暴露兩個(gè)方面,此外,由煙草使用及二手煙暴露帶來(lái)的其他健康及社會(huì)影響也是進(jìn)行法規(guī)評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容。
2.2.1 煙草使用情況
通過(guò)三個(gè)方面的指標(biāo)體現(xiàn)人群吸煙行為的改變:吸煙率、煙草消費(fèi)量及戒煙率的改變,前兩者受到社會(huì)因素包括無(wú)煙環(huán)境立法、煙草制品價(jià)格等的影響。[12]在無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律評(píng)價(jià)中,煙草使用情況指標(biāo)常作為二手煙暴露及煙草使用危害的間接反映指標(biāo)。[13-15]吸煙率的指標(biāo)主要通過(guò)調(diào)查對(duì)象的自述[16-20],如2007年英格蘭無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律生效兩個(gè)月后的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙人群戒煙有19%是由于無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的實(shí)施[21]。吸煙情況也可以通過(guò)檢測(cè)體內(nèi)相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物如可替寧、尼古丁等[22-33]獲得,如蘇格蘭針對(duì)酒吧服務(wù)員的隊(duì)列研究中使用唾液中可替寧的濃度來(lái)確定吸煙者和非吸煙者,并用其驗(yàn)證自我報(bào)告煙草使用信息的準(zhǔn)確性[24],結(jié)果表明,蘇格蘭實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律一年后,酒吧服務(wù)員的煙草消費(fèi)量相比于法律實(shí)施之前降低了2.5支/天,而其吸煙率也降低了4%。
2.2.2 二手煙暴露
公共場(chǎng)所禁煙規(guī)定最直接的目的是保護(hù)非吸煙者免受二手煙草煙霧的危害,因此,評(píng)價(jià)場(chǎng)所禁煙規(guī)定效果的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)就是二手煙暴露率。二手煙暴露指標(biāo)主要從三個(gè)途徑獲得,包括環(huán)境質(zhì)量檢測(cè)[25-29]、觀察法[30-32]和生物標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)[27,33-36]。
威爾士、英格蘭、蘇格蘭、烏拉圭無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律實(shí)施一年之后,酒吧內(nèi)PM2.5濃度降低了84%~93%[34],室內(nèi)公共場(chǎng)所空氣中尼古丁含量降低了91%[37]。馬塞諸塞州實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律之后3個(gè)月,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀察吸煙的證據(jù)——煙灰明顯減少[31],相比于沒(méi)有禁止吸煙的餐館及酒吧,實(shí)施嚴(yán)格禁煙的場(chǎng)所內(nèi)公眾報(bào)告二手煙暴露明顯降低[38]。蘇格蘭實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律后,非吸煙兒童及成年人唾液中可替寧含量降低了39%,如果兒童家長(zhǎng)都為非吸煙者,兒童唾液內(nèi)可替寧濃度降低程度為51%[39,40]。愛(ài)爾蘭實(shí)施全面禁煙之后,餐館及酒吧內(nèi)非吸煙服務(wù)員體內(nèi)碳氧血紅蛋白降低5%,呼出CO降低79%,唾液可替寧含量降低81%。[36]
2.2.3 健康效應(yīng)
煙草控制最終目的為降低煙草使用相關(guān)死亡率及發(fā)病率,因此在評(píng)價(jià)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的效果中,進(jìn)行煙草相關(guān)疾病發(fā)病及死亡的評(píng)價(jià)是有必要的。煙草使用及二手煙暴露包括短期急性疾病及長(zhǎng)期慢性疾病。在無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律實(shí)施之后,禁煙場(chǎng)所內(nèi)服務(wù)人員及非吸煙公眾呼吸及刺激癥狀顯著降低[41-42],肺功能明顯提高[36],哮喘發(fā)病率降低,生活質(zhì)量提高[41],因急性冠脈綜合癥入院率也明顯下降[13,43]。
值得注意的是,服務(wù)人員健康狀況改善的程度依賴于場(chǎng)所禁煙政策具體實(shí)施的程度,西班牙的無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律要求室內(nèi)公共場(chǎng)所全面禁煙,但是每個(gè)場(chǎng)所依從法律的程度有所差別,允許吸煙的場(chǎng)所內(nèi)服務(wù)員的呼吸癥狀并未得到改善,而完全禁煙的場(chǎng)所內(nèi)員工的健康狀況得到明顯的改善。[44]蘇格蘭實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律之后,對(duì)煙草使用等情況進(jìn)行了系列調(diào)查,2004年之后無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律將使蘇格蘭死亡人數(shù)每年減少400人。[45]
2.2.4 知曉及支持率
公眾支持情況的調(diào)查是用于評(píng)估公眾對(duì)于無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的知曉情況及支持程度,可以說(shuō)明無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律是否能夠得到充分實(shí)施[46-49,54],也能夠給控?zé)煿ぷ髡咛峁┕ぷ髦攸c(diǎn)。意大利在出臺(tái)戶外場(chǎng)所禁煙規(guī)定之前進(jìn)行公眾支持度的調(diào)查,結(jié)果為決策提供了依據(jù),即擴(kuò)大禁煙范圍是可行的,并且公眾對(duì)于不同區(qū)域的支持態(tài)度也為規(guī)定制定優(yōu)先考慮區(qū)域提供了依據(jù)。[50]在立法前期,無(wú)煙環(huán)境立法需要良好的社會(huì)支持環(huán)境及政治意愿,在法律通過(guò)后及實(shí)施過(guò)程中,無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的效果首先體現(xiàn)在公眾對(duì)于法律的支持及依從性,有研究顯示,吸煙者對(duì)于法律的支持度越高,其依從率也越高[51,53],而法律獲得公眾的高支持率之后,能夠提高整個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)于法律的依從性。因此支持率及依從率的提高,有助于法律的進(jìn)一步有效實(shí)施。在1997年首次針對(duì)澳大利亞無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的依從率評(píng)價(jià)研究表明,成功執(zhí)法需要得到廣泛的知曉,并在支持率相對(duì)較高的場(chǎng)所首先實(shí)施法律。[52]美國(guó)馬塞諸塞州坎布里奇市實(shí)施禁煙法律之后分別在第3和第24個(gè)月對(duì)禁煙場(chǎng)所管理者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)禁煙法律支持及知曉程度高的群體中,其依從率更高,而且法律在24個(gè)月內(nèi)由于執(zhí)法活動(dòng)的減少,導(dǎo)致了知曉率下降。[46]
2.2.5 經(jīng)濟(jì)影響
推進(jìn)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律出臺(tái)的過(guò)程中,擔(dān)心無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響會(huì)影響決策者對(duì)于制定和出臺(tái)法律的態(tài)度,一項(xiàng)有關(guān)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由煙草業(yè)及其利益集團(tuán)資助的相關(guān)研究中,94%的結(jié)果顯示實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律對(duì)場(chǎng)所經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響[55],但與煙草業(yè)沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)的研究結(jié)果表明沒(méi)有負(fù)面影響。因此客觀及科學(xué)的研究就顯得非常重要。經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)包括主觀指標(biāo)如預(yù)測(cè)光顧情況[56-57]及客觀指標(biāo)如營(yíng)業(yè)收入、員工就業(yè)率[58-61]等。美國(guó)實(shí)施室內(nèi)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律之后,餐飲場(chǎng)所的應(yīng)稅銷(xiāo)售額未發(fā)生變化,且法律的實(shí)施對(duì)于場(chǎng)所就業(yè)率沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生影響。[25,62]
沒(méi)有實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的國(guó)家和地區(qū),由于持續(xù)的暴露于二手煙,使非吸煙者產(chǎn)生了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)及健康負(fù)擔(dān),如Behan等人估算了美國(guó)每年由于二手煙暴露造成的醫(yī)療保健支出,患病及死亡經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[63],用于預(yù)防二手煙暴露直接導(dǎo)致的支出及疾病治療費(fèi)用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的支出。另外,無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律不僅為吸煙者提供了戒煙的支持性環(huán)境,也降低了不吸煙者成為吸煙者的可能性,而實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律所需的成本遠(yuǎn)低于進(jìn)行戒煙治療所需的費(fèi)用。[64]預(yù)測(cè)美國(guó)實(shí)施全面室內(nèi)工作場(chǎng)所禁煙法律一年后,將會(huì)降低由于心肌梗死及中風(fēng)導(dǎo)致的直接醫(yī)療支出約2億美元。[65]
2006年1月9日,世界衛(wèi)生組織《煙草控制框架公約》在中國(guó)生效后,國(guó)家和地方開(kāi)展了大量的煙草控制活動(dòng),包括無(wú)煙場(chǎng)所的創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)、媒體傳播活動(dòng),如無(wú)煙醫(yī)院、無(wú)煙學(xué)校、無(wú)煙辦公樓、無(wú)煙出租車(chē)等。多個(gè)城市出臺(tái)了《公共場(chǎng)所控制吸煙條例》,但這些活動(dòng)等至今沒(méi)有進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)估,因此需要系統(tǒng)開(kāi)展相應(yīng)的評(píng)估工作,為下一步的政策制定和執(zhí)行提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。根據(jù)國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),我國(guó)針對(duì)無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的評(píng)價(jià)工作應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。
3.1 充分考慮法律文本、實(shí)施階段及實(shí)施對(duì)象的影響
在進(jìn)行無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的評(píng)價(jià)前應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到法律所處的階段,在立法階段,法律實(shí)施前后的短期時(shí)間及長(zhǎng)期時(shí)間內(nèi),所要收集及評(píng)價(jià)的內(nèi)容、對(duì)結(jié)果的解釋及評(píng)價(jià)的目的都有所不同。無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律中根據(jù)其禁煙范圍可以分為全面禁煙及部分禁煙,研究表明,禁煙范圍對(duì)于無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律效果的影響明顯,場(chǎng)所部分禁煙的效果遠(yuǎn)低于全面禁煙[16,38,51],因此法律條款應(yīng)當(dāng)明確其禁煙的范圍,并進(jìn)行結(jié)果的比較解釋。煙草使用及其影響在不同的人群特征中(包括職業(yè)類(lèi)型、生理狀態(tài)、教育程度、性別及年齡等)有所不同[66-67],而且法律實(shí)施的效果會(huì)受到來(lái)自個(gè)體及社會(huì)其他環(huán)境變化的影響,為降低這些因素造成的有偏估計(jì),在評(píng)價(jià)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,設(shè)置可比的對(duì)照人群,并充分考慮干預(yù)人群特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)不同的調(diào)查方案及結(jié)果分析。
3.2 完善法律實(shí)施的信息監(jiān)測(cè)與評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)
在法律實(shí)施之前甚至是立法前期需要建立統(tǒng)一完善的信息收集及監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),有效獲得信息及其變化,有利于獲得可信及可比的數(shù)據(jù),為政策制定提供可信的循證依據(jù)。主觀指標(biāo)及訪談內(nèi)容的信息可以對(duì)客觀數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)⒛軌虬l(fā)現(xiàn)更多存在的問(wèn)題。但是主觀信息的收集及分析具有一定的傾向性,如國(guó)外有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響評(píng)價(jià)中結(jié)果為負(fù)面影響的研究大多是采用了主觀信息指標(biāo)[56],因此,在對(duì)定性研究的分析中需要嚴(yán)格控制質(zhì)量及偏倚。此外,活動(dòng)開(kāi)展的過(guò)程情況及暴露人群的知、信、行等對(duì)于法律實(shí)施結(jié)果有至關(guān)重要的影響,因此綜合性評(píng)價(jià)中采用主客觀指標(biāo)結(jié)合、過(guò)程與效果相關(guān)聯(lián)的研究方式有助于獲得可信有效的評(píng)價(jià)研究結(jié)果。
3.3 有效利用評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果
根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)工作的目的使用評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果及其結(jié)論,主要受眾包括政策制定者、執(zhí)法人員、場(chǎng)所管理者、研究人員及公眾等。在保證結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性和科學(xué)性的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)使結(jié)果簡(jiǎn)潔、簡(jiǎn)單,這樣才能使評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果容易被政策制定者接受和利用。簡(jiǎn)單明了的結(jié)果更容易傳播,更容易得到公眾的支持,只有這樣,才能最大限度的影響政策的制定和實(shí)施。
3.4 避免煙草業(yè)的干擾
在實(shí)施無(wú)煙環(huán)境法律的過(guò)程中必然會(huì)受到來(lái)自煙草企業(yè)的干擾及阻撓,煙草業(yè)通過(guò)組織各種形式的活動(dòng)如曲解法律法規(guī)、開(kāi)展贊助活動(dòng)的行動(dòng)、組織評(píng)價(jià)研究等,在很大程度上阻礙了中國(guó)控?zé)熯M(jìn)展,因此在控?zé)焾?zhí)法及執(zhí)法評(píng)價(jià)的過(guò)程中,要嚴(yán)格留意并應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)自煙草業(yè)的阻撓。
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Evaluating the enforcement of anti-smoking laws:International experience and imp lication for China
ZHU Xue-quan,YANG Jie
Tobacco Control Office,Chinese Cente for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing 100050,China
More and more countries and districts are legislating against smoking.Such legislative measures tend to be diverse and complicated,which makes it difficult to evaluate anti-smoking legislation.This paper reviews the scientific literature on legislating and enforcing anti-smoking laws.We summarize research done at home and abroad,key progress and outcome indicators,and index of evaluation research of smoke free legislation,including input and activities,output,tobacco use,secondhand smoke exposure,health effect.There are also solutions to possible problems,such as considering the policy phase,reducing possible influence brought by group factors,building complete information collection andmonitoring systems,and providing a basis for policy-making.Future evaluation of legislative and enforcement of anti-smoking laws need to pay attention to some recommendation:Emphasizing the importance in comprehensive evaluation,choosing outcome indicators accordingly,fully considering features of programs、local activities and policy,and avoiding interference from tobacco industry.
Evaluation;Anti-smoking laws;Review
R197
A
10.3969/j.issn.1674-2982.2013.11.005
2013-06-16
2013-10-14
(編輯 劉 博)
國(guó)際防癆和肺部疾病聯(lián)合會(huì)/彭博慈善基金會(huì)項(xiàng)目
朱雪泉,女(1988年—),碩士研究生,主要研究方向?yàn)闊煵菘刂?。E-mail:1maya@sina.com
楊杰。E-mail:biyangjie@163.com