呂璐
神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(neurotrophin,NT)是一類由神經(jīng)所支配的組織(如肌肉)和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的且為神經(jīng)元生長(zhǎng)與存活所必需的蛋白質(zhì)。它不僅能阻止損傷后的神經(jīng)元死亡,促使神經(jīng)元修復(fù)、軸突再生,還能在發(fā)育過(guò)程中促進(jìn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞存活、 生長(zhǎng)和分化,調(diào)節(jié)突觸可塑性和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)[1]。腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)是神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子之一,由腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子基因合成,在神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能可塑性,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)發(fā)生以及提高細(xì)胞生存中發(fā)揮了重要作用。近年來(lái)關(guān)于BDNF與抑郁癥治療和抗抑郁藥療效關(guān)系的研究成為熱點(diǎn)。本文就BNDF與抑郁癥關(guān)系及其治療的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
1.1.1 腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的發(fā)現(xiàn) 腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,是1982年由德國(guó)神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家Barde及其同事首次從豬腦中純化病發(fā)現(xiàn)具有神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)作用的一種蛋白質(zhì)。腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子及其受體在腦內(nèi)廣泛表達(dá)。其基因定位于11p13,前體有247個(gè)氨基酸殘基,裂解后形成119個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成的單體,為一種分泌型多肽,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為13500,等電點(diǎn)為9.99,鏈內(nèi)有3對(duì)二硫鍵,在體內(nèi)以二聚體的形式存在,是一種主要由β折疊和無(wú)規(guī)則卷曲二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)組成的成熟堿性蛋白。
1.1.2 腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子在人體組織中的分布 BDNF是人體內(nèi)含量最多的神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,不但對(duì)多種類型神經(jīng)元的發(fā)育、分化以及神經(jīng)的生長(zhǎng)和再生起著重要的促進(jìn)作用,而且對(duì)損傷后的神經(jīng)元再生、修復(fù)和防止神經(jīng)細(xì)胞退行性變等多方面也發(fā)揮著重要作用 。BDNF是由腦組織合成的,主要分布于在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(centralnervoussystem,CNS)。檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)齒狀回的顆粒細(xì)胞、海馬錐體細(xì)胞和皮質(zhì)、扣帶回、內(nèi)嗅細(xì)胞與杏仁核等區(qū)域BDNF表達(dá)陽(yáng)性。還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為人類外周血中的BDNF可能來(lái)自于血小板、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及腦神經(jīng)元。
早期應(yīng)激源動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,采用束縛應(yīng)激方法,對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行急性和慢性物理約束,齒狀回、海馬的CA1和CA3錐體細(xì)胞層BDNF mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著下降。
1.2.1 腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子作用的信號(hào)通路BDNF是一種堿性分泌性小二聚體蛋白,通過(guò)與其特異性受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。BDNF分泌后,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)向軸突和樹(shù)突,在軸突末梢釋放,與低親和力p75NTR和高親和性TrkB特異性受體相結(jié)合,作用于靶組織發(fā)揮作用。BDNF與TrkB 受體結(jié)合時(shí)會(huì)引起TrkB受體二聚化及其自身的磷酸化,激活神經(jīng)元內(nèi)其他信號(hào)蛋白,從而激活整個(gè)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路而發(fā)揮作用[2]。
1.2.2 腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子生理功能BDNF是人體含量最多的NT。主要生理作用是增加突觸可塑性、促進(jìn)神經(jīng)發(fā)生、促進(jìn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞生存。BDNF通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)腦組織中相關(guān)神經(jīng)元間突觸連接,影響海馬長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng)(longterm potentiation,LTP),LTP以谷氨酸受體非依賴性的形式存在。在海馬區(qū)注射外源BDNF,LTP改善,從而影響學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程和記憶形成。BDNF可以促進(jìn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞突起的形成,BDNF的表達(dá)及受體增加可能促進(jìn)大腦海馬空間學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的獲得。Koda 等[3]在提高骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞中BDNF的表達(dá)后發(fā)現(xiàn):BDNF可促進(jìn)骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞軸突的再生。BDNF通過(guò)提高神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞分化為神經(jīng)元的比例,促進(jìn)海馬的神經(jīng)發(fā)生和神經(jīng)發(fā)生尤其是提高海馬神經(jīng)元的存活[4,5]。另外,向海馬內(nèi)直接注射外源性BDNF可提高齒狀回細(xì)胞分裂能力[6]。通過(guò)上調(diào)陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞表達(dá),增加神經(jīng)元前體細(xì)胞的分化和遷移,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的發(fā)育,達(dá)到神經(jīng)發(fā)生的作用。體外培養(yǎng)海馬神經(jīng)元,發(fā)現(xiàn)BDNF可以維持神經(jīng)元存活。BDNF主要影響神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)前遞質(zhì)5-羥色胺能(5-HT)和多巴胺能(DA)等釋放和突觸后遞質(zhì)的傳遞,對(duì)各種神經(jīng)元(能神經(jīng)元)的發(fā)育分化與生長(zhǎng)再生起到一定作用,維持神經(jīng)細(xì)胞生存。
2.1 BDNF與抑郁癥的相關(guān)性 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,社會(huì)生活、工作模式的改變,抑郁癥呈現(xiàn)高發(fā)病率、致殘率以及反復(fù)發(fā)作的趨勢(shì),給社會(huì)和家庭帶來(lái)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。抑郁癥是一種常見(jiàn)的心境障礙,可由各種原因引起,以顯著而持久的心境低落為主要臨床特征,且心境低落與其處境不相稱,嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)自殺念頭和行為;是一種常見(jiàn)的精神病理狀態(tài)或綜合征。臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者海馬和前額皮質(zhì)BDNF表達(dá)水平與正常人顯著低;抗抑郁癥治療的患者海馬部位BDNF表達(dá)水平與安慰劑對(duì)照組患者顯著增高[7],表明BDNF和TrkB參與了抑郁癥有關(guān)的行為,對(duì)抑郁癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展和治療可能有一定的影響。Sillaber和 Larsen 等[8,9]發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)動(dòng)物長(zhǎng)期抗抑郁治療后它們海馬中BDNF表達(dá)也增高。另外,無(wú)論是急性還是慢性的應(yīng)激生活事件均可能誘發(fā)抑郁癥或者加重病情,應(yīng)激生活事件是抑郁癥發(fā)病因素中不可或缺的環(huán)節(jié)[10]。在動(dòng)物模型的研究中,模擬束縛應(yīng)激、不可預(yù)測(cè)應(yīng)激、電擊足底、社會(huì)孤立與挫敗、母愛(ài)剝奪、游泳應(yīng)激等不同應(yīng)急均能降低抑郁癥動(dòng)物模型的海馬BDNF的mRNA的表達(dá)水平,其中以海馬齒狀回、CA1、3錐體細(xì)胞層的變化最明顯[11]。有研究表明抑郁癥患者外周血BDNF蛋白及mRNA水平下降,有的BDNF蛋白水平下降[12,13]。抑郁癥自殺死亡者海馬和前額皮質(zhì)BDNF mRNA水平也較正常對(duì)照組降低[14,15]。也有相關(guān)研究與動(dòng)物模型的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不同。血漿BDNF水平低的男性在對(duì)應(yīng)激的敏感性和抑郁征兆測(cè)評(píng)中得分相對(duì)較低,表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的責(zé)任感和外向性格特征[16]。也有研究表明,對(duì)于躁狂抑郁患者,尤其是長(zhǎng)年患病人群,血漿BDNF水平升高[17]。將抑郁程度量化,將年齡因素作為協(xié)變量進(jìn)行分析后,抑郁癥患者與正常對(duì)照人群相較,血漿BDNF蛋白水平并沒(méi)有差異性,而TrkB蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著升高[18]。這些研究結(jié)果與以往低水平的BDNF為抑郁癥的指征的假說(shuō)相悖。盡管大量的研究提示,海馬BDNF水平和抑郁相關(guān),但目前尚缺乏BDNF的減少或增加可以導(dǎo)致抑郁或與抑郁相關(guān)的藥物療效發(fā)揮直接證據(jù)。
2.2 BDNF基因的多態(tài)性和抑郁癥的關(guān)聯(lián)目前,大家公認(rèn)的引起抑郁癥的因素包括:遺傳、體質(zhì)、精神等,比較集中的是神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)學(xué)說(shuō)和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學(xué)說(shuō)。BDNF基因具有多基因多態(tài)性位點(diǎn),其單核苷酸多態(tài)性可能與腦功能的異常和情緒障礙有關(guān),其中以位于功能性編碼區(qū)內(nèi)G196A多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)最受關(guān)注,主要是第196位核苷酸的鳥(niǎo)嘌呤(G)被腺嘌呤(A)代替從導(dǎo)致BDNF氨基酸序列的第66位密碼子纈氨酸(Val)被甲硫氨酸(Met)代替。無(wú)論動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[19]還是病例對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[20-22]都支持Val66Met多態(tài)性可能與抑郁發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。有的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)有自殺傾向的抑郁癥患者中Met/Met基因型患者自殺傾向明顯高于其他基因型( Met/Val與Val/Val)患者[22],更易患雙向性精神障礙。這可能是因?yàn)锽DNF基因Val166Met多態(tài)性Met/Met基因型能夠改變海馬結(jié)構(gòu),使BDNF水平降低。與上述結(jié)果不同研究認(rèn)為Val66Met的多態(tài)性與性別有關(guān),尤其在男性中表現(xiàn)出一定的相關(guān)性[23]。還有一些研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Val66Met多態(tài)性與抗抑郁藥的治療效果有關(guān)[24]。這些研究結(jié)果存在一定的聯(lián)系性,但是也存在有差異性,這可能與研究方法、分析方法不同和樣本差異有關(guān)。
2.3 BDNF抑郁癥神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用及其可能機(jī)制 在慢性應(yīng)急損害情況下,抑郁癥患者及抑郁癥動(dòng)物神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子及其受體在海馬的內(nèi)源性表達(dá)發(fā)生變化。應(yīng)激模型中產(chǎn)生抑郁樣癥狀小鼠其海馬BDNF的表達(dá)明顯下降。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)抑郁癥動(dòng)物模型抗抑郁治療后海馬內(nèi)BDNF的表達(dá)上調(diào),并且減少BDNFmRNA的抗抑郁藥治療作用可以被阻斷[25]。海馬內(nèi)注射BDNF能對(duì)抑郁癥動(dòng)物模型中表現(xiàn)出抗抑郁效應(yīng)[26]。目前,最受關(guān)注的是第二信使傳導(dǎo)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控及其“下游”靶基因表達(dá)水平。抑郁癥的“神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)假說(shuō)”認(rèn)為根據(jù)BDNF生理作用,促進(jìn)突觸生長(zhǎng)、維持神經(jīng)元生存。抑郁是由各種原因引起腦內(nèi)BDNF缺少、導(dǎo)致大腦相應(yīng)功能的紊亂。抑郁發(fā)作與cAMP反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(CREB)腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子酪氨酸激酶通路活性下降有關(guān)??挂钟羲幬锟稍黾幽XBDNF的含量、提高突觸的可塑性和促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元的生存來(lái)治療抑郁癥的效果,可能與激活該通路有關(guān),啟動(dòng)由神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子支持的可塑性改變進(jìn)而持續(xù)的表現(xiàn)出抗抑郁效應(yīng)[27]。也有研究表明,BDNF也可以通過(guò)BDNF/MAPK/ERK/BCL-2級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)通路發(fā)揮保護(hù)神經(jīng)作用[28],通過(guò)TrkB受體的調(diào)節(jié)是可以改變海馬神經(jīng)元的再生以及抗抑郁治療的行為學(xué)敏感性,支持了抗抑郁治療的病因?qū)W上的神經(jīng)元再生理論[29]。
抑郁癥是一種涉及多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和多個(gè)腦區(qū)的復(fù)雜性疾病,其危害大,給社會(huì)和家庭帶來(lái)沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)不僅對(duì)大腦神經(jīng)元的生存、分化、生長(zhǎng)和維持神經(jīng)元正常的生理功能起作用,還對(duì)應(yīng)激所致抑郁癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展起著重要作用。目前,雖然眾多研究表明BDNF水平與抑郁癥之間存在相關(guān)性,但就BDNF與抑郁癥之間的關(guān)系還存在諸多爭(zhēng)議,研究結(jié)果存在不一致性。Val66Met多態(tài)性與抑郁癥的發(fā)生也存在一定關(guān)系。而關(guān)于BDNF對(duì)抑郁癥作用機(jī)制的假說(shuō),以“神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)假說(shuō)”為熱點(diǎn),通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)BDNF表達(dá)保護(hù)神經(jīng)進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗抑郁的效應(yīng)。許多研究結(jié)果支持抗抑郁藥物治療與TrkB受體的調(diào)節(jié)有重要關(guān)系。雖然有諸多研究表明BDNF對(duì)抑郁癥有影響,但目前仍不能確定其是作為原因還是現(xiàn)象。因此,通過(guò)新的BDNF檢測(cè)手段及更加完善標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步研究BDNF和抑郁癥之間的聯(lián)系,并為未來(lái)抑郁癥的診斷與治療奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
[1]Rogoz Z,Skuza G,Legutko B.Repeated treatment with mirtazepine induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rats.Physiol Pharmaco,2005(6):661- 671.
[2]Massa S M,Yang T,Xie Y,et al.Small molecule BDNF mimetics activate TrkB signaling and prevent neuronal degeneration in rodents .J Clin Invest,2010,120(5):1774-1785.
[3]Koda M,Kamada T,Hashimoto M,et al.Adenovirus vector-mediated ex vivo gene transfer of brainderived neurotrophic factor to bone marrow stromal cells promotes axonal regeneration after transplantation in completely transected adult rat spinal cord.European Spine J,2007,16(12):2206-2214.
[4]Kim Y K,Lee H P,Won S D.Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression.Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,2007,31(1):78-85.
[5]Monteggia L M,Luikart B,Barrot M,et al.Brainderived neurotrophic factor conditional knockouts show gender differences in depression-related behaviors.Biol Psychiatry,2007,61(2):187-197.
[6]Pinnock S B,Herbert J.Brain-derived neurotropic factor and neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus:interactions with corticosterone.Eur J of Neurosci,2008,27(10):2493-2500.
[7]Yu H,Chen ZY.The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry.Acta Pharmacol Sin,2011(32):3-11.
[8]Sillaber I,Panhuysen M,Henniger M S,et al.Profiling of behavioral changes and hippocampal gene expression in mice chronically treated with the SSRI paroxetine.Psychopharmacology,2008,200(4):557-572.
[9]Larsen M H,Hay-Schmidt A,Ronn L C,et al.Temporal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)mRNA in the rat hippocampus after treatment with selective and mixed monoaminergic antidepressants.Eur J Pharmacol,2008,578(2-3):114-122.
[10]Fisher H L,Cohen-Woods S,Hosang G M,et al.Stressful life e-vents and the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT)in recurrentclinical depression.J Affect Disord,2012,136(1/2):189-193.
[11]Chok H,Devisser Y,Nicholsn R,et al.Combined neonatal stress and young-adult glucocorticoid stimulation in rats reduce BDNF expression in hippocampus:effects on learning and memory.Hippocampus,2008,18(7):655 -667.
[12]Lee BH,Kim YK.BDNF mRNA expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was decreased in depressive patients who had or had not recently attempted suicide.J Affect Disord,2010,125(1-3):369-373.
[13]Cattaneo A,Bocchio-Chiavetto L.Reduced peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels are normalized by antidepressant treatment.Int J Neuropsy-chiatry,2010,13(1):103-108.
[14]Sher L.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and suicidal behavior.QJM,2011,104(5):455-458.
[15]Karege F,Vaudan G,Schwald M,et al.Neurotrophin levels in postmortem brains of suicide victims and the effects of antemortem diagnosis and psychotropic drags.Brain ResMol Brain Res,2005(136):29-37.
[16]Terracciano A,Martin B,Ansari D,et al.Plasma BDNF concentration,Val66 Met genetic variant and depres-sionrelated personality traits.Genes Brain Behav,2010(9):512-518.
[17]Barbosa IG,Huguet RB,Mendon,VA,et al.Increased plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with long-term bipolar disorder.Neurosci Lett,2010(475):95-98.
[18]Hung YY,Lin CJ,Huang TL.Higher serum tropomyosin-related kinase B protein level in major depression.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2010(34):610-612.
[19]Chen ZY,Bath K,Mcewen B,et al.Impact of genetic variant BDNF(Val66Met)on brain structure and function.Novartis Found Symp,2008(289):180-195.
[20]Aguilera M,Arias B,Wichers M,et al.Early adversity and5-HTT/BDNF genes:new evidence of gene-environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population.Psychol Med,2009,39(9):1425-1432.
[21]Wichers M,Kenis G,Jacobs N,et al.The BDNF Val (66)Met x5-HTTLPR x child adversity interaction and depressive symptoms:an attempt at replication.Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet,2008(147B):120-123.
[22]Zarrilli F,Angiolillo A,Castaldo G,et al.Brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)genetic polymorphism (Val66Met)in suicide:a study of 512cases.Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet,2009,150B(4):599-600.
[23]Verhagen M,Vandermeij A,Vandeurzen PA,et al.Meta-analysis of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in major depressive disorder:effects of gender and ethnicity.Mol Psychiatry,2010,15(3):260-271.
[24]Domschke K,Lawford B,Laje G,et al.Brainderived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)gene:no major impact on antidepressant treatment response.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol,2010,13(1):93-101.
[25]Russo-Neustadt,A.A,Alejandre,H,Garcia,C.Hippocampal BDNF expression following treatment with reboxetine,citalopram,and physical exercise.Neuropsychopharmacology,2004,29(12):2189-2199.
[26]Hoshaw B,Malberg J,Lucki I.Central administration of IGF-I and BDNF leads to long-lasting antidepressant-like effects.Brain Research,2005,1037(1-2):204-208.
[27]孔令韜,吳楓,宋寧,等.慢性應(yīng)激抑郁模型大鼠海馬cAMP反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白表達(dá)及氟西汀的干預(yù)作用.中國(guó)行為醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué),2008,17(5):391-397.
[28]Peng CH,Chiou SH,Chen SJ,et al.Neuroprotection by Imipramine against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in hippocampus-derived neural stem cells mediated by activation of BDNF and the MAPK pathway.European Neuropsychopharmacology,2008,18(2):128-140.
[29]Li Y,Luikart BW,Birnbaum S,et al.TrkB regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and governs sensitivity to antidepressive treatment.Neuron,2008,59(3):399-412.