朱曉靜,張 峰,孔德松,陸 茵,王愛(ài)云,陳文星,鄭仕中
(南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)1.藥學(xué)院江蘇省中藥藥效與安全性評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,2.中藥學(xué)一級(jí)學(xué)科,江蘇南京 210046)
肝纖維化是肝對(duì)慢性肝病的一種修復(fù)反應(yīng),是各種慢性肝病的共同病理過(guò)程,也是慢性肝病發(fā)展成為肝硬化的必經(jīng)階段。肝星狀細(xì)胞的活化是肝纖維化的中心環(huán)節(jié)。肝纖維化與肝損傷以及損傷之后的炎癥反應(yīng)有十分重要的關(guān)系。肝組織中的炎癥環(huán)境能通過(guò)各種促纖維化因子促進(jìn)肝星狀細(xì)胞的活化?;罨母涡菭罴?xì)胞能轉(zhuǎn)化為肌成纖維樣細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生過(guò)量的以膠原蛋白Ⅰ和膠原蛋白Ⅲ為主要成分的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的合成大于降解以致細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的沉積,最終造成肝纖維化[1]。
天然免疫系統(tǒng)作為識(shí)別病原體的第一道防線,它能夠識(shí)別微生物如細(xì)菌、真菌和病毒等,進(jìn)而引起具有保護(hù)作用的天然免疫反應(yīng)。免疫系統(tǒng)的這種特有的識(shí)別功能需要模式識(shí)別受體的參與。Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是模式識(shí)別受體家族中的一員,在人類(lèi)機(jī)體已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)11種。TLR4是第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的、同時(shí)也是最重要的TLR。它的主要配體是脂多糖,脂多糖是革蘭陰性細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁的主要成分。脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)是一個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的過(guò)程。脂多糖首先與TLR4的胞外區(qū)域結(jié)合,這個(gè)過(guò)程需要脂多糖結(jié)合蛋白、CD14和髓樣分化蛋白2的參與。脂多糖與TLR4結(jié)合后引起受體絡(luò)合物的構(gòu)象發(fā)生改變,進(jìn)而引起胞內(nèi)接頭蛋白的聚集,最終引發(fā)信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)。TLR4在胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)需要兩對(duì)接頭蛋白如髓樣細(xì)胞分化因子88(myeloid cell differentiation factor88,MyD88)和 Toll/白細(xì)胞介素1受體相關(guān)蛋白含 Toll/IL-1抗性(TIR)域銜接蛋白〔Toll/interleukin-1(IL-1)resistance(TIR)domain-containing adapter protein,TIRAP〕,含TIR接頭蛋白分子(TRIF)和TRIF相關(guān)銜接分子(TRIF-related adapter molecule,TRAM)的參與,最終激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如NF-κB和活化蛋白1(activating protein-1,AP-1)以及IL調(diào)節(jié)因子,這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子能引起參與炎癥反應(yīng)、抗病毒反應(yīng)、抗細(xì)菌反應(yīng)以及調(diào)控細(xì)胞生存和凋亡的基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[2]。
大量研究表明,TLR4是介導(dǎo)肝炎癥反應(yīng)的重要受體,同時(shí)也是連接肝炎癥反應(yīng)和肝纖維化的中間物質(zhì),脂多糖能通過(guò)肝細(xì)胞表面的TLR4受體的介導(dǎo)參與調(diào)節(jié)肝纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。對(duì)膽管結(jié)扎致肝纖維化模型的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR4-MT大鼠(C3H/HeJ)與TLR4-WT大鼠(C3H/HeOuJ)相比,肝纖維化程度明顯減輕。在四氯化碳肝纖維化模型和硫代乙酰胺肝纖維化模型中,研究者觀察到了同樣的結(jié)果[3]。Hua等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在用四氯化碳建立肝纖維化模型的過(guò)程中,肝組織中TLR4的表達(dá)總體呈上升趨勢(shì),并且肝的損傷程度與TLR4的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)。為了證明來(lái)源于腸道細(xì)菌的脂多糖參與肝纖維化的形成過(guò)程,Seki等[3]先給大鼠喂非吸收性的廣譜抗生素,然后再將大鼠的膽道結(jié)扎造成肝纖維化模型。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與未用抗生素進(jìn)行預(yù)處理的大鼠組相比,這組大鼠在血漿脂多糖水平明顯減少的同時(shí),肝纖維化程度也明顯減輕。Isayama等[5]對(duì)缺少脂多糖結(jié)合蛋白的大鼠和缺少CD14大鼠進(jìn)行觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),肝纖維化減輕。以上結(jié)果表明,脂多糖參與TLR4介導(dǎo)的肝纖維化的形成過(guò)程。事實(shí)上,在膽管結(jié)扎、四氯化碳注射及硫代乙酰胺3種肝纖維化模型中,血漿脂多糖的濃度均升高。Steib等[6]認(rèn)為,脂多糖可以通過(guò)增加肝中TLR4和MyD88的表達(dá)以增強(qiáng)肝對(duì)脂多糖的敏感性。
肝由肝實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞和肝非實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞2部分組成。這2種類(lèi)型的細(xì)胞都能表達(dá)TLR4[7]??莘窦?xì)胞、樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞以及肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞是肝非實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的3種免疫細(xì)胞,也是抗原提呈細(xì)胞,參與天然免疫反應(yīng)和獲得性免疫反應(yīng)。其中,枯否細(xì)胞是肝中最主要的免疫細(xì)胞,占總體80%~90%。作為定居在肝中的巨噬細(xì)胞,枯否細(xì)胞是脂多糖最主要的靶向細(xì)胞。正常的枯否細(xì)胞沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到TLR4 mRNA的表達(dá),在用四氯化碳造模2周后,枯否細(xì)胞表面的TLR4表達(dá)開(kāi)始增加,于第4周和第6周達(dá)到頂峰。并且研究認(rèn)為,導(dǎo)致枯否細(xì)胞表面TLR4表達(dá)的增加可能是由于來(lái)源于腸道的脂多糖的調(diào)節(jié)作用[4]。受到脂多糖刺激的枯否細(xì)胞能通過(guò)TLR4的介導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生大量的炎性因子如腫瘤壞死因子α和纖維化因子如轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β及血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子等,這些細(xì)胞因子會(huì)促進(jìn)肝星狀細(xì)胞的活化,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肝纖維化[8]。Chen等[9-10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂多糖與枯否細(xì)胞表面的TLR4結(jié)合后,還能促進(jìn)髓細(xì)胞上表達(dá)的觸發(fā)受體1(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1,TREM-1)和 TREM-3 的表達(dá)。而這兩個(gè)表達(dá)于枯否細(xì)胞表面的蛋白能進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)枯否細(xì)胞對(duì)脂多糖的炎癥反應(yīng),如TREM-1能介導(dǎo)由脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的氮氧化物合酶2的表達(dá)。
樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞是具有很強(qiáng)抗原提呈功能的專(zhuān)職抗原提呈細(xì)胞,它是肝免疫反應(yīng)的主要啟動(dòng)者。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝組織中的2種不同類(lèi)型的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞即髓系樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞和淋巴系樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞均表達(dá)低水平的TLR4 mRNA[11]。與脾來(lái)源的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞相比,肝組織中的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞需要更高的脂多糖起始濃度才能引起樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞對(duì)脂多糖的反應(yīng)[12]。這可能是正常肝對(duì)脂多糖產(chǎn)生耐受的機(jī)制之一。肝受到損傷后,肝中的脂多糖增加,樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞表面的TLR4表達(dá)也增加。樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞能通過(guò)其表面的脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的腫瘤壞死因子α增強(qiáng)肝星狀細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞以及T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)肝纖維化[13]。在受到脂多糖的反復(fù)刺激后,樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞還能通過(guò)產(chǎn)生IL-10誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞亞群的分化,降低肝的免疫反應(yīng)性,促進(jìn)其對(duì)脂多糖的免疫耐受[14]。也有研究認(rèn)為,樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞能減輕四氯化碳引起的肝纖維化程度。此外,在肝損傷停止后,樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞還能通過(guò)增加基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9的生成促進(jìn)肝纖維化的逆轉(zhuǎn)[15]。
研究表明,肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在受到脂多糖的刺激后,能通過(guò)TLR4介導(dǎo)的MyD88依賴(lài)性信號(hào)通路,增加基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2的生成以促進(jìn)其分解基質(zhì)膜的能力,進(jìn)而提高其侵襲能力,最終促進(jìn)肝纖維化過(guò)程中的血管生成[16]。同樣,脂多糖與肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表面的TLR4受體結(jié)合后,會(huì)促進(jìn)TREM-1和TREM-3的表達(dá)[9-10]。另外,用脂多糖反復(fù)刺激肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞后,肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞會(huì)對(duì)脂多糖產(chǎn)生耐受性,這種現(xiàn)象有利于肝對(duì)炎癥反應(yīng)的控制,進(jìn)而有利于肝纖維化的逆轉(zhuǎn)[17]。
肝星狀細(xì)胞也是肝非實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的一員,它是引起肝纖維化的主要細(xì)胞,它的活化是肝纖維化的中心環(huán)節(jié)[1]。傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為,肝星狀細(xì)胞是受到枯否細(xì)胞表面脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子的刺激而活化的,即肝星狀細(xì)胞是受到脂多糖/TLR4的間接調(diào)控。事實(shí)上,肝星狀細(xì)胞是受到自身表面的脂多糖/TLR4的直接調(diào)控。靜止的肝星狀細(xì)胞只表達(dá)低水平的TLR4,不表達(dá)CD14和髓樣分化蛋白2。活化的肝星狀細(xì)胞中TLR4,CD14以及髓樣分化蛋白2的表達(dá)均明顯增加[18]。脂多糖能通過(guò)肝星狀細(xì)胞表面的TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),活化NF-κB和c-Jun氨基端激酶,促進(jìn)炎性因子IL-8、單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1、細(xì)胞間黏附分子1和血管細(xì)胞黏附分子1的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)肝的炎癥反應(yīng),最終促進(jìn)肝纖維化[18]。轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β是重要的促進(jìn)肝星狀細(xì)胞活化的細(xì)胞因子。Teratani等[19]認(rèn)為,脂多糖還能通過(guò)肝星狀細(xì)胞表面的TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β的仿真受體Bambi,增強(qiáng)肝星狀細(xì)胞對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β的敏感性以促進(jìn)肝纖維化。此外,脂多糖還能通過(guò)促進(jìn)肝星狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生纖連蛋白以進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移和促血管生成能力[20]??莘窦?xì)胞是脂多糖主要的靶細(xì)胞,它的主要作用是作為轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β最主要的來(lái)源細(xì)胞來(lái)促進(jìn)肝星狀細(xì)胞的活化,即枯否細(xì)胞只是通過(guò)其表面的脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)間接促進(jìn)肝纖維化。事實(shí)上,肝星狀細(xì)胞才是主要的通過(guò)脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)直接促進(jìn)肝纖維化的細(xì)胞[21]。
肝細(xì)胞屬于肝實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞,能吸收脂多糖,并且通過(guò)將其分泌到膽汁中而使其從體循環(huán)和門(mén)靜脈中消除[22]。研究者在來(lái)源于人的肝細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)到了TLR4 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá),并且肝細(xì)胞受到脂多糖的刺激后,其表面的TLR4表達(dá)增加[23-24]。Scott等[25]認(rèn)為,肝細(xì)胞可通過(guò)產(chǎn)生脂多糖結(jié)合蛋白來(lái)增強(qiáng)肝非實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞對(duì)脂多糖的反應(yīng)。另外,肝細(xì)胞通過(guò)脂多糖/TLR4的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的干擾素能通過(guò)旁分泌途徑提高肝單核細(xì)胞如枯否細(xì)胞的抗炎因子IL-10的表達(dá),降低炎性因子的生成如腫瘤壞死因子α的表達(dá),進(jìn)而減輕肝纖維化[26]。
綜上所述,脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)通路在肝纖維化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中有重要作用。特別是肝星狀細(xì)胞表面脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)通路的發(fā)現(xiàn),為以肝星狀細(xì)胞為靶標(biāo)治療肝纖維化提供了又一新思路。針對(duì)脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)通路的干預(yù)將成為防治肝纖維化新的靶點(diǎn)。目前,也有采用TLR4信號(hào)通路中的關(guān)鍵蛋白MyD88的抑制劑ST2825用于肝損傷動(dòng)物模型的研究,研究結(jié)果表明此抑制劑有較好的療效[27]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從白樺樹(shù)提取的某種活性成分BA能抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號(hào)通路,顯示了顯著的抗肝纖維化作用[28]。隨著人們對(duì)TLR4信號(hào)通路的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),針對(duì)此信號(hào)通路的藥物研究也將成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn),且將為防治肝纖維化帶來(lái)新的突破。
但是,不可否認(rèn),目前對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)尚不夠全面。比如,脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)通路與其他通路之間存在怎樣的相互作用關(guān)系,它們是通過(guò)什么途徑來(lái)共同影響肝纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。除此之外,脂多糖/TLR4信號(hào)通路的出現(xiàn)無(wú)疑是把“雙刃劍”,肝細(xì)胞通過(guò)脂多糖/TLR4的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)對(duì)肝纖維化存在促進(jìn)作用的同時(shí)也存在抑制作用,故通過(guò)這一通路治療肝纖維化的治療手段有待對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步的探索和思考。
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