劉麗娟,李建中,付彥彪,田彥文
(東北大學(xué) 材料與冶金學(xué)院,沈陽(yáng) 110819)
酸性含砷冶金廢水中鐵的回收
劉麗娟,李建中,付彥彪,田彥文
(東北大學(xué) 材料與冶金學(xué)院,沈陽(yáng) 110819)
以(NH4)2HPO4作為沉淀劑,通過(guò)選擇性沉淀,進(jìn)行酸性含砷冶金廢水回收鐵及砷鐵分離研究,考察了pH、攪拌速度、溫度、磷鐵摩爾比等因素對(duì)鐵的回收及砷鐵有效分離的影響,得到合適的工藝條件為:pH 2.0,攪拌速度500 r·min-1,溫度50℃,磷鐵比n(P)/n(Fe)為3.5.此條件下鐵的回收率99.83%,液相中砷的存留率98.64%,實(shí)現(xiàn)了鐵的回收和砷鐵的有效分離.
含砷廢水;鐵回收;(NH4)2HPO4
隨著我國(guó)黃金工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,易處理金礦資源已面臨危機(jī),有勘探結(jié)果的難處理金礦資源已達(dá)到總金礦資源的30%以上,如何開(kāi)發(fā)利用這類(lèi)難處理金礦是我國(guó)黃金行業(yè)迫在眉睫的任務(wù).生物氧化提金技術(shù)是難處理金礦資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用的有效工藝之一[1~2],但是此工藝過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量有毒的酸性含砷廢液,直接排放會(huì)嚴(yán)重污染環(huán)境.目前國(guó)內(nèi)外主要采用石灰-鐵鹽法[3~5]對(duì)含砷廢液進(jìn)行無(wú)害化處理,這種方法產(chǎn)生大量廢渣,浪費(fèi)人力物力,且鐵、硫、砷等有價(jià)元素白白浪費(fèi)掉.探索經(jīng)濟(jì)合理、技術(shù)可行的含砷生物氧化提金廢液的綜合治理工藝,具有重要的實(shí)際意義.
磷酸鐵是一種重要的礦物類(lèi)物質(zhì),有很廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,不僅可以作為催化劑制取磷酸[6]、作防銹漆[7],在農(nóng)業(yè)、陶瓷玻璃、鋼鐵、表面鈍化和離子交換等領(lǐng)域也有一定的應(yīng)用.非晶態(tài)的磷酸鐵還是一種優(yōu)良的生物材料,具有良好的生物兼容性和可降解性.磷酸鐵也是制備鋰離子二次電池正極材料磷酸鐵鋰的原材料[8~9].本文以某企業(yè)的生物氧化提金廢液為原料,通過(guò)選擇性沉淀,進(jìn)行酸性含砷廢水回收鐵及砷鐵分離研究,分離后的固相磷酸鐵作為制備鋰離子電池正極材料磷酸鐵鋰的原料,液相作為下一步回收砷的原料.此類(lèi)研究結(jié)果,國(guó)內(nèi)外尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道.
根據(jù)有關(guān)熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)可知[10~12]
由式(1)、式(2)可知,磷酸鐵在溶液中的溶度積很低,其與FeAsO4的溶度積相差很大,只要合適地控制磷酸根濃度、反應(yīng)溫度、轉(zhuǎn)速及溶液的pH值,即可使生物氧化提金廢液中的鐵以磷酸鐵形式選擇性地沉淀,而砷留在溶液中,實(shí)現(xiàn)鐵的回收及砷鐵的有效分離.
實(shí)驗(yàn)主要原料為酸性含砷生物氧化提金廢液(某企業(yè)提供),其pH值為0.5~1.1,主要成分如表1所示.
表1 含砷廢液成分(質(zhì)量濃度)Table 1 Composition of the arsenic waste water g·L-1
本實(shí)驗(yàn)以飽和磷酸氫二銨[(NH4)2HPO4]溶液為沉淀劑進(jìn)行選擇性沉淀鐵,反應(yīng)過(guò)程中,以酸度計(jì)監(jiān)測(cè)并通過(guò)氨水或硫酸控制反應(yīng)所需的pH值,主要考察pH值、反應(yīng)溫度、攪拌速度及磷鐵比n(P)/n(Fe)等工藝參數(shù)對(duì)鐵回收率和液相中砷存留率的影響.反應(yīng)結(jié)束后,進(jìn)行固液分離,鐵進(jìn)入固相,砷則留在液相;液相用于進(jìn)一步回收砷.采用重鉻酸鉀滴定法[13]和快速碘量法[14]分別測(cè)定濾液中的鐵和砷的含量,計(jì)算鐵回收率ηFe及液相中砷的存留率ηAs,以表征鐵的回收及砷鐵分離效果.
鐵回收率及液相中砷存留率的計(jì)算公式為
式中:V1為反應(yīng)廢液的體積,L;V2為固液分離后的濾液體積,L;F1為反應(yīng)廢液中鐵的質(zhì)量濃度,g·L-1;F2為固液分離后的濾液中鐵的質(zhì)量濃度,g·L-1;A1為反應(yīng)廢液中砷的質(zhì)量濃度,g·L-1;A2為固液分離后的濾液中砷的質(zhì)量濃度,g·L-1.
由圖1可知,反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)pH值對(duì)鐵的回收及砷鐵分離影響較大,隨pH的增大,鐵的回收率和液相中砷的存留率都呈先增大后減小的趨勢(shì),pH為2.0時(shí)鐵的回收率最大,液相中砷的存留率也最高.這是由于pH較小時(shí)生成的產(chǎn)物會(huì)部分溶解[6,7],F(xiàn)e3+不能沉淀完全,過(guò)大會(huì)有Fe(OH)3雜質(zhì)生成,且對(duì)砷酸根吸附增強(qiáng),都會(huì)影響鐵的回收和砷鐵分離效果.
圖1 pH對(duì)鐵回收率和液相中砷存留率的影響Fig.1 Effect of pH on recovery of iron and residual ratio of arsenic in liquid phase
由圖2可知,溫度對(duì)鐵的回收率和液相中砷存留率的影響相同,都呈先增大后減小的趨勢(shì),溫度為50℃時(shí),砷鐵分離效果較好.這是因?yàn)樯闪姿徼F的反應(yīng)為吸熱反應(yīng),砷的脫附也為吸熱反應(yīng),溫度升高有利于反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,低溫條件Fe(OH)3也不易轉(zhuǎn)化為FePO4[7],隨著反應(yīng)的繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,磷酸鐵要進(jìn)行結(jié)晶,結(jié)晶是放熱過(guò)程,溫度過(guò)高,反而對(duì)總效果不利.
圖2 溫度對(duì)鐵回收率和液相中砷存留率的影響Fig.2 Effect of temperature on recovery of iron and residual ratio of arsenic in liquid phase
由圖3可知,隨著攪拌速度的增大,鐵的回收率和液相中砷存留率的都呈現(xiàn)先增大后略減的趨勢(shì),攪拌速度500 r·min-1時(shí),鐵的回收率及液相中砷的存留率均最大.這是因?yàn)閿嚢杷俣仍龃髸r(shí),反應(yīng)離子間相互接觸更加頻繁,有利于FePO4·xH2O晶粒的生成和長(zhǎng)大,F(xiàn)ePO4·xH2O粒徑大及攪拌速度增大,都對(duì)砷酸根的吸附不利,所以液相中砷存留率增大;但攪拌速度過(guò)大時(shí),大晶粒易被打碎,粒徑小,砷酸根的吸附增強(qiáng),液相中砷存留率降低.
圖3 攪拌速度對(duì)鐵回收率和液相中砷存留率的影響
Fig.3 Effect of stirring speed on recovery of iron and residual ratio of arsenic in liquid phase
由圖4可知,磷鐵比對(duì)鐵回收率的影響不大,但對(duì)砷的存留率影響非常大,磷鐵比增大,液相中砷的存留率迅速增大,磷鐵比3.5時(shí),液相中砷的存留率最大,磷鐵比高于3.5后,砷存留率趨穩(wěn)定.這是因?yàn)樯樗岣自贔ePO4表面吸附,當(dāng)磷酸根過(guò)量大時(shí),磷酸根優(yōu)先吸附,包圍FePO4顆粒,阻止砷酸根的吸附[15,16].考慮成本,磷鐵比以3.5為宜.
綜上,選擇為pH為2、溫度為50℃、攪拌速度為500 r·min-1和磷鐵比為3.5的回收鐵及砷鐵分離的合適工藝條件.在此條件下,作驗(yàn)證性實(shí)驗(yàn)得到鐵的回收率達(dá)99.83%,液相中砷的存留率為98.64%.
制備的FePO4·xH2O,600℃煅燒一定時(shí)間所得產(chǎn)物的XRD譜圖如圖5所示.與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖譜(PDFNO.29-715)比較可知,兩個(gè)譜圖的衍射峰的位置基本一致,圖中未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他的雜質(zhì)峰,峰型較尖銳,說(shuō)明所得產(chǎn)物晶型發(fā)育良好.
回收鐵及砷鐵分離的合適工藝條件是pH為 2.0、溫度為50℃、攪拌速度為500 r·min-1和磷鐵比為3.5.此條件下鐵的回收率為99.83%,液相中砷的存留率為98.64%;實(shí)現(xiàn)了酸性含砷廢水中鐵的充分回收及砷鐵的有效分離,為下一步回收砷及鐵的高值化利用創(chuàng)造了條件.
[1]李哲浩,呂春玲,劉曉紅,等.黃金工業(yè)廢水治理技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)[J].黃金,2007,11(28):43-46.
(Li Zhe-h(huán)ao,Lü Chun-ling,Liu Xiao-h(huán)ong,et al.Current status and developing trend of wastewater disposal in gold industry[J].Gold,2007,11(28):43-46.)
[2]韓曉光,郭普金,具滋范.生物氧化提金技術(shù)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐[J].黃金,2006,10(27):38-41.
(Han Xiao-guang,Guo Pu-jin,Ju Zi-fan.Industrial practice of bio-oxidization gold recovery technique[J].Gold,2006,10(27):38-41.)
[3]Chien-Jen Shih,Cheng-Fang Lin.Arsenic contam inated site atan aban - doned copper smelter plantwaste characterization and solidification/stabilization treatment[J].Chemosphere,2003,53(7):691-703.
[4]Song S,Lopez-Valdivieso A,Hernandez-CamposD J,et al.Arsenic removal from high- arsenic water by enhanced coagulation with ferric ions and coarse calcite[J].Water Research,2006,40(2):364-372.
[5]楊潔,顧海紅,趙浩,等.含砷廢水處理技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展[J].工業(yè)水處理,2003(6):14-18.
(Yang Jie,Gu Hai-h(huán)ong,Zhao Hao,et al.Review of arsenic-contaminated wastewater treatment[J].Industrial Water Treatment,2003(6):14-18.)
[6]李仕輝,范雪娥,郭金波.基于磷酸鐵濕法制取磷酸的研究[J].科技資訊,2007(31):8.
(Li Shi-h(huán)ui,F(xiàn)an Xue-e,Guo Jin-bo.Study of wet phosphoric acid preparation based on iron phosphate[J].Science&Technology Information,2007(31):8.)
[7]馬廣成,丁士文,李青,等.正磷酸鐵的合成及其性能研究[J].河北大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),1993,13(4):54-57.
(Ma Guang-cheng,Ding Shi-wen,Li Qing,et al.Studies on synthesis and properties of iron(Ⅲ)phosphate[J].Journal of Hebei University,1993,13(4):54-57.)
[8]甘暉,連錦明,賴(lài)忠泉,等.影響水合磷酸鐵充放電性能的兩個(gè)因素[J].吉林化工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2003,20(4):43-45.
(GAN Hui,LIAN Jin-ming,LAI Zhong-quan,et al.Two influencing factors of charge/discharge performances of ferric phosphate hydrate[J].Journal of Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology,2003,20(4):43-45.)
[9]鄭俊超,李海新,王志興,等.制備過(guò)程pH對(duì)FePO4· xH2O及LiFePO4性能的影響[J].中國(guó)有色金屬學(xué)報(bào),2008,18(5):867-872.
(ZHENG Jun-chao,LI Xin-h(huán)ai,WANG Zhi-xing,et al.Effect of pH value on performance of FePO4·xH2O and LiFePO4in synthesis process[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2008,18(5):867-872.)
[10]楊顯萬(wàn),邱定藩.濕法冶金[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1998:135-145.
(YANG Xian-wan,QIU Ding-pan.Hydrometallurgy[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,1998:135-145.)
[11]鐘竹前,梅光貴.有色冶煉[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1982:28-3.
(ZHONG Zhu-qian,MEI Guang-gui.Non-ferrous smelting[M].Beijing:M etallurgical Industry Press,1982: 28-32.)
[12]賈之慎.無(wú)機(jī)及分析化學(xué)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008:408-409.
(JIA Zhi-shen.Inorganic and analytical chemistry[M].Beijing:Academic Press,2008:408-409.)
[13]鞍鋼鋼鐵研究所,沈陽(yáng)鋼鐵研究所.實(shí)用冶金分析[M].沈陽(yáng):遼寧科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1990:409.
(Iron and Steel Institute of Angang,Iron and Steel Institute of Shengyang.Practical metallurgical analysis[M].Shengyang: Science and Technology Press of Liao Ning,1990:409.)
[14]鐘正美.快速碘量法測(cè)定微量砷[J].鈾礦冶,1986(03).
(Zhong Zheng-mei.Rapid iodimetric microdetermination of arsenic[J].Uranium Mining and Metallurgy,1986(03).
[15]Ivan Carabante,Mattias Grahn,Allan Holmgren,et al.Insitu ATR-FTIR studies on the competitive adsorption of arsenate and phosphate on ferrihydrite[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2010(351):523-531.
[16]Yan Gao,Alfonso Mucci.Acid base reactions,phosphate and arsenate complexation and their competitive adsorption at the surface of goethite in 0.7 M NaCl solution[J].Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,2001,65(14):2361-2387.
Recovery of iron from the acid waste water containing arsenic
LIU Li-juan,LI Jian-zhong,F(xiàn)U Yan-biao,TIAN Yan-wen
(School of Materials and Metallurgy,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China)
Recovery of iron and separation of arsenic from the acid waste water containing arsenic were studied by using diammonium hydrogen phosphate as a precipitator through selective precipitation.The effects of pH,stirring speed,temperature and the ratio of phosphorus to iron on the recovery of iron and separation of arsenic were inspected.The optimal conditions were determined as follows:pH is2.0,stirring speed is500 r·min-1,temperature is 50℃,the ratio of phosphorus to iron is3.5.The recovery ratio of iron is99.83%,the residual ratio of arsenic in liquid phase is 98.64%.Under these conditions,effective recovery of iron and separation of arsenic are realized.
arsenic wastewate;iron recovery;(NH4)2HPO4
TF 111.3
A
1671-6620(2012)01-0075-04
2011-11-08.
國(guó)家重大科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化項(xiàng)目 (2060403).
劉麗娟 (1987—),女,東北大學(xué)碩士研究生,E-mail:liulijuan192722@163.com;田彥文 (1946—),女,東北大學(xué)教授,博士生導(dǎo)師.