遼寧省丹東市中心醫(yī)院胸心外科(118002) 曹忠良
早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期診斷、早期治療是提高肺癌長期生存率的關(guān)鍵。近年來,應(yīng)用低劑量螺旋CT檢查,篩查出表現(xiàn)為磨玻璃樣密度影(GGO)的早期肺癌。如何恰當(dāng)評估,何時(shí)以及如何處理GGO是胸外科醫(yī)生面臨的重要課題。
GGO指CT影像上表現(xiàn)為密度輕度增加、呈局灶性云霧狀密度陰影,陰影內(nèi)血管和支氣管紋理清晰可辨[1]。GGO是一種非特異性表現(xiàn),病理基礎(chǔ)為肺泡內(nèi)氣體減少,細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多,肺泡上皮細(xì)胞增生,肺泡間隔增厚和終末氣道部分充填。GGO可以是彌漫性的,最常見的為非典型肺炎、肺挫傷、間質(zhì)纖維化。各種原因如炎癥、纖維化、不典型腺瘤樣增生和早期肺癌(特別是細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌)可造成肺內(nèi)局限性(fGGO)改變。根據(jù)病灶內(nèi)是否存在實(shí)質(zhì)性成分分為單純型(pGGO)或混合型(mGGO)兩種。pGGO病變完全呈磨玻璃樣改變,在CT縱隔窗像不顯示,其中不典型腺瘤樣增生CT上表現(xiàn)為pGGO,因?yàn)樗欠伟┑陌┣安∽僛2],應(yīng)引起大家關(guān)注。mGGO的中央呈實(shí)質(zhì)性,周圍為磨玻璃樣改變,有時(shí)可發(fā)現(xiàn)典型的腫瘤內(nèi)部血管生成改變,提示腫瘤倍增時(shí)間縮短,并可能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[3]。實(shí)際上,pGGO和mGGO是病程中不同階段的表現(xiàn)。
影像學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的GGO如何確診對臨床醫(yī)生是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。Henschke等[4]針對持續(xù)存在的局限性GGO的研究顯示,18%的pGGO最終確診為支氣管肺泡癌或混合型腺癌,而mGGO確診為支氣管肺泡癌或混合型腺癌的比例為63%。由于研究對象的不同,不同文章報(bào)道的以上數(shù)據(jù)相差較大[5-6]。肺癌篩查各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均無異常,盡管有人提出,表現(xiàn)為GGO的早期肺癌其癌胚抗原(CEA)可能升高,但報(bào)道不一[7]。以GGO為表現(xiàn)的病變代謝率不高,故PET-CT對其鑒別診斷亦無幫助[8]。
何時(shí)需要進(jìn)行有創(chuàng)檢查明確診斷?目前較為統(tǒng)一的意見是:對于mGGO出現(xiàn)典型腫瘤微血管征或支氣管充氣征,應(yīng)盡快行有創(chuàng)檢查明確診斷。對pGGO,如CT表現(xiàn)邊界不清楚,形狀不規(guī)則時(shí)考慮良性病變的可能性大,而當(dāng)CT表現(xiàn)邊界清楚,形狀規(guī)則并呈放射狀生長時(shí)考慮惡性病變的可能性大[9-11]。Kohno等[12]認(rèn)為,直徑<10mm 的病灶可行規(guī)范抗炎治療,如病灶變淡、消散,提示炎性病變。若GGO保持不變超過2個(gè)月,有必要進(jìn)行CT指引下穿刺活檢,陽性預(yù)測值為97%,陰性預(yù)測值為75%。Kang等[13]于術(shù)前在CT指引下將魚鉤形穿刺針置入病灶同時(shí)注入碘油,并應(yīng)用針孔式內(nèi)鏡對病灶進(jìn)行切除,取得較好效果。Kim等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),表現(xiàn)為GGO的細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌生長緩慢,對18例表現(xiàn)為GGO的多發(fā)細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌患者僅行部分病灶切除,剩余病灶進(jìn)行密切的高分辨率CT隨訪,隨訪40.3個(gè)月后,所有病灶竟然均無增大。Park等[15]的研究在隨訪24個(gè)月后亦得出相似結(jié)論,故經(jīng)抗炎治療后密切隨訪2個(gè)月并不會延誤患者的治療時(shí)機(jī)。若隨診期間GGO直徑增大,出現(xiàn)實(shí)體成分,CT顯示為強(qiáng)化結(jié)節(jié)或出現(xiàn)腫瘤微血管征,應(yīng)行有創(chuàng)檢查。
對于表現(xiàn)為GGO的早期肺癌,應(yīng)行局部切除還是肺葉切除?是否需要清掃淋巴結(jié)?這些問題目前尚均無定論。GGO為早期病變,首選微創(chuàng)手術(shù)??上刃行厍荤R探查,若病灶位于肺表面,即經(jīng)電視胸腔鏡(VATS)直接處理。病灶在肺實(shí)質(zhì)深部,VATS難以確切定位,可采用胸部小切口,以手指觸摸確定病灶。確定病灶后,先行局部切除,快速冰凍病理檢查。若報(bào)告為良性病變或不典型腺瘤樣增生,局部切除或較大范圍的楔形切除即可。日本學(xué)者的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著GGO內(nèi)實(shí)體成分的增加,病變的侵襲性隨之增加,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性也隨之增高[16-17],Infante等[9]的研究顯 示,pGGO 肺 段切除的同時(shí)行淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)可取得與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肺葉切除術(shù)相當(dāng)?shù)闹委熜Ч?,若肺段切除有困難或GGO內(nèi)實(shí)體成分>50%時(shí),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肺葉切除術(shù)是推薦的手術(shù)方式。多發(fā)GGO可行多個(gè)楔形切除治療。Ichiki等[18]對35例直徑<10mm,或雖直徑10~20mm,但GGO內(nèi)實(shí)體成分<50%且無胸膜凹陷的肺小腺癌行局部切除,如術(shù)中冰凍提示病灶分型為Noguchi A型或B型者僅行肺段或楔形切除,術(shù)后5年生存率為100.00%,無腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。Yamada等[19]對29例直徑≤20mm的以GGO為表現(xiàn)的的細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌行VATS下楔形切除,術(shù)后隨訪29.3個(gè)月,生存率為100.00%,未見腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。而對于GGO中實(shí)性成分超過50%的病灶,即可能有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[20-21]。Shi等[22]通過對185例直徑≤20mm 的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),直徑≤10mm的以GGO為表現(xiàn)的NSCLC患者,均無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,術(shù)后5年生存率為94.74%,無腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),而直徑>10mm的NSCLC患者均有不同程度的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,故有必要進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)。Yoshida等[23]對24例表現(xiàn)為GGO的細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌患者行局部切除,術(shù)后隨訪5年均未見腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),但3例以mGGO為表現(xiàn)的Noguchi B型患者于5年之后在切緣處再次發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶,切除病灶并進(jìn)行病理學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1例為新發(fā)病灶,1例為針道種植,僅1例可疑為復(fù)發(fā)。以上研究病例數(shù)較少,病例隨診時(shí)間較短,尚難作出肯定性結(jié)論,還需要大樣本、前瞻性的研究才能對不同術(shù)式、是否清掃淋巴結(jié)及術(shù)后輔助治療等做出客觀評價(jià)。
有研究人員設(shè)計(jì)對高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群如長期吸煙者定期進(jìn)行低劑量螺旋CT檢查,用以發(fā)現(xiàn)早期肺癌。但吸煙者多發(fā)生鱗癌,且常為中心型,因之篩查陽性率不高,且費(fèi)用不菲。因此界定高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群,并對其定期進(jìn)行體檢,必要時(shí)再進(jìn)行有針對性的低劑量螺旋CT掃描,對于發(fā)現(xiàn)早期周邊型肺癌可能更有意義,也應(yīng)成為未來的研究方向。
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