侯俊財(cái) 江連洲 王 芳 張春偉
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品學(xué)院1,哈爾濱 150030)
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)國家大豆工程技術(shù)研究中心2,哈爾濱 150030)
深度油炸對食用油中反式亞油酸含量的影響
侯俊財(cái)1,2江連洲1,2王 芳1張春偉1
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品學(xué)院1,哈爾濱 150030)
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)國家大豆工程技術(shù)研究中心2,哈爾濱 150030)
選用我國消費(fèi)最普遍的壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油為試驗(yàn)材料,研究不同大豆油經(jīng)反復(fù)油炸對反式亞油酸含量的影響及其含量隨油炸次數(shù)增加的變化規(guī)律。試驗(yàn)分為2組,反復(fù)油炸40次,每炸5次采集1次油樣,每組測定3個(gè)重復(fù)。薯?xiàng)l油炸溫度為180~185℃,油炸時(shí)間為32 h。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中總反式亞油酸含量分別為0.18 g/100 g和0.08 g/100 g,前者極顯著高于后者(P=0.001),9-cis,12-trans C18:2和9-trans,12-cis C18:2是2種大豆油中主要的反式亞油酸。深度油炸極顯著提高大豆油中反式亞油酸含量(P=0.000),在反復(fù)油炸40次后,壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中總反式亞油酸含量分別為1.11 g/100 g和0.68 g/100 g,且前者極顯著高于后者(P=0.008)。壓榨油反式亞油酸經(jīng)油炸增加幅度高于三級浸提大豆油。
大豆油 深度油炸 反式脂肪酸 反式亞油酸
反式脂肪酸(trans fatty acids,TFA)主要來源于氫化油和反芻動(dòng)物乳和肉[1-2]。深度油炸也是其主要來源之一[3-5]。然而,流行病學(xué)調(diào)查研究表明TFA攝入與冠心病有關(guān)[6]。也證明其能提高血液中LDL - 膽固醇和降低 HDL - 膽固醇濃度[7-8]。
油炸不僅是現(xiàn)代食品工業(yè)的主要加工工序,也是家庭食品烹調(diào)常用方式之一,尤其是快餐食品加工的必備工序。國內(nèi)已對煎炸油中極性化合物的生成、油炸過程與油炸食品品質(zhì)的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系以及煎炸油及其加熱產(chǎn)生的極性物質(zhì)致突變性進(jìn)行了研究[9-11],但國內(nèi)對深度反復(fù)油炸對反式脂肪酸影響及變化規(guī)律報(bào)道較少,對反式亞油酸影響更是鮮有報(bào)道。因此,本研究擬以壓榨大豆油和三級浸提油為原料,研究深度油炸對食用油中反式亞油酸含量的影響,以便為今后的油炸食品中反式脂肪酸控制提供理論指導(dǎo)和技術(shù)支持。
1.1 材料與儀器
反式亞油酸異構(gòu)體甲酯混和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品:美國Supelco公司;壓榨大豆油、三級浸提大豆油和薯?xiàng)l:哈爾濱市超市;甲醇、氫氧化鈉、無水硫酸鈉:均為分析純:三氟化硼、乙醚:均為化學(xué)純。
氣相色譜儀6890N:美國安捷倫公司;CP Sil 88(100 m ×0.25 mm ×0.2 μm)毛細(xì)管柱:美國 Varian公司;油炸鍋:XW-80A型漩渦混合器:上海醫(yī)科大學(xué)儀器廠;氮吹儀:上海醫(yī)用分析儀器廠。
1.2 油炸方法
每種大豆油設(shè)3個(gè)重復(fù),油炸溫度為180~185℃,油炸時(shí)間總計(jì)32 h,分4 d完成,每天油炸8 h。每天油炸前預(yù)熱1 h,預(yù)熱溫度為180~185℃,每次油炸50 g薯?xiàng)l,油炸時(shí)間為3~4 min,油炸間隔時(shí)間為30 min,每天油炸10次,油炸次數(shù)總計(jì)40次。
1.3 采樣方法
每炸5次采集油樣1次,油樣用濾紙過濾,去除雜質(zhì)。取5 mL油樣放于-80℃冰箱用于分析脂肪酸組成。
1.4 脂肪酸分析
脂肪酸甲酯制備參照Liu等[12]方法,脂肪酸分析方法參照Bansal等[5],樣品中反式亞油酸的識(shí)別參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析
數(shù)據(jù)是3個(gè)重復(fù)的平均值,數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS13.0的Duncan多重比價(jià)方法,顯著水平為P<0.05。
2.1 色譜分析條件優(yōu)化
亞油酸4種異構(gòu)體得到了較好的分離,詳見圖1。由圖1可見,4種亞油酸異構(gòu)體出峰順序?yàn)閠rans-9,trans-12 - 十八碳二烯酸甲酯(27.140 min)、cis-9,trans-12 - 十八碳二烯酸甲酯(27.500 min)、trans-9,cis-12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯(27.628 min)和cis-9,cis-12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯(27.853 min)。可見選擇的脂肪酸分離條件適合于本研究。
圖1 脂肪酸甲酯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品氣相色譜圖
2.2 大豆油鮮樣反式亞油酸組成
由表1和表2可知,壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中主要檢出了cis-9,trans-12 C18:2和trans-9,cis-12 C18:2兩種脂肪酸,而 trans-9,trans-12 C18:2沒有檢出,可見 cis-9,trans-12 C18:2和trans-9,cis-12 C18:2是大豆油中主要的反式亞油酸,這與Sebedio等[13]報(bào)道結(jié)果一致。Wallingford等[14]報(bào)道,我國大豆油中含有較高的反式亞油酸(1.8%),與哥斯達(dá)黎加2003年報(bào)道數(shù)據(jù)(1.7%)相似。而本研究測得的壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中總反式亞油酸含量分別為0.18 g/100 g和0.08 g/100 g(表1和表2),低于上面測定的結(jié)果,說明我國的大豆油加工企業(yè)的反式脂肪酸控制技術(shù)得到了顯著提高。另外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)壓榨大豆油總反式亞油酸顯著高于三級浸提大豆油(P=0.001)(圖2a)。
圖2 壓榨油和浸提油中反式亞油酸含量
2.3 反復(fù)油炸對大豆油中反式亞油酸含量的影響
壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油反復(fù)油炸后,反式亞油酸含量變化見表1和表2。由表1和表2可見,壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中反式亞油酸異構(gòu)體含量隨油炸次數(shù)增加呈現(xiàn)顯著增加(P=0.000)。這與Tsuzuki 等[3]、Aladedunye 和 Przybylski[4]和 Bansal等[5]報(bào)道結(jié)果一致。由表1和表2可見,壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中trans-9,trans-12 C18:2由0次油炸到15次油炸期間的增加幅度最大,但在15次到40次增加的幅度很小;而 cis-9,trans-12 C18:2和trans-9,cis-12 C18:2兩種脂肪酸在0次到5次增加的幅度最大,在10次大40次油炸增加幅度偏小。壓榨大豆油經(jīng)反復(fù)油炸40次后 cis-9,trans-12 C18:2和trans-9,cis-12 C18:2分別增加4倍和7倍;而三級浸提大豆油中經(jīng)反復(fù)油炸40次后,cis-9,trans-12 C18:2和 trans-9,cis-12 C18:2 分別增加5倍和14倍。在反復(fù)油炸40次后,壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中總反式亞油酸含量分別為1.11 g/100 g和0.68 g/100 g,且前者極顯著高于后者(P=0.008)(圖2(b))。導(dǎo)致這種原因可能是大豆油提取所采用的壓榨法和浸出法工藝不同所致,因?yàn)椴捎脡赫スに囂崛〉拇蠖褂椭泻械幕瘜W(xué)組分比浸提大豆油復(fù)雜[15],這樣勢必會(huì)加劇反式脂肪酸的生成。
表1 壓榨大豆油經(jīng)反復(fù)油炸后,反式亞油酸含量(g/100 g)的變化
表2 三級有機(jī)溶劑浸提大豆油反復(fù)油炸后,反式亞油酸含量(g/100 g)的變化
壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中總反式亞油酸與反復(fù)油炸次數(shù)線性關(guān)系見圖3。壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油與油炸次數(shù)的決定系數(shù)R2值分別為0.852 6和0.869 0,經(jīng)顯著性檢驗(yàn)大豆油與油炸次數(shù)極顯著相關(guān)(P<0.01),這也充分證明隨著油炸次數(shù)增加與食用油中總反式亞油酸含量增加,且壓榨大豆油中總反式亞油酸增加幅度要比三級浸提大豆油高。
圖3 壓榨油和浸提油中反式亞油酸含量隨油炸次數(shù)增加的變化規(guī)律
cis-9,trans-12 C18:2 和 trans-9,cis-12 C18:2是壓榨大豆油和三級浸提大豆油中主要反式亞油酸;深度油炸極顯著提高壓榨大豆油和三級浸大豆油中總反式亞油酸含量;壓榨油反式亞油酸經(jīng)油炸增加幅度高于三級浸提大豆油。
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Effect of Deep Frying on Trans-linoleic Acid Content in Edible Oil
Hou Juncai1,2Jiang Lianzhou1,2Wang Fang1Zhang Chunwei1
(College of Food,Northeast Agricultural University1,Harbin 150030)
(National Research Soybean Engineering and Technology Center2,Harbin 150030)
With the testing materials of the most common pressed soybean oil and three-level leached soybean oil consumed in our country,the article aims was to research the influence of repeated soybean oil frying on translinoleic acid content and the increasing principles of the content along with oil frying.The testing materials were divided into two groups and fried repeatedly for 40 times.Oil samples were taken for every 5 frying times,and each group was tested for three times.Potato strips were fried intermittently at 180 ~185 ℃ with total frying time of 32 h.It was found that the initial amounts of total trans- linoleic acids were 0.18 g/100 g and 0.08 g/100 g in the pressed soybean oil and the three-level leached soybean oil respectively.The total linoleic acids contents of the pressed soybean oil was significantly higher than that of the three - level leached soybean oil before frying(P=0.001).9 - cis,12 -trans C18:2 and 9 - trans,12 - cis C18:2 were the major trans - linoleic acids in soybean oil.Repeated deep frying significantly enhanced the content of trans- linoleic acids(P=0.000)in soybean oil.After 40 times of repeated frying in oil,the contents of trans- linoleic acids in the pressed soybean oil and the three - level leached soybean oil were respectively 1.11 g/100 g and 0.68 g/100 g,and the former was much higher than the latter(P=0.008).So,after frying,the content of trans-linoleic acids in the pressed soybean oil increased in a larger extent than that in the three-level leached soybean oil.
soybean oil,deep frying,trans fatty acids,trans- linoleic acids
TQ646
A
1003-0174(2012)01-0062-04
863計(jì)劃(2010AA101503),“十一五”國家科技支撐計(jì)劃(2009BADB9B08-1)
2011-03-17
侯俊財(cái),男,1975年出生,博士,副教授,油脂加工
江連洲,男,1958年出生,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,油脂加工和大豆蛋白加工