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嵊泗列島的文化名片

2012-04-29 04:24:23金瑛
文化交流 2012年12期
關鍵詞:嵊泗漁歌漁家

金瑛

浩瀚東海上的浙江嵊泗列島,是一片壯麗而神奇的藍色土地。說壯麗,是因為她有山海奇觀的自然景色;說神奇,是因為她有豐富厚重的文化底蘊。如今,嵊泗縣把漁民畫、海洋風光攝影、漁歌這三張文化名片遞上。

浸蘸海水的揮灑—嵊泗漁民畫

嵊泗漁民畫真率、渾樸、自然。在一幅幅極具想象力的畫作里,流淌著嵊泗列島先民的苦難、勇敢和不屈的意志,呈現(xiàn)出漁家兒女對理想、對生活的美好追求和強烈渴望。

嵊泗的民間繪畫素有傳統(tǒng)。過去,漁民往往請畫師借新船下水或新房落成,在船體上、墻體上描繪大海:獨特的海島地理、奇異的巖礁傳說、豐富的海洋生物、多彩的魚類故事、別樣的漁家風俗……成為一道原生態(tài)的藝術風景線。

為了繼承并發(fā)揚光大這一民間傳統(tǒng),1986年9月,嵊泗縣文化館以美術干部李佛裔、李飛雪為輔導老師,舉辦了一次實驗性的漁民畫培訓班,學員多是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)文化站的管理人員和文娛活動積極分子。通過短短三個月的培訓,他們這些從來沒有拿過畫筆的年輕人,懷揣著祖輩浸潤著海水的夢想,在漁船、房屋上,更在畫紙、畫板、宣傳欄上,通過有趣的構思、夸張的筆法,展現(xiàn)著大海神秘而奇特的魅力,表達著自己對之的熱愛。

嵊泗漁民畫于1987年10月在上海美術館展出,同年12月又在中國美術館破例展出,部分作品被兩館收藏。這宣告嵊泗漁民畫已成為中國現(xiàn)代民間繪畫中獨樹一幟的一個畫種。美術評論家何振志,畫家朱膺、陳創(chuàng)洛等給予了高度評價。畫家沈柔堅說:這是中國現(xiàn)代美術的一種新的、大膽的突破。國內(nèi)各大報紙紛紛對之進行報道,港澳版《中國旅游》、臺灣《雄獅美術》等也相繼刊出介紹文章并選登作品。1988年2月9日,文化部命名嵊泗縣為“中國現(xiàn)代民間繪畫畫鄉(xiāng)”。

一時間,嵊泗漁民畫走出了小島,走向了世界,遠赴日本、法國、德國等國展出,有300余件作品被海外畫商和藝術家購買收藏。

多年來,嵊泗漁民畫中產(chǎn)生代表性影響的作品有盧秀絨的《烏賊夫妻》等。吳章夫打過船、做過漁船老大,他把曾經(jīng)的生活與生產(chǎn)場景擷取到自己的作品中,內(nèi)容大膽肯定,色彩豐富艷麗。龔憶夢是嵊泗漁民畫第二代輔導者,在輔導與創(chuàng)作中帶領新一代作者深入挖掘創(chuàng)作元素,承前啟后。

自2006年起,隨著五龍鄉(xiāng)田岙“東海漁村”旅游項目的動工興建,嵊泗漁民畫再一次被大規(guī)模地搬上漁家墻頭。具有強烈視覺沖擊力的漁民畫,讓游客在體驗海島自然景色、民俗風情的同時,又置身于民間藝術的海洋之中,充分享受美感。如今,田岙又有中國美術學院·嵊泗東海漁村墻體壁畫創(chuàng)作基地和舟山漁民畫創(chuàng)作基地的落戶?!皷|海漁村”借助漁民畫來促動漁家樂旅游的持續(xù)向前發(fā)展。

守望海島的印記—嵊泗風光攝影

嵊泗列島有404座島嶼,它們峰峭異,洞幽邃,灘平遠,而且人文景觀豐富,漁島風景濃郁,有鑒真東渡扶桑時滯留過大悲山,有明代將領侯繼高書寫的“山海奇觀”摩崖石刻,有國家重點文物保護單位、遠東第一大燈塔花鳥燈塔,更有嵊山漁港里如林的桅檣、遮天的船旗和入夜后的萬船火海。這些無不飄逸著濃濃的海洋文化的氣息,講述著生動感人的漁島故事。

嵊泗攝影家創(chuàng)作了無數(shù)嵊泗風光作品。這些包含著自然與人文美景的風光作品,用厚重的內(nèi)涵給人以感官和心靈的愉悅,使人在審美中領略到深刻的來自海洋的訊息,平添無盡情趣。

30多年來,嵊泗的風光攝影作品已有上千幅見諸報刊,近200幅作品獲國際國內(nèi)大獎。其中,《龍舟賽后意闌珊》獲日本第49屆國際攝影沙龍展金牌獎,《97·11號臺風襲擊浙江沿海》和《船工號子》入選全國第8屆“群星獎”和第12屆“群星獎”銅獎,《母親》獲首屆世界華人攝影藝術大賽銅獎,《漁家樂》在中國第10屆國際攝影藝術展中獲國際攝影藝術聯(lián)合會銀牌獎,《傾覆》在中國第11屆國際攝影藝術展中獲國際攝影藝術聯(lián)合會銅牌獎,作品《沖擊浪血礁》獲中國2011上海國際“郎靜山攝影藝術獎”金像獎。土生土長的嵊泗攝影家劉昌明,20世紀70年代末開始自學攝影。多年來,他以海島自然風光、漁民生產(chǎn)、漁家民俗和海島發(fā)展為題材進行創(chuàng)作,形成了自己獨特的藝術風格,得到中國攝影界的關注和認可。他把嵊泗風光攝入鏡頭,向世人展示,先后在北京、上海、杭州等地舉辦個人攝影作品展,并出版風光作品集。2005年,他在北京中國美術館舉辦“美麗的嵊泗列島——劉昌明攝影藝術作品展”,老一輩攝影藝術家徐肖冰、侯波等出席了開幕式。人民日報、新華社、北京電視臺、東方衛(wèi)視等30余家媒體對他的攝影展作了報道。展覽之后,他的《大海巨瀾》《撒在沙灘上的不是夢》等7幅作品被中國美術館收藏,開創(chuàng)了在該館個人攝影作品收藏之最。2006年,文化部文化促進會、國家郵政局聯(lián)合發(fā)行了以他的作品介紹嵊泗風光的專題郵票,被國家博物館、國家郵政博物館、聯(lián)合國兒童基金會和日本、德國等十多個國家駐華使館收藏。

為全面打造“美麗海島”,充分展現(xiàn)家鄉(xiāng)的美麗景色,如陳根信、包仁泉、貝飛存等嵊泗本土攝影家不斷涌現(xiàn),更多的嵊泗風光攝影作品被推向全國,走向世界。

協(xié)和海浪的謳歌—嵊泗漁歌

嵊泗漁歌乃漁民所歌,漁家所歌,是漁民們自發(fā)創(chuàng)造的一種音樂文化。在中國漫長的海岸線上,很多地方有漁歌流傳。在這些千姿百態(tài)、豐富多彩的漁歌當中,嵊泗漁歌以她噴薄而出的生命力自成一格,仿佛發(fā)自靈魂的吶喊,振聾發(fā)聵、動人心魄!

嵊泗列島的廣闊海天是生產(chǎn)漁歌的母體,特殊的自然環(huán)境、生產(chǎn)作業(yè)方式和漁民個性,使?jié)O歌的唱腔和旋律充滿原始的野性、粗獷和細膩的融合以及生命的張力。尤其是漁民號子,那或雄壯高昂、或慷慨低回的旋律,淋漓盡致地表達了漁家漢子自由奔放、頑強奮斗的豪情。這種豪情,是穿越千年歷史、積淀深厚人類情感的漁家史詩,是漁鄉(xiāng)文化的藝術珍寶。

2005年以來,嵊泗縣文廣局花大力氣進行嵊泗漁歌的挖掘、研究與創(chuàng)作,并取得了可喜成績,有十多首新漁歌獲省級、國家級大獎。

為使嵊泗漁歌能夠唱出漁舍唱出船艙,嵊泗本土音樂家舒信虎早在上世紀80年代,就作為一名鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)文化站干部,參加了浙江省民間文化三集成的搜集整理工作。那次搜集,大大豐富了他的知識儲備和生活閱歷,為他以后對嵊泗漁歌的研究和傳承打下了良好的基礎,積累了寶貴的文史資料,如他早期創(chuàng)作的歌曲《捕魚漢子》《船魂》《撿螺歌》等,無一不是贊美家鄉(xiāng)海島的美麗,無一不是反映海島人民勇敢豪爽、純樸厚道的精神,無一不是歌頌海島新漁村欣欣向榮的景象。

2005年后,舒信虎潛心于漁歌文化的挖掘與研究,撰寫了很多具有較高學術價值的研究文章。2007年,他根據(jù)自己多年研究心得和創(chuàng)作實踐,撰寫了近3萬字的學術文章《嵊泗漁歌賞析》,對1000多年來散落在民間、面臨消失的嵊泗漁歌,第一次從理論層面,對它們的形成、特點、社會功能、文化價值等方面進行詳盡的論述,為嵊泗漁文化、為嵊泗人民留下了一筆寶貴的音樂文化財富。

想把嵊泗漁歌打造成一種品牌來加以保護和傳承,除了理論研究以外,更重要的還是要生產(chǎn)出優(yōu)秀的藝術作品來。嵊泗縣文廣局傾力支持打造的小組唱《東西南北風》獲浙江省音樂新作大賽創(chuàng)作金獎、浙江省群星獎、中國西奧夫漁歌邀請賽一等獎;對唱《哥是舢板妹是纜》獲浙江省首屆組唱類歌曲大賽創(chuàng)作銀獎、首屆江浙民歌大賽創(chuàng)作金獎;小組唱《搖櫓謠》獲首屆中國農(nóng)民文藝匯演銀穗獎;表演唱《帶魚煮冬菜》獲浙江省第七屆音樂新作大賽創(chuàng)作金獎、長三角江南風歌曲新作大賽創(chuàng)作金獎;表演唱《我的阿姐囡》獲浙江省第八屆音樂新作大賽創(chuàng)作金獎;小組唱《阿拉舟山人》獲中國海洋歌曲征集評選三等獎等。短短幾年,嵊泗漁歌聲名鵲起,很多媒體、音樂院校慕名前來采訪、采風。與此同時,嵊泗漁歌受邀請演出也越來越多,先后參加了上海國際藝術節(jié)、長三角地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)優(yōu)秀項目展演、浙江省鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)優(yōu)秀文藝節(jié)目展演、江浙滬優(yōu)秀文藝節(jié)目展演等。尤其值得一提的是,《東西南北風》和《哥是舢板妹是纜》兩首漁歌兩次上北京、進央視,參加北京奧運會系列文化活動的展演,讓更多的人知道了舟山漁歌,得到眾多專家的認可和看好,受到廣大中外觀眾的好評。用嵊泗漁歌作為主線而創(chuàng)作的大型海鄉(xiāng)風情歌舞劇《東海謠》更是飛向遠方。

2009年,嵊泗漁歌被列入浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護名錄。

今天,嵊泗這三張文化名片正融入現(xiàn)代意識,以嶄新的面貌出現(xiàn)在世人面前,成為嵊泗對接世界的形象窗口。

(本文照片由作者提供)

Cultural Hallmarks of Shengsi Islands

By Jin Ying

Shengsi Islands, part of Zhoushan Archipelago in East China Sea, are culturally reputed for fishermens painting, scenic photography and fishermens singing.

Fishermens Paintings

Noted for straightforwardness, simplicity and naturalness, the genre reflects the suffering and the unyielding spirit of the past and portrays the longing for a beautiful life of today. Artistic painting goes back to ancient times in Shengsi Islands. In the past, local residents painted beautiful images on fishing ships and external walls of their houses.

The tradition was picked up in September 1986 when the Cultural Center of Shengsi County decided to hold an experimental training course. The participants were cultural workers at township cultural centers and enthusiasts. After three months intensive training, the young amateurs, without any prior experience of painting seriously, were able to create paintings that were so unusual.

Promoted as Shengsi Fishermens Paintings, their works were exhibited at Shanghai Art Museum in October 1987. China Art Gallery made an exception to hold a special exhibition for these young island artists. The exhibition events established Shengsi Fishermens Painting as a sub-genre in modern Chinese folk painting. The best of the exhibits went into the collections of the two art institutions. Critics thought highly of the amateurs bold and imaginative creativity, thinking the art from Shengsi Islands made a breakthrough in the field of modern Chinese art. Media on the Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong covered the two exhibitions extensively and praised the paintings from Shengsi Islands. On February 9, 1988, the Ministry of Culture named Shengsi County as home of Chinese Modern Folk Painting.

Shortly afterwards, the Shengsi Island artists exhibited their works in Japan, France and Germany. More than 300 were bought by collectors and galleries.

Nature Photography

Composed of 404 isles scattered across East China Sea, Shengsi offers a breathtaking array of cliffs, caves, and beaches. Moreover, it boasts a few places of historical and cultural interests such as Great Sorrow Hill where Monk Jianzhen was stranded on his eventful journey to Japan in the Tang Dynasty (618-907), an inscription of four characters by General Hou Jigao carved on a cliff in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), and the largest lighthouse in the Far East. On top of all these scenic spots is Shengshan Fishing Port: a forest of masts and ship banners as well as a sea of lights at night. The islands provide opportunities for photographers. Over the past 30 some years, more than 1,000 photographs of the islands have appeared in the news media and professional publications and nearly 200 have won prestigious photography prizes at national and international level.

Liu Changming, a photographer who was born and brought up in Shengsi, began to study photography in the 1970s. Over years, he has created series of photographs of landscape, fishing, folk customs, and development across the islands. He is widely recognized for his distinct style and subjects. In 2005, he held a solo photo exhibition in China Art Gallery, which was a huge success. The unusual viewpoints received rave reviews in the mainstream media. Seven of the exhibits went into the collection of the gallery and no other photographer had ever been honored this way. In 2006, China Postal Service and Cultural Promotion Association under the Ministry of Culture jointly issued a set of stamps featuring the natural beauty of Shengsi as he photographed. Liu Changming is not the only local photographer that has caught the attention of the outside world. Chen Genxin, Bao Renquan and Bei Feichun are excellent representatives of a new generation of local photographers.

Fishermens Work Songs

As fishing was the economic mainstay of Shengsi Islands for millennia, local residents have sung work songs on ships and at fishing ports. In 2005, the cultural authorities of Shengsi County took serious measures to look into the treasure of local fishermens work songs and create new songs.

The collection work started in the 1980s. Shu Xinfu, a Shengsi native and musician working at a cultural center in a rural town, took part in a provincial project for collecting works of folk arts and crafts. That experience enriched his career and opened his eyes to local fishermens work songs.

Since 2005, Su Xinhu has dug deep into work songs and done theoretical work on the value and appreciation of these folk songs. In 2007, he authored a 30,000-character essay on the fishermens work songs of Shengsi, the 1,000-years-old folk musical tradition that is on the verge of vanishing.

To preserve the tradition and carry it to the future, the local cultural authorities have encouraged musicians to write new-generation fishermens work songs. These songs are no longer confined to the content of fishing and fishing-related work. These new songs are created to reflect a wider range of life on the sea and the islands since the late 1970s when the reform and opening up to the outside world started. Over the last few years, the musical creativity in Shengsi has reaped many awards at competitions at provincial and national level.

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