蔡永明 張春云 申文晉 李 銘 姜 凌 張宗鵬*
(1.天津藥物研究院天津市新藥安全評(píng)價(jià)研究中心,天津 300301;2.天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)研究生院藥物分析學(xué)專業(yè),天津 300193;3.天津藥物研究院釋藥技術(shù)與藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300193)
重組人粒細(xì)胞巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(recombi-nant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,rhGM-CSF)作用于造血祖細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)其增生和分化[1],增強(qiáng)單核細(xì)胞抗原遞呈能力[2],提高粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞抗體依賴細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒[3]。rhGM-CSF臨床用于治療腫瘤病人因放射治療或化學(xué)治療引起的白細(xì)胞減少癥[4];單獨(dú)或與抗真菌藥聯(lián)合使用可增強(qiáng)抗菌作用[5];具有提高免疫、抗炎和促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面愈合功能[6-7]。rhGM-CSF栓經(jīng)陰道局部給藥,擬治療宮頸糜爛。為非臨床安全性評(píng)價(jià)的確切性提供依據(jù),本課題組進(jìn)行了大鼠和Beagle犬的免疫原性試驗(yàn)。
重組人粒細(xì)胞巨噬細(xì)胞刺激因子栓,長春金賽藥業(yè)股份有限公司提供。規(guī)格:①1.5 g/栓(藥物含量分別為0、0.87、3.46 和13.84 mg/g),批號(hào)20060401,用于大鼠給藥;②8.0 g/栓(藥物含量分別為0、0.7、2.8和11.2 mg/g),批號(hào):20060510,用于 Beagle犬給藥。4℃保存。
包被抗原為rhGM-CSF(HPLC純度:99.4%,濃度:1 mg/mL,批號(hào):CG20050901)長春金賽藥業(yè)股份責(zé)任公司提供。大鼠免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin G,IgG)和犬IgG由軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院微生物流行病研究所提供。辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗大鼠IgG,美國SBA公司產(chǎn)品;辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗犬IgG,美國Rockland Immunochemicals公司產(chǎn)品。酶反應(yīng)底物3,3',5,5'-四甲基聯(lián)苯胺(3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine,TMB)和噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)為Sigma產(chǎn)品。TF-1(人紅白血病細(xì)胞)由中國藥品生物制品檢定所提供。RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液為美國Gibco產(chǎn)品。96孔酶標(biāo)板和細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板,均為美國Costar產(chǎn)品。
550型酶標(biāo)微板讀數(shù)儀,美國Bio-red公司產(chǎn)品。Columbus洗板機(jī),奧地利TECAN公司產(chǎn)品。Thermo Scientific Sorvall ST 16R低溫離心機(jī),美國Thermo公司產(chǎn)品。DKB-501A型恒溫水槽,上海精宏實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備有限公司產(chǎn)品。
①雌性SD大鼠(試驗(yàn)開始體質(zhì)量125~145 g)20只,北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司提供,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(京)2002-0003,飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境為屏障系統(tǒng)。②雌性Beagle犬(6~8 kg)24只,安徽阜陽市維光實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK(皖)06-001,全封閉觀察室,單籠飼養(yǎng)。本試驗(yàn)在優(yōu)良規(guī)范(good laboratory practice,GLP)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。
1.5.1 大鼠血清
rhGM-CSF栓大鼠長期毒性試驗(yàn)設(shè)0(賦形劑對(duì)照組)、0.24、0.96及3.84 mg/kg 4個(gè)組,本試驗(yàn)是對(duì)長期毒性試驗(yàn)中每組的5只大鼠定期跟蹤監(jiān)測抗體,包括給藥1、2、3個(gè)月和恢復(fù)1個(gè)月血清樣本。大鼠眼靜脈叢取血約0.8 mL,制備血清,-20℃保存。
1.5.2 Beagle犬血清
rhGM-CSF栓Beagle犬長期毒性試驗(yàn)設(shè)0(賦形劑對(duì)照組)、rhGM-CSF栓 0.07、0.28和1.12 mg/kg 4個(gè)組,每組6只動(dòng)物。于給藥前、給藥期1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月及恢復(fù)期1個(gè)月從前肢隱靜脈采血約2 mL,制備血清,-20℃保存。
將rhGM-CSF(抗原)用 pH 9.6的 Na2CO3-NaHCO3溶液稀釋成10 μg/mL濃度,包被于96孔酶標(biāo)板上,每孔100 μL,4℃過夜。用2% 牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)封閉液37℃封閉2 h后,各孔加入100 μL經(jīng)10倍系列稀釋的待檢血清樣品;同時(shí)設(shè)陽性和陰性對(duì)照孔,37℃孵育1 h。洗滌后每孔加100 μL辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗大鼠IgG(1:10萬)或羊抗犬IgG(1:30萬),37℃再孵育1 h。洗滌后各孔加100 μL酶反應(yīng)底物TMB,37℃反應(yīng)20~25 min。用2 mol/L硫酸50 μL終止反應(yīng),在酶標(biāo)微板讀數(shù)儀上讀取各孔450 nm處的吸光值。
采用TF-1細(xì)胞(人紅白血病細(xì)胞)/MTT(噻唑藍(lán))比色法檢測抗體的中和活性。TF-1細(xì)胞系為rh-GM-CSF依賴型細(xì)胞,只有在rhGM-CSF存在情況下才可存活,若血清產(chǎn)生抗rhGM-CSF的中和抗體,中和了rhGM-CSF活性,則TF-1細(xì)胞不能存活。據(jù)此原理檢測血清產(chǎn)生抗rhGM-CSF抗體的中和活性。在96孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,每孔分別加入用基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)液稀釋濃度至2 ng/mL rhGM-CSF(50 μL),分別取經(jīng)系列稀釋后的血清樣品50 μL,加入上述含有2 ng/mL rhGMCSF 96孔板培養(yǎng)板中,振蕩混合,37℃,作用1 h。然后各孔加入50 μL TF-1細(xì)胞懸液(4.0×105/mL),37℃,5%CO2培養(yǎng) 40~48 h。每孔再加入 20 μL MTT溶液,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。最后加入100 μL裂解液,混勻后,在酶標(biāo)微板讀數(shù)儀上讀取各孔570 nm處的吸光度(參比波長為630 nm)。
以同期賦形劑對(duì)照組動(dòng)物血清標(biāo)本所測得吸光值的2.1倍作為產(chǎn)生抗體的閾值,凡給藥后血清標(biāo)本測得的吸光值大于或等于閾值者,判定為陽性。各劑量組動(dòng)物血清中所測的結(jié)合抗體和中和抗體的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均以抗體滴度對(duì)數(shù)的均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,滿足正態(tài)性分布數(shù)據(jù)用單因素方差分析法進(jìn)行組間比較,同時(shí)進(jìn)行方差齊性檢驗(yàn)(若方差齊性,用LSD法;方差不齊性,用Tamhane's T2法)。不滿足正態(tài)性的數(shù)據(jù)用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)中的多組秩和檢驗(yàn)(Kruskal-Wallis H法)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用交叉表χ2檢驗(yàn),F(xiàn)isher單側(cè)精確檢驗(yàn)(總頻數(shù)N<40)。采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。
2.1.1 大鼠血清樣本測定結(jié)果
抗體監(jiān)測試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在大鼠重復(fù)陰道給予rhGM-CSF栓3個(gè)月的長期毒性試驗(yàn)中,從給藥1個(gè)月(以下簡稱M1)起一直持續(xù)到恢復(fù)期結(jié)束(以下簡稱rM1),0.24、0.96和3.84 mg/kg 3個(gè)劑量組動(dòng)物血清中均能檢測到抗rhGM-CSF的抗體。在給藥2個(gè)月(以下簡稱M2)后抗體強(qiáng)度有逐漸增強(qiáng)的趨勢,并在給藥期3個(gè)月(以下簡稱M3)至恢復(fù)期內(nèi)抗體強(qiáng)度變化不大。在給藥的第1個(gè)月和第2個(gè)月時(shí),高劑量組動(dòng)物血清所檢測到的抗體滴度明顯高于低劑量組和中劑量組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),低、中劑量組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)果詳見表1、表2和圖1。
表1 大鼠重復(fù)陰道給予rhGM-CSF栓后產(chǎn)生抗體的動(dòng)物比例(產(chǎn)生抗體動(dòng)物數(shù)/總動(dòng)物數(shù))Tab.1 The incidence of anti-rhGM-CSF antibodies in rats vaginally administered rhGM-CSF suppository(ratio of positive to total animals)
表2 ELISA法測定大鼠重復(fù)陰道給予rhGM-CSF栓后抗rhGM-CSF結(jié)合抗體的形成Tab.2 The titer of anti-rhGM-CSF binding antibodies in the sera of the rats were determined during the treatment and recovery periods by ELISA method (,n=5)
表2 ELISA法測定大鼠重復(fù)陰道給予rhGM-CSF栓后抗rhGM-CSF結(jié)合抗體的形成Tab.2 The titer of anti-rhGM-CSF binding antibodies in the sera of the rats were determined during the treatment and recovery periods by ELISA method (,n=5)
*P <0.05 vs group of 3.84 mg/kg;M1:treated with rhGM-CSF for one month;M2:treated with rhGM-CSF for two months;M3:treated with rhGM-CSF for three months;rM1:recovery period for one month;rhGMCSF:recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Doses(mg·kg_-1)_____________Log titer of treatment M1 M2 M3____Log titer of recovery rM1 0————0.24 2.00 ±0.00* 2.60 ±0.55 2.60 ±0.55 2.40 ±0.89 0.96 1.80 ±0.84* 2.20 ±1.10*2.40 ±0.89 2.60 ±0.55___3.84______3.00 ±0.00____3.60 ±0.55___3.40 ±0.8____________9_3.00±0.00
圖1 ELISA法測定大鼠陰道給藥血清中產(chǎn)生抗rhGM-CSF結(jié)合抗體滴度(,n=5)Fig.1 The titer of anti-rhGM-CSF binding antibodies in the sera of the rats were determined during the treatment and recovery periods using ELISA(,n=5)
2.1.2 Beagle犬血清樣本測定結(jié)果
Beagle犬各劑量組在給藥前、給藥后1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月(停藥次日)及恢復(fù)期1個(gè)月,各劑量組動(dòng)物血清采用ELISA方法所測得的吸光值均低于同期賦形劑對(duì)照組抗體的閾值,表明血清中沒有檢測到抗rhGMCSF的結(jié)合抗體。
對(duì)采用ELISA方法檢測出產(chǎn)生結(jié)合抗體的血清樣品,進(jìn)行抗體中和活性測定,以觀察所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)合抗體是否為中和抗體。體外活性測定結(jié)果顯示,各劑量組在給藥1個(gè)月開始就有部分動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生中和抗體;高劑量組在給藥2個(gè)月開始全部動(dòng)物都產(chǎn)生中和抗體,一直持續(xù)到恢復(fù)期結(jié)束,中和活性滴度(滴度的對(duì)數(shù))在1.80~2.05間(滴度的對(duì)數(shù));低、中劑量組則在恢復(fù)期結(jié)束才全部產(chǎn)生中和抗體;恢復(fù)期結(jié)束三個(gè)劑量組中和抗體滴度(滴度的對(duì)數(shù))范圍在1.02~2.05間。結(jié)果詳見表3、表4和圖2。
表3 大鼠重復(fù)陰道給予rhGM-CSF栓血清中產(chǎn)生中和抗體的比例(產(chǎn)生中和抗體動(dòng)物數(shù)/總動(dòng)物數(shù))Tab.3 The incidence of neutralizing antibodies in rats vaginally administered rhGM-CSF suppository(ratio of positive to total animals)
M1:treated with rhGM-CSF for one month;M2:treated with rhGMCSF for two months;M3:treated with rhGM-CSF for three months;rM1:recovery period for one month;rhGM-CSF:recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
表4 rhGM-CSF栓大鼠給藥不同時(shí)期血清中抗體的中和活性滴度Tab.4 The titer of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of the rats were determined during the treatment and recovery periods(,n=5)
表4 rhGM-CSF栓大鼠給藥不同時(shí)期血清中抗體的中和活性滴度Tab.4 The titer of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of the rats were determined during the treatment and recovery periods(,n=5)
*P <0.05 vs group of 0.96 mg/kg;#:P <0.05 vs group of vs 0.24 mg/kg;M1:treated with rhGM-CSF for one month;M2:treated with rh-GM-CSF for two months;M3:treated with rhGM-CSF for three months;rM1:recovery period for one month;rhGM-CSF:recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Doses/(mg·kg_-1)Log titer of treatment M1 M2 M3 Log titer of recovery rM1 0 0 0 0 0 0.24 0.421 ±0.404 1.806 ±1.021 1.445 ±0.252 1.024 ±0.457 0.96 0.120 ±0.269 0.843 ±0.779 0.843 ±0.779 1.626 ±0.269#_3.84___0.602 ±0.476 2.047 ±0.495*1.806 ±0.476*2.047 ±0.5__38#
圖2 rhGM-CSF栓大鼠給藥不同時(shí)期血清中和抗體滴度Fig.2 The titer of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of the rats were determined during the treatment and recovery periods using bioassay method(,n=5)
rhGM-CSF是一種基因工程藥物,其主要作用是刺激粒細(xì)胞和單核巨噬細(xì)胞的成熟,促進(jìn)成熟細(xì)胞向外周血釋放[8],rhGM-CSF可增加機(jī)體免疫力,對(duì)抗炎性反應(yīng)[9]。rhGM-CSF作為重組蛋白或多肽類生物技術(shù)藥物對(duì)非同源的動(dòng)物而言具有免疫原性,所產(chǎn)生的抗體是否有中和活性視藥物和動(dòng)物而異[10]。在重復(fù)給藥的毒性試驗(yàn)中,如果出現(xiàn)具有中和活性的抗體會(huì)減弱藥物的藥理作用,干擾毒性反應(yīng);而抗原抗體復(fù)合物的產(chǎn)生又可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的毒性反應(yīng)[11-12]。因此監(jiān)測抗體的產(chǎn)生和中和活性的強(qiáng)弱十分重要。大鼠重復(fù)陰道給予rhGM-CSF栓3個(gè)月的試驗(yàn)中,血清中能檢測到抗rhGM-CSF的抗體,并且所檢測到的抗體具有中和活性,表明rhGM-CSF對(duì)大鼠具有較強(qiáng)的免疫原性。該免疫原性會(huì)減弱藥物的活性以及與活性相關(guān)的毒性,可能會(huì)影響rhGM-CSF毒性的判斷。所產(chǎn)生的抗原抗體免疫復(fù)合物是否會(huì)在腎臟產(chǎn)生沉積,宜進(jìn)一步用免疫組化方法來證實(shí)[13]。在Beagle犬體內(nèi)未檢測到抗rhGM-CSF的抗體產(chǎn)生,采用Beagle犬作為實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物模型進(jìn)行長期毒性試驗(yàn)以評(píng)價(jià)rhGMCSF栓重復(fù)給藥毒性,會(huì)更能反映藥物毒性暴露,為臨床合理用藥提供依據(jù)。
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首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2012年3期