呂 芳,申 霞
(山西大同大學外國語學院,山西 大同 037009;河北師范大學外國語學院,河北 石家莊 050024)
從理雅各英譯《論語》看使役概念的翻譯策略
呂 芳,申 霞
(山西大同大學外國語學院,山西 大同 037009;河北師范大學外國語學院,河北 石家莊 050024)
認知語言學認為,使役概念表達是指人們對客觀世界中典型使役事件的臨摹或概念化。不同的語言學家對其有不同的理解,但大致將其分為詞匯使役和句型使役。理雅各英譯本《論語》中,采用多種翻譯策略,如詞匯使役、被動句式,位移-使役句式,雙及物句式等來豐富使役表達的多樣性。
使役概念;使役結(jié)構(gòu);詞匯使役
認知語言學認為使役概念表達是指人們對客觀世界中典型使役事件的臨摹或概念化。而不同的學者對此有不同的理解。Comrie將使役分為三種類型,分別是詞匯使役,形態(tài)使役和句型使役。如:He surprises me.這一句型中,surprise為使役詞,即詞匯使役,也稱作零位使役。這樣的使役詞匯很多,像“awake,balance,bend,break,burn,capsize,change,chill,close,collapse,crack,crumble”等等。
Comrie將形態(tài)使役定義為非使役詞通過形態(tài)變化(即加詞綴的方式或詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的方式)成為使役詞匯。這樣的詞綴包括“in-,inter-,de-,en-/em-,dis-,counter-,-ize,-en-,-fy,-ate",如:inflame,interlace,derail,enable,embarrass,dispirit,flatten,identify,isolate,modernize等詞。另外通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)化形成的使役詞包含有"plague,wrinkle,bog,light,cause,perfect,dapple,corrupt”,這類詞數(shù)量并不多,因此,有的語言學家也將形態(tài)使役歸為詞匯使役范疇。
語言學家Shibatani也曾從功能角度出發(fā)提出使役詞匯是指具有“使動”和“結(jié)果”概念的單一的句法表達,且這兩個概念都包含于一個單一的動詞中,如:kill,sink,move,melt,break,turn,dilate,hit,merge,daze,fidget,souse,daunt,grate,baffle,flush,strike,convert,deprive and afflict等等。
Kemmer and verhagen曾將使役結(jié)構(gòu)定義為句型使役,他們認為在句型使役中包含有使役及結(jié)果的雙重表達,主要動詞表達“使役”的概念,而次要動詞表達“結(jié)果”概念。例如下列句式:
a.I made him work.
b.The teacher caused Tom to go home.
Goldberg則從結(jié)構(gòu)語法出發(fā)將使役分為使移句式(Caused-motion Construction),如“She put a book on the table”;雙及物句式 (Ditransitive Construction),如“She put a book on the table”;結(jié)果句式(Resultative Constuction),如“John broke the window”;位移-使役結(jié)構(gòu)(transfer-caused-motion construction),如“He sent a present to Tom”等。
我國學者也從功能及認知角度對使役概念進行了深入細致的研究工作。項開喜分析了四種不同的使役結(jié)構(gòu):兼語式(Object-subject Construction),連動式(Successive Predicate Construction),動補式( Verb-Complement Construction)及被動句(Passive Sentence),他也分析了使令動詞如“使,讓,叫”。鄧守信也對漢語中‘使’‘讓’‘叫’等使役動詞進行了研究,且將其歸為“主語+使役動詞+主動詞”的句法結(jié)構(gòu),如:“老師叫我打掃教室”。熊仲儒則將使役表達范疇擴大化,將致使位移句式、致使-轉(zhuǎn)移-位移句式、雙及物句式、結(jié)果句式、重動句,“得”字句、“把”字句、動結(jié)式與格句及雙賓語歸為使役概念范疇。
從國內(nèi)外學者的研究中,我們可以總結(jié)出英漢語言中對使役概念的表達大致分為兩種,一為詞匯使役,二為結(jié)構(gòu)使役,也即句型使役。下面我們將以理雅各《論語》英譯本來探討漢語中表達使役概念的語句,英語譯者在其翻譯過程中如何處理,并應用什么樣的翻譯技巧。
《論語》是儒家學派的經(jīng)典著作之一,語錄體散文,集中體現(xiàn)了孔子的政治主張、倫理思想、道德觀念及教育原則等?!墩撜Z》共二十篇,12000字。理雅各作為近代英國第一位著名漢學家,他是第一個系統(tǒng)研究、翻譯中國古代經(jīng)典著作的人,也是儒蓮翻譯獎的第一個獲得者,因此其《論語》譯本是最具權威性的譯本之一,我們將其作為語料研究對象。本文將《論語》原本中的使役表達概念分為兩種分別進行闡述,一為詞匯使役,將其細分為名詞、動詞、形容詞使役;二為使役結(jié)構(gòu),即句型使役。針對原本《論語》的使役表達概念,我們將對理雅各《論語》英譯本進行深入分析,從而總結(jié)使役概念表達在譯文中應用的策略。
(一)詞匯使役 熊學亮曾指出,漢語中詞匯使役多出現(xiàn)于古漢語中,其主要特點為將相關語素使役化,一般為單一語素自身的使役,如“死”(cause to die),“廣”(make wide),“活”(make alive)等等。在古漢語中,一部分名詞、及物動詞、不及物動詞及形容詞都可以在其形式不改變的前提下作使役動詞,有些學者將其稱為“自動詞”。如下面的句式:
a.·
域民不以封疆之界。(使……定居)
b.廣故數(shù)言欲亡,·忿恚尉。(使……發(fā)怒)c.大王必欲·急臣,臣頭今與璧俱碎于柱矣(急:使……急)
隨著時代的推移,單一語素的使役詞匯在現(xiàn)代漢語中漸漸淡出歷史舞臺,轉(zhuǎn)而演變?yōu)槎嗾Z素詞匯的出現(xiàn),如:
a.他的整只胳膊暴露在太陽下面。(Transitive verbs as Lexical Causative)
b.他的行為真惡心。(Adjective as Lexical Causative)
c.這一賽事活躍了我們的文化生活。(Adjective as Lexical Causative)
1.名詞使役詞
《論語》原本中表達使役概念的名詞有5個,分別為“道“”齊“”喪“”食”“宿”。在理雅各的譯本中,他將這5個詞分別處理為:
(1)詞匯使役句式(lexical causatives),如:
a.顏淵死,子曰“:噫!天喪予!天喪予!”(11.9)
When Yen Yiian died,the Master said,“Alas!Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me”.
b.一言而喪邦,有諸(13.15)
Isthereasinglesentencewhichcanruinacountry?
c.止子路宿,殺雞為黍而食之。(18.7)
The old man kept Tsze-lu to pass the night in his house,killed a fowl,prepared millet,and feasted him.
在這三個句式中,理雅各分別將“喪”“食”處理為使役動詞“destroy“”ruin”“feast”。
(2)被動句式(passive voice),如:
a.道之以政,齊之以刑,民免而無恥。(2.3)
If the people be led by laws,and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments,they will try to avoid the punishment,but have no sense of shame.
在這一句式中,譯者用被動句式“be led by laws”“be given them by punishments”將原文中的表達使役概念的名詞以被動句轉(zhuǎn)化為使役表達,而被動句也為使役句型的一種。
(3)句法使役(Periphrastic causatives),如:
a.飯疏食,沒齒無怨言。(14.9)
the city of Pien,who did not utter a murmuring word,though,to the end of his life,he had only coarse rice to eat.
b.止子路宿,殺雞為黍而食之。(18.7)
The old man kept Tsze-lu to pass the night in his house,killed a fowl,prepared millet,and feasted him.
在這兩句話中,譯者使用句法使役的方式將“食”“宿”翻譯為“had only coarse rice to eat”和“kept Tsze-lu to pass”。前者為“使”“讓”“叫”句法使役結(jié)構(gòu),后者為位移-使役句式。
2.動詞使役詞
動詞使役詞在《論語》原本中共有21個,分別為“省“”見“”居“”宿“”食“”降“”躩”“匡“”守“”來“”退”“進“”達“”勞“”鳴“”信“”安“”懷“”辱“”縱“”繼“”任”“食“”正“”立”。在理雅各的譯本中,體現(xiàn)詞匯使役的句子有28個,體現(xiàn)“使“”讓“”叫”使役結(jié)構(gòu)的有9個,體現(xiàn)被動句表達使役的有2個,體現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)使役的有3個,我們將舉其中一部分例子來說明。
(1)詞匯使役(lexical causatives),如:
a.夫仁者,己欲立而立人,己欲達而達人。(6.30)
Now the man of perfect virtue,wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others;wishing to be enlarged himself,he seeks also to enlarge others
b.固天縱之將圣,又多能也。(9.6)
Certainly Heaven has endowed him unlimitedly.He isaboutasage.And,moreover,hisabilityisvarious.
c.能正其身,如正人何?(13.12)
If he cannot rectify himself,what has he to do with rectifying others?
d.君子易事而難說也。說之不以道,不說也(.13.25)
The Master said,"The superior man is easy to serve and difficult to please.If you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with right,he will not be pleased.
譯者將使役動詞“立”“達”“縱”“正”“說”分別譯為“establish”“enlarge”“endow”“rectify”“please”,很形象貼切的還原了原詞的意義。
(2)“使“”讓“”叫”使役結(jié)構(gòu)(jianyushi)
a.君子可逝也,不可陷也。(6.26)
A superior man may be made to go to the well,but he cannot be made to go down into it.
Talmy認為這一句型內(nèi)含三部分范疇,一為“致使”(cause)范疇,包含的詞有cause,stimulate,get,make,set and force,二為“能使”(enable)范疇,包含的詞為 leave,let,permit,enable,help,and allow,三為“阻止”(prevent)范疇,包含的詞有prevent,protect,restrain,block,stop,hold,keep,impede and hinder。
(3)句法使役(Periphrastic causatives),如:
a.由也兼人,故退·之。(11.20)
Yu has more than his own share of energy;therefore I kept him back。
在這一句型中,還包含有雙及物使役句型,如“君子惠而不費,勞而不怨?!保?0.2)譯為“When the person in authority is beneficent without great expenditure;when he lays tasks on the people without their repining”;位移-使役句式如“知及之,任不能守·之,”(15.33)譯為“When a man's knowledge is sufficient to attain,and his virtue is not sufficient to enable him to hold”。
(4)被動句(passive voice),如:
a.子曰“:近者悅,遠者來?!保?3.16)
The Master said,“Good government obtains when those who are near are made happy,and those who are far off are attracted.”
3.形容詞使役詞
形容詞使役詞在《論語》原本中共有18個,分別為“潔“”正“”博 “”利“”善“”欺“”罔“”迷 “”危“”安”“修“”寡“”足“”亂“”悅 “” 興”“ 富“”卑”“敝“” 惑 ”,在理雅各的譯本中出現(xiàn)了23個詞匯使役句式,如:人潔己以進,與其潔也,不保其往也。(7.29)被翻譯為“If a man purify himself to wait upon me,I receive him so purified,without guaranteeing his past conduct”;被動句式表達使役的有3個,如:可欺·也,不可罔也。(6.26)譯為“He may be imposed upon,but he cannot be befooled”;而“一言而可以興·邦,有諸?”(13.15)則被譯為“使”“讓”“叫”使役句式,如:Whether there was a single sentence which could make a country prosperous;位移-使役句式的有“修·己以安人”(14.42)譯為“He cultivates himself so as to give rest to others”。
(二)句型使役 《論語》原本中包含有30個句型使役的表達,在理雅各的譯本中將其分別譯為下面幾種形式:
1.詞匯使役句式包含有9個,如:
a.子曰“:雍也可使南面?!保?.1)
The Master said,“There is Yung! He might occupy the place of a prince.”
b.君子正·其衣冠(20.2)
He adjusts his clothes and cap.
2.“使”“讓”“叫”結(jié)構(gòu)使役有 11 個,如:周人以栗,曰使民以栗。(3.21)翻譯為:The men of the Chau planted the chestnut tree,meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe
3.位移-致使句式,如:a.蘧伯玉使人于孔子。(14.25) 譯 為 :Chii Po-yii sent a messenger with friendly inquiries to Confucius
4.被動句式包含有6個,如:求也,千室之邑,百乘之家,可使為之宰也,不知其仁也。(5.8)譯為:In a city of a thousand families,or a clan of a hundred chariots,Ch'iu might be employed as governor,but I do not know whether he is perfectly virtuous.
通過對《論語》的語料分析我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論,對于漢語中表達使役概念的詞及句式,英語譯者會采用多種翻譯策略,如:詞匯使役,被動句式,位移-使役句式,雙及物句式,“使”“讓”“叫”等結(jié)構(gòu),豐富使役表達的多樣性。在這一翻譯過程中,我們還可以看到英語比漢語更多的采用形態(tài)變化即加詞綴的方式或詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的方式來實現(xiàn)詞匯使役。
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Translation Strategies of Causation Expressions Seen in"Analects of Confucius"Translated by James Legge
Lǔ FANG,SHEN Xia
(School of Foreign Languages,Shanxi Datong University,Datong Shanxi,037009;School of Foreign Languages,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang Hebei,050024)
Causation expression is human being's imitation and generalization of typological causation event in the real world from the perspective of cognitive linguistics.But different linguistics have different ideas about it,which generally is divided into lexical causative and periphrastic causative.The thesis borrows previous research results to introduce causation into Analects of Confucius which was translated by James Legg.Then readers can see adept translation strategies of James.By the way,this research is also expected to shed great lights on C-E translation and also provides enlightenment to foreign language teaching.
causation;periphrastic causative;lexical causative
H315.9
A
1674-0882(2012)03-0064-04
2011-12-24
呂 芳(1978-),女,山西左云人,碩士,講師,研究方向:英漢對比翻譯。
〔責任編輯 馮喜梅〕