洪居陸(綜述) 唐秉航(審校)
CT結(jié)腸成像術(shù)(CT colonography, CTC)是指采用螺旋CT掃描和后處理獲得高清晰的二維和三維結(jié)腸圖像的成像技術(shù),又稱CT仿真結(jié)腸鏡(CT virtual colonoscopy, CTVC),1994年由Vining等[1]首次報(bào)道。根據(jù)臨床檢查目的不同,分為篩查性、監(jiān)視性和診斷性CTC[2]。隨著多層螺旋CT(MSCT)的快速發(fā)展,CTC廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,本文針對(duì)近年來(lái)CTC的臨床應(yīng)用進(jìn)展作一綜述。
1.1 清潔腸道 清潔腸道直接決定CTC成像質(zhì)量。潔凈、內(nèi)容物少的腸腔能提高CTC對(duì)病變顯示的靈敏度和特異度[3],而殘留糞便或液體易產(chǎn)生假象,影響病灶的觀察,從而導(dǎo)致漏診、誤診。目前CTC檢查前需要嚴(yán)格清腸,與傳統(tǒng)結(jié)腸鏡(conventional colonoscopy, CC)檢查要求類似。導(dǎo)瀉藥分為兩大類:一類是刺激性瀉藥,如番瀉葉;另一類是容積性瀉藥,如硫酸鎂、26%高滲甘露醇、磷酸鈉、檸檬酸鎂等。國(guó)外主要使用磷酸鈉、檸檬酸鎂,Borden等[3]對(duì)這兩種藥物清腸效果的研究表明,兩者均能達(dá)到滿意的效果,但患者如有急性磷酸鹽腎病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),宜用檸檬酸鎂。清腸與口服對(duì)比劑標(biāo)記殘留物方法結(jié)合,可提高病變檢出率[4]。美國(guó)放射學(xué)院(American College of Radiology, ACR)2009版CTC應(yīng)用指南[2]認(rèn)為,并非所有患者均需要口服對(duì)比劑,如CC檢查失敗的患者。
1.2 結(jié)腸充氣 結(jié)腸充氣可擴(kuò)張腸腔,有利于病變顯示,未充分?jǐn)U張腸腔會(huì)產(chǎn)生假陰性或假陽(yáng)性結(jié)果。主要操作方法是經(jīng)肛管注入空氣或CO2擴(kuò)張腸腔,并動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)估結(jié)腸擴(kuò)張程度??諝饣駽O2可以采用人工或自動(dòng)注氣裝置注入。有學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為解痙劑并不能有效減輕結(jié)腸擴(kuò)張所產(chǎn)生的不適,不主張CTC檢查時(shí)使用解痙藥[2,5]。
1.3 圖像采集 MSCT如64層螺旋CT,由于超快速掃描,檢查時(shí)間明顯縮短,一次屏氣下掃描全腹(約45cm),所需時(shí)間不超過(guò)6s,明顯減少了呼吸移動(dòng)偽影的影響。最近應(yīng)用于臨床的640層螺旋CT,球管旋轉(zhuǎn)一次0.5s,而一次能覆蓋16cm范圍,全腹掃描時(shí)間不超過(guò)2s,幾乎無(wú)呼吸移動(dòng)偽影,腹部掃描優(yōu)勢(shì)相當(dāng)明顯。Laghi等[6]指出,16層以上的螺旋CT才能應(yīng)用于CTC。一般采取仰臥和俯臥位兩種體位掃描,患者不需要鎮(zhèn)靜[2]。Liedenbaum等[7]對(duì)34個(gè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)的CTC應(yīng)用方案進(jìn)行評(píng)估,指出有效劑量范圍為2.6~14.7mSv/次,平均劑量為5.6mSv,管電壓120kV,管電流變化較大,范圍為25~100mA。Graser等[8]對(duì)307例無(wú)癥狀患者進(jìn)行篩查性CTC試驗(yàn),管電壓120kV,仰臥管電流70mA,俯臥降低至30mA,整個(gè)檢查總劑量為4.5mSv。ACR[2]指出,篩查性CTC應(yīng)采取低劑量方案和非對(duì)比增強(qiáng)技術(shù),診斷性CTC建議參考篩查性CTC劑量方案,如需要采取對(duì)比增強(qiáng)技術(shù),應(yīng)采取正常劑量方案。典型篩查性CTC低劑量方案[9]:管電壓120kV,有效電流50~80mA。
1.4 圖像處理與分析 原始數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入工作站配備的高級(jí)結(jié)腸分析軟件,不需要人工設(shè)定閾值,直接把原始圖像重組成二維和三維圖像,在同一界面聯(lián)動(dòng)顯示二維和三維圖像,可標(biāo)記、測(cè)量和放大病變,并配有計(jì)算機(jī)輔助檢測(cè)軟件,模擬大體解剖重組結(jié)腸剖開(kāi)腸壁黏膜展開(kāi)圖像[10],明顯提高CTC的圖像分析能力。CTC圖像分析應(yīng)該包括結(jié)腸本身和結(jié)腸外病變的分析[2]。采用對(duì)比增強(qiáng)的CTC,尤其適合分析結(jié)腸外病變[10],了解病變的增強(qiáng)情況及與周?chē)艿年P(guān)系。CTC醫(yī)師必須經(jīng)過(guò)專門(mén)培訓(xùn)[2],內(nèi)容包括:閱讀至少500個(gè)CTC病例,或參加1.5d的培訓(xùn)課程并通過(guò)專門(mén)的考試,該考試包含50個(gè)腺瘤病例,體積≥1.0cm,需要診斷正確率≥90%。CTC醫(yī)師進(jìn)行圖像分析所需時(shí)間是可變的,為19~25min[11]。
患者年齡≥50歲,且無(wú)其他危險(xiǎn)因素,或有一位直系親屬60歲后患大腸癌,或多位旁系親屬任何年齡患有大腸腫瘤,符合其中一條,即可認(rèn)為其處于患大腸癌平均風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平;如有一位直系親屬60歲以前患大腸癌或多位直系親屬任何年齡患大腸癌,認(rèn)為其處于患大腸癌中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平;如炎性腸病病史較長(zhǎng)或有明確家族遺傳綜合征,認(rèn)為其處于患大腸癌高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平[2]。
ACR[2]建議,CTC的適應(yīng)證包括:有大腸癌家族史或患大腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為平均或中等水平的患者,適合篩查性CTC;有大腸腫瘤病史的患者適合監(jiān)視性CTC;有腹痛、腹瀉、便秘、胃腸出血、貧血、腸梗阻、體重減輕等癥狀,尤其是CC檢查不完全或發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶但尚不能確診的患者,適合診斷性CTC;如有增加CC并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的情況,如高齡或正接受抗凝血治療、有鎮(zhèn)靜風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或有CC檢查不完全的患者,建議行CTC檢查。此外,CTC還可應(yīng)用于惡性結(jié)腸腫瘤致急性結(jié)腸梗阻支架術(shù)后評(píng)估[12]。
美國(guó)癌癥協(xié)會(huì)等聯(lián)合修訂的篩查指南(2008)指定CTC作為早期大腸癌篩查方法之一,建議個(gè)人應(yīng)該從50歲開(kāi)始接受CTC篩查,每5年重復(fù)1次[13]。
Pickhardt等[14]對(duì)1233例無(wú)癥狀患者采用糞便及液體標(biāo)記技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)CTC對(duì)≥10mm息肉的診斷靈敏度和特異度分別為93.8%和96%,而≥6mm者為88.7%和79.6%。Kim等[15]回顧性分析3163例非隨機(jī)接受CTC和CC的病例,對(duì)高級(jí)別腫瘤檢出率,CTC為3.2%、CC為3.4%。多中心CTC臨床研究[11,16]顯示,息肉或腫瘤≥10mm診斷靈敏度為77.3%~89.1%,≥6mm為65.4%~81.6%,特異度>85%。Graser等[8]研究顯示,CTC對(duì)≥10mm息肉的診斷靈敏度和特異度分別為92%和98%,≥5mm為91%和93%。Taylor等[17]對(duì)一組CTC與常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影診斷效果對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為86%和71%。von Wagner等[18]研究顯示,患者對(duì)CTC的可接受性和舒適度均高于常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影,并認(rèn)為CTC可以代替常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影。尤其是結(jié)腸梗阻患者CC無(wú)法完成檢查時(shí),CTC可以對(duì)梗阻近端結(jié)腸進(jìn)行觀察、評(píng)估,可以完全代替常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影。Pickhardt等[19]對(duì)多中心CTC與CC研究結(jié)果采取系統(tǒng)回顧和Meta分析,得出大腸癌的診斷靈敏度CTC為96.1%、CC為94.7%,并指出CTC更適合于懷疑大腸癌患者的首次檢查。Pickhardt 等[20]對(duì)1233例患者進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)CTC對(duì)扁平病灶總檢出率為4.2%,≥6mm扁平息肉檢出率為82.8%(24/29),CC檢出率為65.5%(19/29)。Fidler等[21]對(duì)547例患者進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)CTC扁平病灶總檢出率為3.5%。以上研究顯示,對(duì)≥5mm息肉或腫瘤CTC檢出的靈敏度和特異度隨體積增大而增高。CTC診斷效果及患者可接受程度均高于常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影,認(rèn)為可以替代常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影。CTC對(duì)大腸癌的診斷靈敏度略高于CC,對(duì)扁平息肉的檢出率,雖然目前研究結(jié)果顯示CTC略高于CC,但仍需臨床進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
結(jié)腸外的結(jié)構(gòu)包括下胸部、腹部及盆腔,潛在病變包括結(jié)腸外的良惡性腫瘤、血管性病變、肺內(nèi)結(jié)節(jié)、和淋巴結(jié)病變。Pickhardt等[22]對(duì)2195例篩查性CTC進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)腸外病變檢出率為6.1%(133/2195)。Zalis等[23]認(rèn)為篩查性CTC采取低劑量和非對(duì)比增強(qiáng)技術(shù),會(huì)遺漏結(jié)腸外的重要病變。Kim等[24]對(duì)2230例無(wú)癥狀患者采取常規(guī)劑量和對(duì)比增強(qiáng)技術(shù)進(jìn)行CTC篩查,結(jié)腸外病變檢出率為5.3%(115/2230),其中癌癥檢出率為0.5%(12/2230)。16%的患者結(jié)腸外病變需要進(jìn)一步的評(píng)估[11]。
CTC并發(fā)癥罕見(jiàn),其潛在的并發(fā)癥與腸道準(zhǔn)備、結(jié)腸充氣[25]和輻射相關(guān)[26]。結(jié)腸穿孔罕見(jiàn),人工或自動(dòng)低壓注入空氣或CO2比較,在有癥狀的患者中前者更容易導(dǎo)致穿孔。CTC檢查中,絕大多數(shù)穿孔的原因與結(jié)腸過(guò)度充盈所致氣壓傷和腸梗阻有關(guān)[9],而梗阻穿孔的主要病因有惡性腫瘤、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、憩室病和左側(cè)腹股溝疝(內(nèi)容物為乙狀結(jié)腸)。多中心研究[25,27,28]報(bào)道,CTC檢查結(jié)腸總穿孔率為0.009%~0.060%,其中有癥狀的穿孔率為0.005%~0.030%,篩查性CTC穿孔率為0.009%~0.023%。而結(jié)腸穿孔率無(wú)癥狀篩查性CC為0.06%~0.19%,診斷性CC為0.1%,治療性CC為0.2%[9],說(shuō)明CTC安全性非常高,特別是篩查性CTC。
輻射劑量目前很受關(guān)注,特別是肥胖患者和小息肉監(jiān)視性CTC。Berrington de Gonzale等[9]估計(jì),接受單次CTC篩查,終身患輻射相關(guān)癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與年齡有關(guān),50歲時(shí)約為0.06%,60歲時(shí)約為0.05%,70歲時(shí)約為0.03%,男女無(wú)明顯差別。如果接受多次CTC篩查,如從60歲開(kāi)始至75歲,每5年接受1次CTC篩查,其合計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)約為0.16%。
ACR[2]指出,息肉≥6mm應(yīng)該明確和報(bào)告,且建議接受CC息肉切除術(shù);而≤5mm的微小息肉,由于其發(fā)展成重度不典型增生或癌的概率極低,需權(quán)衡息肉切除術(shù)和每5年1次監(jiān)視性CTC的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn),考慮息肉切除術(shù)的費(fèi)用和并發(fā)癥。
Bosworth等[29]研究顯示患者對(duì)CTC和CC選擇無(wú)明顯傾向性。目前尚不清楚安全實(shí)用的CTC檢查能否促使尚未接受大腸癌篩查的人群選擇CTC篩查。Schwartz等[30]就實(shí)施CTC篩查計(jì)劃對(duì)CC的影響進(jìn)行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)在該計(jì)劃實(shí)施后的前33個(gè)月內(nèi),接受CC篩查和治療的人數(shù)無(wú)顯著變化。CTC不需要鎮(zhèn)靜,這些相關(guān)的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可以避免的。CTC對(duì)病灶的定位比CC更準(zhǔn)確,結(jié)腸穿孔并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于CC,可以同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)腸及結(jié)腸外的潛在病變,有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)。由于CTC不能對(duì)潛在病變進(jìn)行活檢和息肉切除,其檢出病變,無(wú)論是真陽(yáng)性還是假陽(yáng)性,都可能需要CC轉(zhuǎn)診。
為了進(jìn)一步明確CTC最合適的角色,特別是在大腸癌篩查領(lǐng)域,在未來(lái)的研究中有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要澄清。未來(lái)循證醫(yī)學(xué)研究需要明確篩查性CTC和對(duì)微小息肉監(jiān)測(cè)性CTC的最佳時(shí)間間隔。結(jié)腸外病變的生存期評(píng)估、CC轉(zhuǎn)診的息肉閾值、輻射暴露的發(fā)病率,均需要進(jìn)一步論證。為推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量的篩查性CTC和確保CTC應(yīng)用質(zhì)量,仍需按照ACR[2]要求嚴(yán)格加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練。
CTC是一種顯示結(jié)腸病變的影像學(xué)方法。當(dāng)息肉或腫瘤≥5mm時(shí),應(yīng)用MSCT掃描機(jī),提前腸道準(zhǔn)備,由經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)培訓(xùn)的CTC醫(yī)師對(duì)二維和三維圖像進(jìn)行分析,與CC相比,CTC對(duì)息肉或腫瘤檢出的靈敏度和特異度隨病變體積的增大而增高。目前尚未見(jiàn)有關(guān)息肉或腫瘤<5mm的CTC研究報(bào)道。CTC可接受性、舒適度及診斷效果均高于常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影,認(rèn)為可以代替常規(guī)結(jié)腸造影。CTC對(duì)大腸癌的診斷靈敏度略高于CC,對(duì)扁平息肉檢出率略高于CC,但仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。由于CTC有檢查方便、安全性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但存在輻射和不能活檢等不足,這就需要醫(yī)師和患者在選擇篩查方法時(shí)慎重考慮。在CTC成為大腸癌的最佳篩選方法之前,有如下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要解決,包括息肉<5mm的報(bào)告、CC轉(zhuǎn)診的息肉閾值大小、復(fù)查的時(shí)間間隔、培訓(xùn)和輻射劑量。
[1]Vining DJ, Gelfand DW, Bechtold RE, etal. Technical feasibility of colon imaging with helical CT and virtual reality. Am J Roentgenol, 1994, 162(Supp l): 104.
[2]American College of Radiology. ACR pratice guideline for the performance of computed tomography (CT)colongraphy in adults. Practice guidelines and technical standards. American College of Radiology. [2009]. http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality_safety/guidelines/dx/gastro/ct_colonography.aspx.
[3]Borden ZS, Pickhardt PJ, Kim DH, etal. Bowel preparation for CT colonography: blinded comparison of magnesium citrate and sodium phosphate for catharsis. Radiology,2010, 254(1): 138-144.
[4]Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Hinshaw JL, etal. Prospective blinded trial comparing 45-mL and 90-mL doses of oral sodium phosphate for bowel preparation before computed tomographic colonography. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2007,31(1): 53-58.
[5]Morrin MM, Farrell RJ, Keogan MT, etal. CT colonography: colonic distention improved by dual positioning but not intravenous glucagon. Eur Radiol, 2002,12(3): 525-530.
[6]Laghi A, Iafrate F, Rengo M. Colorectal cancer screening:The role of CT colonography. World J Gastroenterol, 2010,16(32): 3987-3994.
[7]Liedenbaum MH, Venema HW, Stoker J. Radiation dose in CT colonography-trends in time and differences between daily practice and screening protocols. Eur Radiol, 2008,18(10): 2222-2230.
[8]Graser A, Stieber P, Nagel D, etal. comparison of CT colonography, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests for the detection of advanced adenoma in an average risk population. Gut, 2009, 58(2): 241-248.
[9]Berrington de Gonzale A, Kim KP, Yee J. CT Colongraphy:perforation rates and potential radiation risks. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am, 2010, 20(2): 279-291.
[10]Kim SH, Lee JM, Eun HW, etal. Two-versus threedimensional colon evaluation with recently developed virtual dissection software for CT colonography. Radiology,2007, 244(3): 852-864.
[11]Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, etal. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers.N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(12): 1207-1217.
[12]Cha EY, Park SH, Lee SS, etal. CT colonography after metallic stent placement for acute malignant colonic obstruction. Radiology, 2010, 254(3): 774-782.
[13]Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, etal. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology, 2008, 134(5): 1570-1595.
[14]Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, etal. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med, 2003,349(23): 2191-2200.
[15]Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ, etal. CT colonography versus colonoscopy for the detection of advanced neoplasia.N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(14): 1403-1412.
[16]Regge D, Laudi C, Galatola G, etal. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomographic colonography for the detection of advanced neoplasia in individuals at increased risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA, 2009, 301(23): 2453-2461.
[17]Taylor SA, Halligan S, Slater A, etal. Comparison of radiologists' confidence in excluding significant colorectal neoplasia with multidetector-row CT colonography compared with double contrast barium enema. Br J Radiol,2006, 79(939): 208-215.
[18]von Wagner C, Smith S, Halligan S, etal. Patient acceptability of CT colonography compared with double contrast barium enema: results from a multicentre randomised controlled trial of symptomatic patients. Eur Radiol, 2011, 21(10): 2046-2055.
[19]Pickhardt PJ, Hassan C, Halligan S, etal. Colorectal cancer:CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection-systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2011, 259(2): 393-405.
[20]Pickhardt PJ, Nugent PA, Choi JR, etal. Flat colorectal lesions in asymptomatic adults: implications for screening with CT virtual colonoscopy. Am J Roentgenol, 2004,183(5): 1343-1347.
[21]Fidler J, Johnson C. Flat polyps of the colon: accuracy of detection by CT colonography and histologic significance.Abdom Imaging, 2009, 34(2): 157-171.
[22]Pickhardt PJ, Hanson ME, Vanness DJ, etal. Unsuspected extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography:clinical and economic impact. Radiology, 2008, 249(1):151-159.
[23]Zalis ME, Barish MA, Choi JR, etal. CT colonography reporting and data system: a consensus proposal. Radiology,2005, 236(1): 3-9.
[24]Kim YS, Kim N, Kim SY, etal. Extracolonic findings in an asymptomatic screening population undergoing intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography colonography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 23(7 Pt 2): e49-57.
[25]Pickhardt PJ. Incidence of colonic perforation at CT colonography: review of existing data and implications for screening of asymptomatic adults. Radiology, 2006, 239(2):313-316.
[26]Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography: an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med, 2007, 357(22):2277-2284.
[27]Burling D, Halligan S, Slater A, etal. Potentially serious adverse events at CT colonography in symptomatic patients:national survey of the United Kingdom. Radiology, 2006,239(2): 464-471.
[28]Sosna J, Blachar A, Amitai M, etal. Colonic perforation at CT colonography: assessment of risk in a multicenter large cohort. Radiology, 2006, 239(2): 457-463.
[29]Bosworth HB, Rockey DC, Paulson EK, etal. Prospective comparison of patient experience with colon imaging tests.Am J Med, 2006, 119(9): 791-799.
[30]Schwartz DC, Dasher KJ, Said A, etal. Impact of a CT colonography screening program on endoscopic colonoscopy in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008,103(2): 346-351.