王瑞俠,周享春,陸 蓉,陸光漢
(1.池州學(xué)院化工系,安徽 池州 347000;2.長江大學(xué)化學(xué)環(huán)境工程系,湖北 荊州 434023;3.武漢職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院旅游系,湖北 武漢 430074;4.武漢華中師范大學(xué)化學(xué)系,湖北 武漢 430079)
硒是人體必需要的微量元素之一,具有預(yù)防和抑制腫瘤的作用.硒為電子及冶金工業(yè)領(lǐng)域所使用,所以硒的分析顯得特別重要.硒和碲都是多價(jià)元素,對于碲的電化學(xué)行為筆者已作綜述[1-2].由于硒變價(jià)的多樣性,導(dǎo)致電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的復(fù)雜性.它們表現(xiàn)出特殊的電化學(xué)性質(zhì).硒可以與某些金屬生成金屬互化物,也可以生成硒的絡(luò)合物,還可以生成H2Se等氫化物,溶出伏安法[3]就是利用這些特性建立起硒的電化學(xué)分析法.筆者在此對硒的陽極和陰極溶出伏安法的行為作出評述.
用伏安法(懸汞電極作工作電極)測定Se(IV)[4]時(shí),一般是先在一定電位下富集,然后溶出,產(chǎn)生溶出電流.電極反應(yīng)式為:
H2SeO3+4H++Hg+4e→HgSe+3H2O
HgSe+2H++2e→H2Se+Hg
文獻(xiàn)[5]用玻碳汞膜電極作為工作電極,在0.1 mol/L HClO4-0.1 mol/L KCl介質(zhì)中,Se(IV)在-0.1 v(vs·SCE)電解,硒形成難溶的HgSe,陰極溶出時(shí),富集在電極上的HgSe還原電極反應(yīng)如下:
H2SeO3+6H++6eH2Se+3H2O
Hg+H2SeHgSe+2H++2e
HgSe+2H++2eH2Se+Hg
其他工作見文獻(xiàn)[6-15]和表1.
為了提高測定靈敏度,利用硒與其他金屬離子生成金屬互化物的性質(zhì),在測定體系中引入金屬離子(如Pb2+,Cu2+,Hg2+等),如在測定體系中加入Cu2+[16],Cu2+與Se(IV)生成金屬互化物,反應(yīng)如下:
Se(IV)+2Cu(Hg)+4e→Cu2Se(Hg)2
然后再溶出:
Cu2Se(Hg)2+2H++2e→H2Se+2Cu(Hg)
這種方法靈敏度大大提高.文獻(xiàn)[16]的檢測限達(dá)9×10-10mol/L.除了加上述金屬離子外,還可以加入稀有金屬離子,Wang[25]在0.1 mol/L H2SO4-10 μg/L Rh(Ⅲ)體系中,在-0.2 V集時(shí),發(fā)生下述電極反應(yīng):
3H2SeO3+12H++2Rh(Ⅲ)+18e→Rh2Se3+9H2O
產(chǎn)生的伏安響應(yīng)在-0.97 V檢測限達(dá)6×10-12mol/L.
在0.3 mol/L HCl-75PPbRh(Ⅲ)體系中,由于變價(jià)硒的復(fù)雜性,Se(IV)的伏安行為與Wang不一樣.硒與介質(zhì)的組分生成混合絡(luò)合物,并產(chǎn)生氫催化波[17].Se(IV)于-0.2 v(vs·Ag/AgCl)沉積,Se(IV)被還原成Se(-Ⅱ),接著Se(-Ⅱ)與Rh(Ⅲ)等生成混合絡(luò)合物:
當(dāng)電位掃描-1.15 V(vs·Ag/AgCl),發(fā)生下面電極反應(yīng):
表1 硒的伏安行為
產(chǎn)生的電流是催化氫波引起的,產(chǎn)生催化氫波的原因是混合絡(luò)合物吸附在汞電極表面,使電極表面得到修飾,H+放電電位正移.又因?yàn)橄铝蟹磻?yīng)發(fā)生:
產(chǎn)物又回到電極上放電,形成催化循環(huán)而增大電流,產(chǎn)生靈敏的催化氫波,檢測限達(dá)2.4×10-12mol/L.用銅汞齊[18]作工作電極,測定硒時(shí)發(fā)生下述電極反應(yīng):
沉積:Cu2++2e+Hg→Cu(Hg)
2Cu(Hg)+H2SeO3+4H++4e→Cu2Se(Hg)2
溶出:Se(Hg)2+2H++2e→H2Se+2Cu(Hg)
檢測限達(dá)0.25 nmol/L.
文獻(xiàn)[19]考慮到汞害和環(huán)境污染的問題,用碳金膜電極微分陽極溶出伏安測定水中痕量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ),在0.5 mol/L HNO3底液中,于-0.4 V(vs·SCE)電積,然后溶出,其過程如下:
該方法檢測限達(dá)5×10-10mol/L.
其他工作見表2[26-33].
表2 在不同物質(zhì)存在下硒的陰極溶出伏安測定
如文獻(xiàn)[20]研究了在R-B緩沖溶液中,硒(Ⅳ)與鄰苯二胺(O-PDA)體系的示差脈沖吸附伏安行為.Se(Ⅳ)在溶液中先與O-PDA生成絡(luò)合物,該絡(luò)合物吸附在汞電極上,然后溶出,其電極反應(yīng)式如下:
Se(Ⅳ)-O-PDA(ads)(Hg)+4e→Se(O)-O-PDA(ads)(Hg)
該方法靈敏度高,檢測限可達(dá)5.0×10-10mol/L,用此法測定了人發(fā)中微量硒.
文獻(xiàn)[21]在0.1 mol/L HCl-1.0×10-3二氨基萘(DAN)體系中,Se(Ⅳ)-DAN絡(luò)合物在+0.05 V(vs·SCE)富集,Se(Ⅳ)+DAN→[Se(Ⅳ)-DAN]吸附
在-0.06 V(vs·SCE)Se(Ⅳ)還原成Se(0),與汞生成金屬互化物.
[Se(Ⅳ)-DAN]+4e+Hg→SeHg+DAN吸附
在-0.46 V(vs·SCE)進(jìn)一步還原成Se(-II).
SeHg+2H++2e→H2Se+Hg
該方法的檢測限達(dá)到1×10-8mol/L.
文獻(xiàn)[22]報(bào)道了在0.1 mol/L HCl-4-苯二胺(4N0PD)溶液中,Se(III)與4N0PD發(fā)生反應(yīng).
汞電極上HgSe進(jìn)一步還原為:
HgSe+2H++2e→H2Se+Hg
該方法的檢測限7.6×10-10mol/L.
文獻(xiàn)[23]利用3,5-二溴代鄰苯二胺在弱酸(0.1 mol/L HNO3)介質(zhì)中與硒反應(yīng)生成4,6-二溴代苯硒胺,該絡(luò)合物有電活性,電極反應(yīng)機(jī)理為:
得出:
由于汞(膜)電極對人體有害,而鍍金膜電極要耗掉貴重的黃金.
而鉍膜玻碳電極電位窗口寬,溶出峰分辯力強(qiáng),對溶解氧不敏感,實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)不必除O2,方便了實(shí)驗(yàn)操作.而且鉍膜電極是對環(huán)境友好的電極,鉍膜電極的使用,使溶出伏安的技術(shù)得到改進(jìn)和發(fā)展,近幾年各種修飾電極在溶出伏安法中的應(yīng)用[33-35],使得該方法具有更多的實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值和良好的發(fā)展空間.文獻(xiàn)[24]采用鉍膜玻碳電極作為工作電極在HAC-NaAc~氨基苯(ABSA)(pH2.9)的體系中測定硒.測定的原理是Se(Ⅳ)與ABSA生成絡(luò)合物,由于該絡(luò)合物具有強(qiáng)烈的吸附性,吸附在鉍膜電極上的絡(luò)合物進(jìn)行電還原,產(chǎn)生溶出電流.檢測限達(dá)1.3×10-8mol/L.
電極反應(yīng)機(jī)理如下:
2ABSA+H3SeO3+2H+→ABSA-Se-ABSA+3H2O
Se(Ⅳ)(ABSA)2+Bi→Se(Ⅳ)(ABSA)2(ads)(Bi)
Se(Ⅳ)(ABSA)2(ads)(Bi)+4e→Se(0)(ABSA)2(ads)(Bi)
文獻(xiàn)利用在0.5 mol/L HCl-0.5 mol/L Kl溶液中,Se(Ⅳ)與I-作用生成Se-I2絡(luò)合物[37],該絡(luò)合物富集在汞電極上,吸附在汞電極上的Se(0)被還原成Se(-II)產(chǎn)生電流.實(shí)際上Se-I2絡(luò)合物1951年就有作者把它用來測定海水中硒(光度法),但用在溶出伏安法測定微量硒的確是一種創(chuàng)新.
其他生成硒絡(luò)合物的溶出伏安法見文獻(xiàn)[38-40].
文獻(xiàn)[41]用鉍膜石墨電極測定硒時(shí),產(chǎn)生一催化氫波,電位為1 150 mV(vs·Ag/AgCl),并被實(shí)驗(yàn)證明的確為一催化氫波;作者用同樣的催化氫波體系測定了另一元素[42].
還有方法把陰極溶出伏安與催化極譜聯(lián)用,使測定靈敏度大為提高.它的原理是在一定的電位下富集,然后把電極放入有催化體系的溶液中,電極反應(yīng)如下:
電沉積:Hg+H2SeO3+4H++4e→HgSe+3H2O
溶出:HgSe+2H++2e→Hg+H2Se
生成的H2SeO3又在電極上還原,產(chǎn)生很大的催化電流,靈敏度達(dá)到7.0×10-10mol/L.
為了提高靈敏度,有方法先把硒富集在一個(gè)載體上[43-44],然后進(jìn)行收集,再用伏安法測定.實(shí)踐證明,用伏安法測定硒是一簡單可行的方法,特別在研究其反應(yīng)機(jī)理方面更有特色.
由于溶出伏安法可以有效地提高靈敏度,降低檢測限,溶出伏安儀價(jià)廉,它是目前乃至今后相當(dāng)長時(shí)間內(nèi)測定微量硒的主要方法之一.但任何一種分析方法都有不足,溶出伏安法存在最大的難題是工作電極的表面(特別是固體電極)的污染,影響了電極的穩(wěn)定性.隨著使用方便的電化學(xué)敏感電極深入研發(fā),前處理樣品方法聯(lián)用、清洗和再生電極表面的技術(shù)不斷改進(jìn),測定硒體系不斷的更新以及電極反應(yīng)機(jī)理的深入研究,必將使伏安法技術(shù)得到新的發(fā)展.
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