李晨 臧健 李曉松
(1.四川大學(xué)華西公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院 衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)教研室;2.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院腫瘤中心 腹部腫瘤科,成都 610041)
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子在口腔惡性腫瘤預(yù)后中的價(jià)值
——Meta分析
李晨1臧健2李曉松1
(1.四川大學(xué)華西公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院 衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)教研室;2.四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院腫瘤中心 腹部腫瘤科,成都 610041)
目的 應(yīng)用Meta分析的方法探討血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)在口腔惡性腫瘤中的預(yù)后價(jià)值。方法 制定全面的檢索策略,檢索OVIDMEDLINE、EMBASE兩大英文數(shù)據(jù)庫及CNKI、VIP兩大中文數(shù)據(jù)庫,篩選VEGF與口腔惡性腫瘤預(yù)后的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),提取口腔惡性腫瘤患者VEGF高、低表達(dá)的總生存時(shí)間和無疾病進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR),用Meta分析合并HR。結(jié)果 共14篇合格文獻(xiàn)納入本研究。對于口腔惡性腫瘤患者,VEGF高表達(dá)組有較高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.95,95%CI:2.14~4.08)和復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.28,95%CI:1.61~3.21);在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者中,VEGF的高表達(dá)同樣預(yù)示著較高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.60,95%CI:1.82~3.73)和復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.58,95%CI:1.73~3.84)。結(jié)論 VEGF在口腔惡性腫瘤中具有預(yù)測預(yù)后的價(jià)值。
口腔惡性腫瘤; 血管內(nèi)皮生長因子; 預(yù)后; 生存; Meta分析
在過去的20年間,口腔惡性腫瘤(oral carcinoma,OC)患者的預(yù)后已經(jīng)有所改善,但其5年生存率仍然只有60%左右[1]。TNM分期是OC傳統(tǒng)的預(yù)后指標(biāo),但它只對腫瘤的侵襲范圍進(jìn)行評估,并不能全面反映腫瘤的預(yù)后情況。血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成和腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[2-3]。OC的高轉(zhuǎn)移率與腫瘤淋巴血管的生成息息相關(guān),而VEGF又是腫瘤淋巴血管生成過程中至關(guān)重要的因子,因此越來越多的研究將VEGF作為一項(xiàng)腫瘤預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。Maeda等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn):VEGF的表達(dá)與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者的預(yù)后有密切關(guān)系,具有預(yù)測患者生存的價(jià)值。但是,另一項(xiàng)研究[5]卻得出相反的結(jié)論,即VEGF的表達(dá)與口腔舌癌患者的生存沒有相關(guān)性。基于此,本文對VEGF與OC預(yù)后的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜合分析,運(yùn)用Meta分析法對VEGF與OC的預(yù)后相關(guān)性進(jìn)行評價(jià)。
檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫主要以英文數(shù)據(jù)庫OVIDMEDLINE、 EMBASE和中文數(shù)據(jù)庫CNKI、VIP為主。檢索國內(nèi)外于1950—2009年公開發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),采用的主題詞和關(guān)鍵詞分別為:“oral or mouth”、“cancer or carcinoma or tumour or neoplasm”、“prognosis”、“vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF”、“血管內(nèi)皮生長因子”、“腫瘤”、“口腔”。共檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)94篇,根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩選,最終得到14篇有價(jià)值的文獻(xiàn)。
文獻(xiàn)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:1)所有文獻(xiàn)均為有全文的文獻(xiàn),只有摘要的文獻(xiàn)排除,只納入英語和漢語2個語種;2)文獻(xiàn)的研究對象均為經(jīng)病理診斷證實(shí)的OC患者,癌前病變和良性腫瘤者予以排除;3)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容為VEGF與OC預(yù)后的臨床研究,排除基礎(chǔ)研究和動物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的文獻(xiàn);4)文獻(xiàn)中需提供VEGF與OC預(yù)后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(hazard ratio,HR),或提供充足信息可計(jì)算HR,信息不全者予以排除。
由筆者進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取并核對。若文獻(xiàn)已提供HR及其95%可信區(qū)間(confidence intervals,CI),直接計(jì)算HR及其95%CI的自然對數(shù),得出lnHR及其方差;若文獻(xiàn)中未提供HR而提供了VEGF陰性、陽性組的生存率,則計(jì)算每組的死亡人數(shù),對HR進(jìn)行點(diǎn)值估計(jì)并計(jì)算出lnHR及其方差;若文獻(xiàn)中只提供生存曲線,則提取VEGF陰性、陽性2組的人數(shù),將生存曲線分成小的區(qū)間,對每個區(qū)間的HR進(jìn)行估計(jì),最終計(jì)算出總的lnHR及其方差。上述文獻(xiàn)提取方法均參照Parmar等[6]提供的方法。
針對總生存時(shí)間(overall survival,OS)和無疾病進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間(disease-free survival,DFS)進(jìn)行分析,對每篇文獻(xiàn)中VEGF與OC預(yù)后相關(guān)的HR進(jìn)行合并,觀察VEGF高表達(dá)是否預(yù)示更短的OS和DFS。每篇文獻(xiàn)HR合并前進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),若資料間沒有異質(zhì)性,用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,若存在異質(zhì)性則改用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。若合并的總HR>1,且HR的95%CI上下限均>1,則提示VEGF的高表達(dá)是OC預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素,VEGF越高提示預(yù)后越差;若HR的95%CI包括1,則尚不能認(rèn)為VEGF的表達(dá)與OC預(yù)后有關(guān)。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和I2檢驗(yàn),若χ2檢驗(yàn)的P<0.10或I2>50%說明研究資料間存在異質(zhì)性。文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚采用Begger’s漏斗圖和Egger’s檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行評價(jià)[7-8],雙側(cè)P<0.05說明Meta分析存在發(fā)表偏倚。所有統(tǒng)計(jì)過程均由STATA 8.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件完成。
本研究共納入14篇合格文獻(xiàn)[4-5,9-20],總的樣本含量為1 027例,其中VEGF陽性者518例,陰性者509例。有10篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了VEGF與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌預(yù)后的關(guān)系,4篇文獻(xiàn)分別報(bào)道了VEGF與黏液表皮樣癌[11]、腺樣囊性癌[16]和唾液腺癌[17,20]預(yù)后的關(guān)系。在納入的研究中,有9篇文章的研究終點(diǎn)為OS,8篇文章報(bào)道了DFS的結(jié)果。所有VEGF陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均根據(jù)免疫組織化學(xué)結(jié)果進(jìn)行判定(表1)。
表1 Meta分析資料的一般情況Tab 1 Characteristics of the eligible studies in Meta analysis
9篇文章的結(jié)果報(bào)道了VEGF的高表達(dá)與OC患者總生存之間的關(guān)系,對資料間的異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),未發(fā)現(xiàn)資料間存在明顯異質(zhì)性(χ2=5.96,P=0.651,I2=0%)。采用固定效應(yīng)模型對總生存結(jié)果的HR進(jìn)行合并,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):VEGF高表達(dá)患者與VEGF低表達(dá)患者相比有更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.95,95%CI:2.14~4.08)(圖1)。因?yàn)榭谇粣盒阅[瘤以鱗狀細(xì)胞癌居多,所以將VEGF與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者的OS進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者若存在VEGF的高表達(dá),同樣預(yù)示著較高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.60,95%CI:1.82~3.73),異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)提示資料間無明顯的異質(zhì)性(χ2=2.51,P=0.867,I2=0%)(圖2)。
圖1 VEGF對OC患者OS的Meta分析Fig 1 Meta analysis of the association between VEGF and OS in patients with OC
圖2 VEGF對口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者OS的Meta分析Fig 2 Meta analysis of the association between VEGF and OSin patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
將8篇報(bào)道了DFS的結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合分析,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)提示資料間無異質(zhì)性(χ2=6.16,P=0.522,I2= 0%),因此采用固定效應(yīng)模型對結(jié)果進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):VEGF的高表達(dá)預(yù)示著更高的腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.28,95%CI:1.61~3.21)(圖3)。單獨(dú)分析VEGF與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者的DFS,發(fā)現(xiàn)VEGF高表達(dá)的患者同樣有較高的腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.58,95%CI:1.73~3.84),異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)提示無明顯的異質(zhì)性(χ2=4.64,P=0.462,I2=0%)(圖4)。
圖3 VEGF對OC患者DFS的Meta分析Fig 3 Meta analysis of the association between VEGF and DFS in patients with OC
圖4 VEGF對口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者DFS的Meta分析Fig 4 Meta analysis of the association between VEGF and DFS in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
用Egger’s方法檢驗(yàn)文章的發(fā)表偏倚,結(jié)果提示:在OS(P=0.758)、DFS(P=0.638)的分析過程中不存在發(fā)表偏倚。Begger’s漏斗圖見圖5、6:漏斗圖上下基本對稱,同樣提示研究中不存在發(fā)表偏倚。
圖5 OS研究中發(fā)表偏倚的Begger’s漏斗圖Fig 5 Begger’s funnel plot of studies associated with OS
圖6 DFS研究中發(fā)表偏倚的Begger’s漏斗圖Fig 6 Begger’s funnel plot of studies associated with DFS
分子標(biāo)記物是當(dāng)前腫瘤研究的一大熱點(diǎn),一些分子標(biāo)記物已廣泛應(yīng)用于腫瘤治療的各個方面,例如血清甲胎蛋白水平升高可能提示患肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21-22],血清糖鏈抗原19-9高表達(dá)有助于胰腺癌的診斷和預(yù)后的判斷[23];還有一些小分子蛋白或基因的異常表達(dá)可以為臨床治療提供幫助[24-25]。目前已廣泛用于腫瘤預(yù)后的分子標(biāo)記物為數(shù)不多,除了常見的甲胎蛋白、血清糖鏈抗原19-9等以外,絕大多數(shù)分子標(biāo)記物在判斷腫瘤預(yù)后的價(jià)值仍在探索中;但是,有一些分子標(biāo)記物已表現(xiàn)出與腫瘤預(yù)后很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,如p53基因在肺癌患者的異常表達(dá)狀態(tài)提示更差的預(yù)后狀況[26],腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖因子Ki-67在乳腺癌組織中的高表達(dá)提示更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27]等。
腫瘤的淋巴血管生成是腫瘤生長轉(zhuǎn)移至關(guān)重要的環(huán)節(jié),因此VEGF在腫瘤組織的高表達(dá)可能提示該腫瘤具有更高的侵襲性。目前VEGF的預(yù)后價(jià)值已在大腸癌[28]、肝癌[29]、肺癌[30]中得到認(rèn)同,也有學(xué)者[31]研究VEGF在頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的預(yù)后價(jià)值并得到陽性結(jié)果。本研究針對VEGF在口腔惡性腫瘤中的預(yù)后價(jià)值進(jìn)行研究,在選用資料上不免和上述研究有所重復(fù),但本研究只針對口腔惡性腫瘤并未包含其他腫瘤類型,且納入了更多更新的文獻(xiàn),因此筆者認(rèn)為:本研究對口腔醫(yī)學(xué)仍有很大的參考價(jià)值,同時(shí)也是對上述文章的更新和補(bǔ)充。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):VEGF在腫瘤組織的高表達(dá)提示有更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.95,95%CI:2.14~4.08)和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.28,95%CI:1.61~3.21)??紤]到口腔惡性腫瘤中絕大多數(shù)以鱗狀細(xì)胞癌為主,因此單獨(dú)分析了VEGF在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的預(yù)后價(jià)值,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):VEGF在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的高表達(dá)提示有更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.60,95%CI:1.82~3.73)和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR:2.58,95%CI:1.73~ 3.84)。本研究結(jié)果與上述研究結(jié)果基本一致,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了VEGF在OC中的預(yù)后價(jià)值。本文針對Meta分析的可靠性進(jìn)行了異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)和發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn),整個分析過程中未發(fā)現(xiàn)資料間存在異質(zhì)性和發(fā)表偏倚,保證了研究結(jié)果的可靠性。
雖然本研究得到了陽性結(jié)果,但仍存在一定的局限性。首先,本文納入的研究中的VEGF檢測全部是針對腫瘤組織進(jìn)行的分析,沒有針對血清VEGF水平的分析,那么血清VEGF水平的高低是否也具有預(yù)測腫瘤預(yù)后的作用呢?這需要更多的研究來探討。其次,本文納入的研究中僅有4篇是針對非鱗狀細(xì)胞癌類型的,還不能說明VEGF在口腔非鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中也同樣具有預(yù)測預(yù)后的價(jià)值,需要更多針對其他腫瘤類型的研究來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
VEGF在OC中的預(yù)后價(jià)值在本研究中得到進(jìn)一步證實(shí),同樣也說明了VEGF在腫瘤進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用,因此VEGF可成為一個治療靶點(diǎn)應(yīng)用于OC中。當(dāng)前針對VEGF受體的小分子靶向治療藥物貝伐單抗(Avastin)已在很多腫瘤中得到應(yīng)用并取得了一定的效果,但其在OC中的療效還未得到證實(shí)。本研究結(jié)果也為口腔腫瘤科醫(yī)生提供參考信息,針對VEGF在腫瘤組織中高表達(dá)的患者,可通過縮短隨訪時(shí)間、改變治療策略等方法降低患者復(fù)發(fā)、死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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(本文編輯 胡興戎)
Prognostic role of vascular endothelial growth factor in oral carcinoma:A Meta analysis
LI Chen1,ZANG Jian2,LI Xiao-song1.(1.Dept.of Health Statistics,West China School of Public Health,Sichuan University,Chengdu610041,China;2.Dept.of Medical Oncology,Cancer Center of West China Hospital,Sichuan University, Chengdu610041,China)
ObjectiveTo perform a Meta analysis of prognostic cohort studies for evaluating the use of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)as a predictor of survival in patients with oral carcinoma.MethodsA search of OVIDMEDLINE,EMBASE database and two Chinese database(CNKI and VIP)was conducted using common text words combined with medical subject headings to capture the related cohort studies.Data were collected comparing disease-free and overall survival in patients with high VEGF levels as compared to those with low levels.Studies were pooled and summary hazard ratios(HR)were calculated.Results14 texts were included in this study.High tissue VEGF levels predicted poor overall survival(HR:2.95,95%CI:2.14-4.08)and disease-free survival(HR:2.28, 95%CI:1.61-3.21).Similarly,high VEGF levels predicted poor overall survival(HR:2.60,95%CI:1.82-3.73)and disease-free survival(HR:2.58,95%CI:1.73-3.84)in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionVEGF may be useful for defining prognosis in oral carcinoma.
oral carcinoma; vascular endothelial growth factor; prognosis; survival; Meta analysis
R 782
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-1182.2011.01.010
1000-1182(2011)01-0039-05
2010-04-09;
2010-08-28
李晨(1986—),女,陜西人,碩士
李曉松,Tel:028-85503370