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試論英漢翻譯中的詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯

2009-06-29 09:10李善華
關(guān)鍵詞:詞類副詞介詞

李善華

英譯漢過程中,有些句子可以用“一個蘿卜一個坑”的方法來逐詞對譯,有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言表達方式的不同,就不能逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉(zhuǎn)換詞類才能使譯文通順自然。下面簡略介紹兩種詞類的轉(zhuǎn)譯情況。

1. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞

1.1 英語中很多由名詞派生的動詞,以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動詞,在漢語中往往找不到與之相應(yīng)的動詞,這時可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。如:

1.1.1 Television works in much the same way as radio。.

電視機的工作原理與無線電廣播幾乎完全相同。(動詞譯成名詞)。

1.1.2 As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils.

隨著戰(zhàn)爭的進行,他成了他們受挫的象征,成了一切壞事的化身。(動詞譯成名詞)

1.1.3 They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations.

他們簽訂了兩個協(xié)定,目的是使他們的關(guān)系熱起來。(動詞譯成名詞)

1.1.4 Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitation of the sun, moon, and earth.

由于經(jīng)常受到太陽,月亮及地球引力的影響,衛(wèi)星活動必須加以密切的觀察。(動詞譯成名詞)

1.2 有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類人時,漢語常譯成名詞。此外,根據(jù)情況還有些形容詞也可譯成名詞。如:

1.2.1 M. Gorky had deep sympathy for the insulted and the injured.。

高爾基對于受侮辱的和受損害的人有深厚的同情心。(形容詞譯成名詞)

1.2.2 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded。

他們盡了最大的努力幫助病人和傷員。(形容詞譯成名詞)

1.2.3 Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft。

史蒂文有口才,有風(fēng)度,但很軟弱。(形容詞譯成名詞)

1.2.4 The Smith family were religious。

史密斯全家都是虔誠的教徒。(形容詞譯成名詞)

2. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞

2.1 英語中大量由動詞派生的名詞和具有動作意義的名詞以及其它名詞往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動詞。如:

2.1.1 I have no private interest in the acceptance of my inventions by the world.

我的發(fā)明為世界所采用,我未從中獲的任何私利。(名詞譯成動詞)

2.1.2 At the thought of the disaster his leg stiffened under him and he couldn't move a step further他一想到這場災(zāi)難,兩腿就像有千斤重,再也挪不動一步了。(名詞譯成動詞)

2.1.3 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing

看到我們的噴氣式飛機,聽見隆隆的機身,令我特別神往。(名詞譯成動詞)

2.1.4 A study of the motions of objects is necessary in order to understand their behavior

為了了解物體的性能,研究物體的各種運動是必要的。(名詞譯成動詞)

2.2 英語前置詞用的相當(dāng)廣泛,在句中表示詞與詞之間的關(guān)系。當(dāng)這種關(guān)系具有動作意義時,往往可以將其譯成漢語的動詞。如:

2.2.1 Atomic power for ocean-going vessels is already a reality.(介詞譯成動詞)

原子能動力用于遠洋船只已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實。

2.2.2 Shanghai, which means “above the sea”, is on the Huangpu River.

上海的意思是“在海上”,它坐落在黃浦江畔。(介詞譯成動詞)

2.2.3 I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.

我筆直向前高速飛行,越過港口,飛臨海面。(介詞譯成動詞)

2.2.4 Heat is produced when work is done against friction.

當(dāng)克服摩擦而做功時,有熱產(chǎn)生。(介詞譯成動詞)

2.3 表示知覺,情欲,欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞,在聯(lián)系動詞后作表語時,可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。常見的這類形容詞有:

confident, certain, careful, visible, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, possible等。如:

2.3.1 When metals are cut, the shining surface is visible, but it turns grey almost immediately.

切削金屬時,可以看到光亮的表面,但立刻就變成灰色。(形容詞譯成動詞)

2.3.2 Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

醫(yī)生說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。(形容詞譯成動詞)

2.3.3 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to cautious.

她能夠給我?guī)€信兒這件事就是個暗示。 但是我必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。(形容詞譯成動詞)

2.3.4 If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.

如果我們不知道原子的結(jié)構(gòu),我們就不能核子物理學(xué)。(形容詞譯成動詞)

2.4 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。

2.4.1 Last month the treaty was signed by both sides and the war was over.

上個月雙方簽訂條約,戰(zhàn)爭因此結(jié)束了。

2.4.2 She opened the window to let fresh air in.

她把窗子打開,讓新鮮空氣進來。

此外,還有轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,副詞或其它詞類的,雖不如上述兩者常見,但仍不失為一種翻譯方法,而且也是有一定規(guī)律可循的。

2.4.2.1 We found difficult in solving this complicated problem.

我們感到解決這個復(fù)雜的問題非常困難。(名詞譯成形容詞)

2.4.2.2 Such help is needed before they can find a useful method.

這些幫助對他們尋找有用的方法是必要的。(動詞譯成形容詞)

2.4.2.3 The novel impressed him deeply.

這部小說給他留下深刻的印象。(副詞譯成形容詞)

2.4.2.4 Today the difference between life and death is not as easy to see as in the past.

現(xiàn)在,生與死的差別不像過去那樣容易弄清楚。(形容詞譯成副詞)

2.4.2.5 He had the kindness to show me the way.

他十分友好地給我指路。(名詞譯成副詞)

收稿日期:2009-05-13

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