梅　靜

閱讀是語言學(xué)習(xí)的主要目的和途徑。《高中英語教學(xué)大綱》明確規(guī)定：要“側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力”。閱讀理解題又是高考的重頭戲，是獲得英語高分的關(guān)鍵，因此，閱讀能力的提高對學(xué)生來說起著至關(guān)重要的作用。多年來筆者的做法如下：

一、抓詞匯積累

重視詞匯教學(xué)。所謂“巧婦難為無米之炊”，英語詞匯是學(xué)習(xí)英語的基礎(chǔ)，如果沒有一定的詞匯，任何形式的交流都無從談起，閱讀就成了一句空話。英國語言學(xué)家威爾金斯在《語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué)》中說：“Without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed”。近幾年高考題中也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)檢查學(xué)生單詞記憶和理解的情況。

例1，Youll spend 4 days touring Greek cities youve always heard about. In Katakolon, you will have the only unguided tour to nearby Olympia on the whole journey.

…

（2006 重慶 A ）

Q：Tourist will travel on their own in ________.

A.Stresa B. Olympia C. Mykonos D.Verona

答案是 B 。

該題答案來自文中unguided“沒有人帶領(lǐng)的”與問題中on their own 意思相近，答案為 B 。

例2，The poor-quality painting didnt receive any bidder…except one—the old servant who had served the son and loved him, and who for emotional reasons offered the only bid.

…

Q：Why did the old servant bid for the painting of Fitzgeralds son?_______.

A. He was devoted to the family

B. He saw that no one bid for it

C. He knew the content of the will

D. He found it cheap for him to pay

答案是 A 。

該題答案來自文章的這段的第二個從句中的短語for emotional reasons。如果同學(xué)們知道emotional的意思是“情感的”，還有前面的loved與be devoted to意思一致，就知道這道題的答案為A了。

二、重視技能培養(yǎng)

1．用跳讀法找出關(guān)鍵詞

運用跳讀法——帶著問題到文章中搜尋關(guān)鍵詞的方法作細節(jié)題，此時注意力要集中放在尋找自己所需要的細節(jié)上，快速跳讀文章，直到查找到自己所需要的信息，然后核對事實，找出正確答案。

例3，When this happens, the normal first reaction is the fear of being laughed at as a result of his poor knowledge in the woods.

…

（2006 崇文一模）

Q：According to the passage, if a person gets lost in the forest, at the very beginning, he would ________.

A. worry about being laughed at

B. push himself to find his way out

C. feel it is convenient to ask for help from his friends

D. be concerned about being frighteded by wild animals

答案是 A 。

用跳讀法在文章第七段中看到 the normal first reaction與題目中的 at the very beginning 意思一致，故答案是 A 。

例4，The boy ran to his father s bag, while Jeb started shouting as well as hitting, to keep the cougars attention away from Tom.

（2007 北京C）

Q：How did Jeb try to hold the cougars attention?________.

A. By keeping shouting and hitting

B. By making a wall out of his arms

C. By throwing himself on the cougar

D. By swinging his fits at the cougars eyes

答案是 A 。

用跳讀法在文章第七段中發(fā)現(xiàn) Jeb started shouting as well as hitting, to keep the cougars attention away from Tom. 得出答案為A。

2．略讀法找主題句

主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，有時也會出現(xiàn)在文章的其他地方。它是對整篇文章或段落的總結(jié)或提升。主要有兩種情況：先作結(jié)論后寫事實（演繹法）；或先寫事實后做結(jié)論（歸納法）。

例5，As in business and other fields, the use of computers is growing in health care. At first, computers were used only in the business office for such things as patients billing and paying for purchase. As computer technology advanced, the use of computers broadened to include patients information and communication systems.

（唐山 期中）

Q：The best title for this passage can be ________.

A. New Development of Computers

B. Computer Systems in hospital

C. Information of Computers in the Health care

D. New Development of Medicine

答案是 B 。

根據(jù)全文第一句知道這篇文章的主題談的是電腦在醫(yī)療方面的使用。作者采用演繹法開啟下文，答案選 B 。

例6，In todays Internet age, online games can be a change from the pressure of school and work.

However, they can also cause problems and unhealthy addictions. This is most clearly seen in the example of South Korea.

（2008 成都摸底）

Q：The passage is mainly about ________.

A. online game addiction

B. problems caused by online games

C. computer problems in Asia

D. problems caused by young people

答案是 B 。

根據(jù)文章第二句知道這篇文章的主題談的是電腦帶來的問題，作者采用演繹法開啟下文。

例7，

…

By telling them this: Read in the backyard with the sun on your face. Learn to be happy. And think of life as a deadly illness, because if you do, you will live it with joy and passion（激情）as it ought to be lived.

（2008 濰坊質(zhì)量檢測）

Q：The best title of this passage probably is ________.

A. Love your friendsB. Live a real life

C. Dont waste time D. Be a good mother and wife

答案是 B 。

根據(jù)文章最后一段知道這篇文章的主題談的是如何過一個有意義的生活，作者采用歸納法結(jié)束文章。

3．合乎邏輯的推理，做好深層理解題。

嚴(yán)格以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)，研究細節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章寓義。

例8，“Oh, Im in no hurry,”she said.“Im on my way to a hospice（臨終醫(yī)院）. I dont have any family left. The doctor says I dont have very long.”

I quietly reached over and shut off the meter.（計時器）

For the next two hours, we drove through the city. She showed me the building where she had once worked, the neighborhood where she had lived, and the furniture shop that had once been a ball-room where she had gone dancing as a girl.

Q：The old woman chose to ride through the city in order to ______.

A. show she was familiar with the city

B. see some places for the last time

C. let the driver earn more money

D. reach the destination on time

答案是 B 。

通過前面提示，老人要去臨終醫(yī)院，推斷出此時她想坐車從城里走一圈主要是想最后再看一眼這座城市，得出答案是 B 。

三、重視語法教學(xué)

英國語言學(xué)家威爾金斯在《語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué)》中又說過：“Without grammar very little can be conveyed”?？梢姏]有扎實的語法作基礎(chǔ)，任何語言都是學(xué)不好的，英語學(xué)習(xí)也是這樣。在英語的閱讀教學(xué)中，只有重視學(xué)生分析能力的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生才能排除句中干擾成分，把復(fù)雜句子簡單化，達到正確理解文章的目的。高考中的很多問題也往往考查學(xué)生對文章中的定語（定語從句）、同位（同位語從句）和非謂語動詞等的理解是否準(zhǔn)確。

例9，Terry had great hopes of the middle tree, now set in the holy spot，where Henry, his cat, run over, had been laid to rest a year before.

（2005 貴州省適應(yīng)性考試 C）

Q：Part of the garden is called a holy spot because ________.

A. Henry had been run over just there

B. a cat was buried there

C. Terry thought it was holy

D.it was right in front of Leslies house

答案是 B

該題答案來自文章的定語從句 where Henry, his cat, had been laid there to rest （這里是他的那只被攆死的貓埋葬的地方），這里 where 是定語從句的關(guān)系詞，除了起連接作用外，還替代前文的 holy spot。所以答案為 B 。

例10，In meditation, people sit quietly and focus their attention on their breath. As they breathe in and out, they attend to their feelings. As thoughts go through their minds, they let them go.

（2007 天津 D）

Q：The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 1 refers to ________.

A. feelingsB. minds.C. peopleD. thoughts.

答案是 D 。

該題雖然考查的是猜測詞義，但經(jīng)過分析答案來自文中時間狀語從句As thoughts go through their minds, they let them go.在這句話中，此時的they是人稱代詞替代了時間狀語從句中的thoughts，得出答案是 D 。

四、注意限時訓(xùn)練

因為高考英語科的時間有限：兩個小時，只有合理地將兩個小時的時間分配到各題上才能在英語科上取得勝利。而閱讀理解題量大，如果平日不進行大量的訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生往往無法在有效的時間內(nèi)做完做好該做的題目。從高一開始堅持每周一堂課的限時閱讀。

總之，英語閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)是一個漫長又復(fù)雜的過程，只有讓學(xué)生具備了扎實的基本功，只有養(yǎng)成了經(jīng)常閱讀英語的習(xí)慣，持之以恒，才能取得英語學(xué)習(xí)的最后勝利。

參考文獻

1 《2009A版 5年高考3年?？肌?/p>

2 董 瓊.《淺析中學(xué)英語詞匯教學(xué)》.鎮(zhèn)海區(qū)駱駝中學(xué)