周 輝
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本用法
1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分。例如:
①(2006年福建卷)If it were not for the fact that she ______ sing,I would invite her to the party.
A.couldntB.shouldntC.cantD.might not
解析 句意為:如果不是因?yàn)樗粫?huì)唱歌的事實(shí),我會(huì)邀請(qǐng)她來(lái)參加那次聚會(huì)的。that從句為同位語(yǔ)從句,描述的是事實(shí),用陳述語(yǔ)氣。正確答案為C。
②(2007年天津卷)If Newton lived today,he would be surprised by what ______ in science and technology.
A.had discovered B.had been discovered
C.has discovered D.has been discovered
解析 句意為:如果牛頓還活著,他一定會(huì)為科學(xué)技術(shù)方面的發(fā)明感到驚奇?!八械襟@奇”是虛擬的,但發(fā)明卻是真實(shí)的,所以賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)是陳述語(yǔ)氣,是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響,故應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。discover和what之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。正確答案為D。
2.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+have done+其他成分。例如:
①(2007年全國(guó)卷)______ he had not hurt his leg,John would have won the race.
A.IfB.SinceC.ThroughD.When
解析 句意為:如果不是他的腿受傷了,他會(huì)贏得那場(chǎng)比賽的。句子描述的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的事情。正確答案為A。
②(2008年全國(guó)卷)If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.But it ______ all day.
A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining
解析 句意為:如果天氣好的話,我們是能夠去野餐的,但是下了一天的雨。句子前半部分陳述的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的事情,所以用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣?!跋铝艘惶斓挠辍笔鞘聦?shí),所以用陳述語(yǔ)氣。因?yàn)槭前l(fā)生在過(guò)去的事實(shí),所以正確答案為A。
3.與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)/should do/were to do+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分。例如:
(2005年湖北卷)If I ______ plan to do anything I want to,Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
A.wouldB.couldC.had toD.ought to
解析 句意為:如果我能夠計(jì)劃做我想做的事情,我想去西藏并且盡可能多玩一些地方。句子描述的是與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的事情,所以正確答案為B。
二、含蓄虛擬條件句
這樣的虛擬句不含有if從句,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引導(dǎo)的句子代替if從句,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與前面虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本用法相同。例如:
①(2001年上海卷)He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball,otherwise he ______ a goal.
A.had scored B.scored C.would score D.would have scored
解析 句意為:他在射門(mén)前猶豫了一下,否則的話,那球就進(jìn)了。從句描述的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的事情,所以正確答案為D。
②(2008年山東卷)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we ______ it without you.
A.can manage B.could have managed
C.could managed D.can have managed
解析 由語(yǔ)境可知這里要表達(dá)的意思是:如果沒(méi)有你們辛勤的工作,我們不可能處理好這件事。很顯然,這是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事實(shí)的虛擬,所以要用could have done,故應(yīng)選B。
三、主從句時(shí)間不一致的虛擬條件句
在有些虛擬條件句中,主從句時(shí)間不一致,應(yīng)根據(jù)不同情況區(qū)別對(duì)待。例如:
(2002年上海卷)Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love,at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen
C.should fallD.were to fall
解析 句意為:如果不是我在七歲時(shí)愛(ài)上家鄉(xiāng)的Melinda Cox圖書(shū)館的話,很難想象今天的我會(huì)是什么樣子。主句描述的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的事情,從句描述的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的事情。正確答案為B。
四、名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在含有表示堅(jiān)持、建議、命令、要求等含義的名詞性從句和在it做形式賓語(yǔ)或形式主語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句中,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示“驚奇、惋惜或者理應(yīng)如此”等含義時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,其中should可以省略。例如:
①(2004年浙江卷)—How do you ______ we go to Beijing for our holiday?
—I think wed better fly there.Its much more comfortable.
A.insist B.want C.suppose D.suggest
解析 根據(jù)答語(yǔ)句意:我認(rèn)為我們最好乘飛機(jī)去那里,那樣更加舒適。所以問(wèn)句句意應(yīng)為:你建議我們?cè)撊绾稳ケ本┒燃伲空_答案為D。句中should省略了。
②(2005年江蘇卷)—Dont you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York?
—I agree,but the problem is ______ he has refused to.
A.will not be sent;thatB.not be sent;that
C.should not be sent;whatD.should not send;what
解析 問(wèn)句句意為:難道你不認(rèn)為必須把他送到邁阿密而不是紐約嗎?句子表示理應(yīng)如此的意思。正確答案為B。
五、wish/if only/would rather從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
具體說(shuō)來(lái)其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:wish/if only/would rather+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)(表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,其中be動(dòng)詞用were)/動(dòng)詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)(表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)/would+動(dòng)詞原型(表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反)。例如:
①(2003年上海卷)Look at the trouble Im in,if only I ______ your advice!
A.followedB.would follow
C.had followed D.should follow
解析 句意為:看我目前的困境,要是我聽(tīng)你的建議就好了。其描述的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的事情。正確答案為C。
②(2004年廣東卷)—Do you mind if I open the window?
—______.I feel a bit cold.
A.Of course notB.Id rather you didnt
C.Go aheadD.Why not
解析 問(wèn)句句意為:你介意我打開(kāi)窗子嗎?根據(jù)答語(yǔ):I feel a bit cold.(我感到有點(diǎn)冷。)所以正確答案為B。Id rather you didnt.(我寧愿你不打開(kāi)窗子。)句子描述的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的事情。
六、as if/as though從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在as if/as though引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中,若從句表示的是事實(shí),則用陳述語(yǔ)氣;反之,則與wish/if only/would rather等后接從句用法相同,用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:
①(1995年全國(guó)卷)When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it ______.
A.breaks B.was broken
C.were brokenD.had been broken
解析 句意為:將一支鉛筆部分地放入一杯水里,看起來(lái)就像斷了一樣。句子描述的是與客觀事實(shí)相反的事情,所以要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,正確答案為C。
②(2006年全國(guó)卷)Eliza remembers that everything exactly as if it ______ yesterday.
A.was happening B.happens
C.has happenedD.happened
解析 句意為:就如發(fā)生在昨天一般,Eliza清楚地記得一切。句子描述的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的事情,所以正確答案為D。
七、倒裝句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
當(dāng)if虛擬條件從句中含有should/were/had時(shí),若將if省略,需將should/were/had提前。例如:
①(2006年湖北卷)______ fired,your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A.Would you be B.Should you be
C.Could you beD.Might you be
解析 正確答案為B。句意為:萬(wàn)一你被開(kāi)除了,你的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和其他福利不會(huì)立即被終止。這里的should為“如果,萬(wàn)一”的意思,從句用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。完整的表述為:If you should be fired,your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
②(1995年上海卷)______ for the free tickets,I would not have gone to see the film so often.
A.If it is not B.Were it not
C.Had it not been D.If they were not
解析 正確答案為C。句意為:要不是因?yàn)槊赓M(fèi)的票,我才不會(huì)那么頻繁地去看電影。句子表述的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的事情,所以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。完整的表述為:If it had not been for the free tickets,I would not have gone to see the film so often.