張志勝 張愛君
隨著英語高考試題中閱讀量的增大,考生在閱讀時經(jīng)常碰到未學(xué)過的或者未見過的生詞或者短語,怎樣正確“猜出”它們的意思,對正確解答有關(guān)試題起著至關(guān)重要的作用。現(xiàn)就如何正確猜測生詞,提出以下應(yīng)試策略,希望對考生有所裨益。
一、根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞。這是近幾年高考英語閱讀理解題中占比例逐年上升的一個類型,也是最大的一個類型。如:
1. The schools are reluctant to take time off—even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. (06年高考福建卷A篇閱讀)根據(jù)下文“即使有票的老師請假也有困難”,可推斷出上文的意思應(yīng)表達(dá)“學(xué)校不愿意(老師們)請假”。因此reluctant應(yīng)是“不愿意”的意思。
2. We guarantee that you have nothing to lose if its not for you; let us know within 6 weeks and we will completely reimburse you. (06年高考湖北卷A篇閱讀) 這句話的前半部分是說“我們保證你不會有損失”,所以后面應(yīng)接著說“如果不適合你的話,我們就會把錢退還給你”。因此reimburse you應(yīng)是“把(你已支付的)錢退還給你”之意。
3. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.(05年高考廣東卷B篇閱讀) 第一句話說“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能和維生素C不一樣,是不能輕易地咽下去的”。也就是說,“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能不是輕而易舉地學(xué)會的”。因此下一句應(yīng)該接著說“(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能)需要慢慢地培養(yǎng)”。故cultivated應(yīng)是“培養(yǎng)”之意。
二、根據(jù)“對比關(guān)系”猜測生詞。如:
1.To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively.(07年高考模擬試題第三套A篇閱讀)連詞and后面是說“好土地精耕細(xì)作”因此and前面應(yīng)是“必須開墾貧瘠的土地”。也就是說,inferior應(yīng)與good相對,故inferior應(yīng)是“劣等的、貧瘠的”之意。
2. Maybe it is because of such transparency (透明) by government, rather than the concealment too often used by authorities in many other countries that more French can enjoy la joi de vivre thanks to speed cameras.(煙臺市06-07學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期期末考試B篇閱讀)連詞詞組rather than為“而不是”的意思,所以transparency (透明) 應(yīng)與concealment相對,故concealment應(yīng)是“隱藏,隱蔽”之意。
3.The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. (06年高考江西卷B篇閱讀)but是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞,其前后應(yīng)是“相對”,構(gòu)成對比關(guān)系。即:normal outside應(yīng)與exotic inside相對,故exotic應(yīng)是foreign and unusual 之意。
三、根據(jù)“并列關(guān)系”猜測生詞。如:
The music is sometimes witty and playful, sometimes almost alarming and frightening.(05年高考上海卷完形填空) 由于and 是并列連詞,故and 前后的詞性及意思應(yīng)是一致的。由frightening可推知alarming的意思應(yīng)與其等同,作“令人驚恐的、令人害怕的”之意。
四、根據(jù)英語構(gòu)詞法中的“轉(zhuǎn)化”、“派生”(即:“前后綴”法)、“合成”等方法來猜測生詞。如:
1.Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you.(05年高考上海卷A篇閱讀) 分析句子成分可知,simplify 應(yīng)是動詞。該詞是由形容詞simple(簡單的,簡明的)轉(zhuǎn)化而成的動詞。故simplify應(yīng)是“簡化,精簡,使易懂”之意。
2.Television wildlife programmes have developed to fuel the new trend. (05年高考上海卷D篇閱讀) 本句中的fuel 是由名詞“燃料”轉(zhuǎn)化而成的動詞,作“刺激,支持”解。
3.Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world. (05年高考上海卷C篇閱讀)本句中的inadequate是由adequate加前綴“in”而構(gòu)成的,與adequate(充足的,適當(dāng)?shù)模┮馑枷喾?,作“不充分的,不適當(dāng)?shù)摹苯狻?/p>