王世文

英語中的名詞有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分，可數(shù)名詞又有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分，名詞還有所有格形式。近年來，全國各地中考英語試題對名詞的考查主要集中在上述幾個方面，筆者擬對此加以歸納，并作一簡析，供同學(xué)們參考。

一、考查可數(shù)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式

可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分，由單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)的方法如下：一般名詞在詞尾加-s; 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞在詞尾加-es(但stomach在詞尾加-s); 以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，先把y改為i, 再加-es,以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞大多直接在詞尾加-s; 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞通常將f或fe改成v, 再加-es; 以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞通常在詞尾加-es, 但也有在詞尾加-s的；含主體名詞的復(fù)合名詞通常將主體名詞改為復(fù)數(shù)形式(如passers-by)，無主體名詞的復(fù)合名詞一般在詞尾加-s(如grown-ups); 由man/woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞將兩部分均改為復(fù)數(shù)形式（如women teachers）; deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish(活魚)等名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同；有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式無規(guī)律可言，需要逐個加以記憶，如child→children, mouse→mice, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet等。有些名詞，如trousers, clothes, jeans, glasses, shoes, sunglasses等成雙成對的名詞，只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，這些名詞單獨(dú)作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，由a pair of或pairs of修飾這些名詞并作主語時，謂語動詞的形式取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1. All the ____ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.（2007重慶市）

A. man B. men C. woman D. women

[簡析]答案為D?？疾槊~作定語。句意為“所有的女教師在三月八日這一天都很愉快，因?yàn)檫@是她們的節(jié)日。man, woman作定語修飾名詞時，其單數(shù)形式修飾單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

2. ——Do you know how many ____ a horse has and how many

____ a bee has?(2007年內(nèi)蒙古包頭市)

——Of course. I know.

A. teeth; feet B. tooth; foot C. foot; teeth D. teeth; foot

[簡析]答案為A。考查tooth, foot的用法。這兩個名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時都要把oo變?yōu)閑e，在本題中用于how many之后，都用復(fù)數(shù)，故選A。

3. How many ____ are there in the international village?

(2006廣東省)

A. Chinese B. Russian C. American

[簡析]答案為A。How many后面應(yīng)接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。三個選項(xiàng)只有Chinese單復(fù)數(shù)同形。B和C的復(fù)數(shù)形式都在其后加s。

二、考查可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的使用

考生應(yīng)根據(jù)具體語境和句子意思來確定名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

1. Liu Xiang is an Olympic winner in the ____ hurdles(跨欄). Were proud of him. (2006年海南省)

A. 110-metre B. 110-metres C. 110 metre D. 110 meters

[簡析]考查“基數(shù)詞+連詞符號+名詞”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞的用法，其中的名詞只能用單數(shù)形式，故答案為A項(xiàng)。

2. We have bought two ____ for the coming party. (2005年吉林省)

A. box of apple B. boxes of apples

C. box of apples D. boxes of apple

[簡析]答案為B。box與apple均為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)語境，空白處應(yīng)填表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞性詞組boxes of apples, 故答案為B項(xiàng)。

三、考查名詞所有格的用法

名詞所有格表示該名詞與其他名詞的所屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法有兩種：不以s結(jié)尾的名詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，通常在詞尾加“‘s”；以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾加“‘”。表示時間、距離、國家、城市、天體等概念的無生命名詞的所有格也用s的形式；of短語常用來構(gòu)成無生命的所有格；of所有格和s所有格重疊使用構(gòu)成雙重所有格，結(jié)構(gòu)為：不定冠詞/數(shù)詞/指示代詞/疑問代詞+名詞+of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞；修飾語與被修飾的名詞之間沒有所屬關(guān)系時，應(yīng)用名詞作定語。表示兩人共同擁有某物時，最后一個名詞用s, 表示兩人分別擁有某物時，兩個名詞分別用所有格形式；else的所有格為elses。例如：

1. ____ room is big and bright. They like it very much.

（2007年河北省）

A. Tom and Sam B. Toms and Sam

C. Tom and Sams D. Toms and Sams

[簡析]答案為C。room用的是單數(shù)形式，可知房間是兩個人共有的。當(dāng)兩個人共有某物時，名詞所有格應(yīng)該在后面那個人名后加“‘s”。

2. ——Come and see me in ____.(2007年黑龍江哈爾濱市)

——With pleasure. Thats what Im expecting.

A. two or three days

B. two or three days time

C. two or three days time

[簡析]答案為C。此題考查短語“在兩或三天之后”，正確表達(dá)是：in two or three days time或in two or three days。

3. All the students in my class decided to have the next meeting in one ____ time.(2007年遼寧沈陽市)

A. week B. weeks C. weeks D. weeks

[簡析]答案為C。該句意為“我們班所有的學(xué)生決定在一周的時間內(nèi)要開下一次會議?！?表示“一周的”時間應(yīng)該用名詞所有格s，表示“……的”，故答案選C。

4. Li Feng bought his mother a nice handbag on ____ Day.

(2007年廣西桂林市)

A. Mother B. mother C. Mothers D. mothers

[簡析]答案為C。母親節(jié)應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，且用名詞所有格，即：Mothers Day。

四、考查根據(jù)具體語境來選擇名詞

在中考英語試卷中，不少試題要求考生從不同類別的名詞中選擇符合語境的名詞，以考查考生對名詞類別的區(qū)分能力。例如：

1. ——How can I tell one tree from another?

——You can mostly tell them by the ____ of their leaves.

(2007年湖北武漢市)

A. shape B. size C. age D. color

[簡析]答案為A。句意為“我怎樣說出一棵樹和另外一棵樹的不同？”“你可以主要說樹葉的形狀?！盇是形狀；B是尺寸；C是年齡；D是顏色。

2. ——You didnt send me an e-mail last night, did you?

(2007年安徽省)

——Sorry. My ____ broke down. I couldnt get online.

A. computer B. car C. clock D. camera

[簡析]答案為A。句意為“昨晚你沒有給我發(fā)電子郵件，對嗎？”“很抱歉，我的電腦壞了，不能上網(wǎng)。”根據(jù)前面句子的意思判斷，讓他發(fā)電子郵件，應(yīng)該是說電腦壞了。

3. ——I dont know how to use the machine. (2007年江西省)

——It doesnt matter. Here is the ____.

A. instruction B. direction C. information D. advertisement

[簡析]答案為A。句意為“我不知道怎樣用這臺機(jī)器。”“沒關(guān)系，這是說明。”instruction說明書；direction 方向；information信息；advertisement 廣告。根據(jù)句意排除選項(xiàng)B、C、D。

4. ——Would you like some ____?(2007年陜西課改區(qū))

——No, thank you. Im not hungry at all.

A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffee

[簡析]答案為C。句意為“你想要些面包嗎？”“不，謝謝，我根本不餓?！庇苫卮鹬械膆ungry可知上句應(yīng)與食物有關(guān)。tea茶；water水；coffee咖啡，均不符合題意，故排除。

5. Linda wants to borrow a book on science in the ____ nearby. (2007年黑龍江省)

A. library B. bookstore C. supermarket

[簡析]答案為A。借書當(dāng)然要到圖書館去。

6. ——Would you like some ____?(2007年浙江寧波市)

——Yes, please. Im a little thirsty.

A. bread B. meat C. beef D. orange

[簡析]答案為D。根據(jù)答語“我有點(diǎn)口渴”可推斷問句應(yīng)對飲料提問。A、B、C三項(xiàng)都是吃的食物，不符合題意。

7. He always has a ____ with him. I think he must enjoy taking photos.(2007年福建廈門市)

A. computer B. dictionary C. camera

[簡析]答案為C。考查在理解句意的基礎(chǔ)上，選擇相應(yīng)的名詞。通過題干中的take photos可知選C。

8. ——Mum, its so hot and Im so thirsty.(2007年山東威海市)

——Go and get some ____ in the fridge.

A. biscuits B. chips C. cakes D. ice creams

[簡析]答案為D。由題意可知說話人很熱并且口渴，比較一下A、B、C三項(xiàng)都不符合題意。

9. Im afraid that there is no ____ for you in my car because there are already five people. (2007年甘肅省)

A. ground B. room C. place D. field

[簡析]答案為B。該句意為“恐怕我的車?yán)餂]有你的空了，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有5個人了?！眊round地面；room空間，不可數(shù)名詞；place地方，指具體的某一地點(diǎn)；field田地。

10. ——Please write down the telephone number.

——Sorry, but I have no ____ to write on.(2007年寧夏回族自治區(qū))

A. pen B. ink C. paper D. time

[簡析]答案為C。paper在此處作have的賓語，也作on的賓語，句意為“我沒有紙可以寫在上面?！?/p>

11. I dont have enough money, so I have to go to the ____ to get some. (2007年烏魯木齊市)

A. restaurant B. police station C. bank D. shop

[簡析]答案為C。該句意為“我的錢不多了，我得去銀行去取?！眗estaurant飯店；police station警察局；bank銀行；shop商店。

12. They got much ____ on the Internet.(2007年天津市)

A. photo B. ideas C. message D. information

[簡析]答案為D。much后面應(yīng)接不可數(shù)名詞。

13. There is good ____ for you. Ive found your lost watch.

(2007年廣東省)

A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts

[簡析]答案為A。由于該句謂語動詞是單數(shù)is，故答案選A。news是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“消息”。

14. ——Look, the tall building looks very modern. (2007年河南省)

——Yes, and there is a garden on its ____. A garden in the air!

A. top B. ground C. side D. floor

[簡析]答案為A。根據(jù)后句A garden in the air!(空中花園)判斷，花園在樓頂。故選A（在……頂端）。

15. ——Whats wrong with your daughters ____? (2007年海南省)

——She cant see things clearly.

A. eyes B. ears C. nose

[簡析]答案為A。根據(jù)下文“她看不清東西”可知“她的眼睛出毛病了”。表示“眼睛”用eyes。

[小試牛刀]

1. ____ the Green Great Wall, the land produces more crops.

A. Thanks for B. Thanks to C. Thank to D. Thank for

2. ——Ive got an “A” in the exam.

——Thats a good ____. You will surely win a second.

A. news B. idea C. start D. result

3. If you didnt take more ____, youll get fat.

A. medicine B. exercise C. lessons

4. We watch evening news on channel of ____ at 7:00 in the evening.

A. MTV B. CAAC C. CCTV D. WTO

5. She was born in Chongqing, but Chengdu has become her second____.

A. family B. hometown C. house D. country

6. ——Could you move over a little and make some ____ for me?

——Sure, please.

A. place B. seat C. room D. ground

7. How many ____ were lost in the fire?

A. life B. lives C. lifes

8. The ____ now is that I have lots of ____ to ask.

A. problem; questions B. question; problems

C. question; problem D. problem; question

9. He had something to write down and asked me for ____.

A. a paper B. some papers

C. some piece of paper D. a piece of paper

10. Canadians speak ____ and ____.

A. Italian; Japanese B. English; Chinese

C. German; Russian D. French; English

11. There are two ____ in the city.

A. cars factory B. cars factories

C. factories of cars D. car factories

12. His sisters English is better than ____ in her class.

A. anyone else B. anyones C. anyones else D. anyone elses

13. How many ____ are there in your factory?

A. German B. Japanese C. Australian D. Englishmans

14. I have ____ to do this evening.

A. a lot of works B. many work

C. a lot of work D. some works

15. Which of the following signs means “NO BIKES”. ____.

16. The sign “THIS SIDE UP” is often seen ____.

A. in the street B. on a box C. at the police D. on a door

17. We will have a ____ holiday. What about going to the West Lake?

A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two days

18. ——Can I just have a try?

——Sure. It doesnt ____ if you give me a wrong answer.

A. matter B. trouble C. mind D. care

19. There was ____ on show in the museum.

A. quite nice a cup B. nice quite cup

C. quite a nice cup D. quite nice cup

20. The river is very long and it is about ____.

A. 20 metres wide B. 15 metres long

C. 30 metres high D. 50 metres tall

Key(3)