蔡鳳云

一、詞語例解

1. surroundvt. 包圍；圍繞

Trees surrounded the lake. 湖的周圍長滿了樹。

They have surrounded the town with troops. 他們出動軍隊包圍了該城。

【聯(lián)想拓展】surroundingadj. 周圍的;附近的n.環(huán)境;周圍的事物

be surrounded by/with 被……環(huán)繞；周圍都是

He didnt pay much attention to his sur?鄄roundings.他沒有多注意他周圍的環(huán)境。

Foxes started coming in from the sur?鄄rounding countryside.狐貍開始從附近的鄉(xiāng)下跑進來。

2. settle

vt. 1）place or plant firmly and securely安置；安放

He settled himself in the armchair. 他安坐在扶手椅上。

2) to make a place your home定居；移居 The family finally settled in South America. 這家人最后在南美定居下來。

A long time ago, a great number of English people settled in America and Australia. 很久以前，大批英國人到美洲和澳洲定居。

3) to become quiet and calm靜下來；安頓下來

The children were noisy but theyve

settled down now. 孩子們剛才很吵鬧，不過現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)安靜下了。

4) pay money that one owes 付錢

At last he settled all his bills. 最后他付清了一切賬單。

The account is settled at the end of every year. 每年年底結帳。

5) to decide 決定；解決

Weve settled that well stay here three days.我們已經(jīng)決定在這里住三天。

The question has been settled.這個問題已經(jīng)解決了。

vi. 1) take up residence定居

I cant make up my mind where to set?鄄tle. 我不能決定定居何處。

2) pass into a lasting, stable condition, position, etc.進入穩(wěn)定的、持久的狀態(tài)

The weather has settled at last. 天氣終于穩(wěn)定下來（不再多變）了。

3) (settle to) apply oneself or ones mind to; occupy oneself continuously with致力于

He cannot settle to anything. 他不能專心做任何事。

4) come to rest停；降

A bird settled on the branch. 一只鳥停歇在樹枝上。

3. voyagen. 航行；（尤指）航海

The voyage from England to India used to take 6 months. 從英國坐船去印度過去得用六個月的時間。

The large ship, the Titanic with 2,207 people went down on her maiden voyage. 裝載2，207人的大船——泰坦尼克號首航就沉入海底。

【辨析】voyage，journey，trip，tour，travel

voyage主要指遠距離的水上旅行，也可以指空中旅行意思為“航海、航空、航行”等。只作名詞；journey指從一地到另一地，通常指陸地上的遠距離“旅行”，有時也可以表示經(jīng)常走的或長或短的“路程”，只作名詞；trip 一般指時間短、距離近的“旅行、遠足”，也可以指長途旅行。在非正式用語中可代替journey，只作名詞；tour著重指旅行線路比較曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）參觀、訪問、（巡回）旅游、視察、購物、演出”等意思?？勺鲃釉~和名詞；travel作“旅行、游歷”解，一般表示從一地到另一地旅行這一總的概念，常指長時間、遠距離的“旅行”，尤指出國旅行，可作動詞和名詞。其復數(shù)形式意思為“旅游筆記”、“游記”。

4. surprising adj.that one does not expect使人驚奇的；出人意外的

Theres nothing surprising about that; it's what everybody expected to happen. 沒有什么可驚奇的，這件事的發(fā)生是在大家意料之中的。

Is there anything surprising about it? I dont think so.這難道還有什么可奇怪的？我認為沒有什么可奇怪的。

【比較】surprised adj. 吃驚的,驚訝的,（對……）感到驚訝的

She looked a little surprised. 她看來有點吃驚的樣子。

I should not be surprised if it snowed tonight. 如果今晚下雪我不會感到意外。

You will be surprised at [by] his progress. 你會對他 (意外) 的進步感到驚訝。

I am very surprised to hear of his failure. 我聽到他失敗的事感到吃驚。

5. relationn. 親屬，親戚；關系，聯(lián)系

Hes no relation to me.他不是我的親戚。

She invited his relations to dinner.她請他的親人吃飯。

He had no other near relations.他沒有其他近親。

Your answer has no relation to the question. 你答非所問。

They are anxious to develop friendly relations with their neighboring countries.他們急于同鄰國發(fā)展友好關系。

二、短語精析

1. in （with） relation to 關于；和……有關

I have a lot to say in relation to that affair. 關于那件事我有好多話要說。

In relation to what happened yesterday I have something to say.對于昨天發(fā)生的事，我有話要說。

2. take possession of 占領；奪取

The soldiers took possession of the village.士兵們占領了村子。

We took possession of the enemys stronghold.我們占領了敵人的要塞。

【聯(lián)想拓展】in ones possession (=in the possession of sb.)(某物)為某人所占有

in possession of sth.占有某物

come into the possession of sb.(=come into ones possession)被某人占有；落入某人手中

give possession移交所有權, 使完全占有

3. make up 組成；編造；化妝；占

Farm workers make up only a small section of the population. 農(nóng)工只占人口的一小部分。

He made up a story to fool us.他編造了一個故事來愚弄我們。

She took over 30 minutes to make herself up.她花了30多分鐘來化妝。

4. be marked with 有……為標志；以……做標志

The box of eggs was marked with “Care”".這個雞蛋盒標上了“小心”字樣。

The leopards skin is marked with black spots. 豹身上有黑斑紋。

5. refer to 提到；參考；查閱；針對；提交（某人或某機關）作決定（處理）

In his speech, he didnt refer to the problem at all.在他的演講中，他絲毫未涉及那個問題。

If you have any problems, refer to the guidebook. 如果你有問題，請參閱旅游指南。

The scientists refer to the discovery as the most exciting development in this field. 這位科學家提到這一發(fā)現(xiàn)時，說它是這個領域中最令人興奮的新發(fā)展。

6.turn to變成；求助；轉(zhuǎn)向

The ice turned to water. 冰化成水。

I had to turn to the dictionary for help. 我只得求助于詞典了。

After he left the university, he became a teacher, but later turned to journalism.大學畢業(yè)后,他先當了老師,但后來轉(zhuǎn)了行，干新聞工作了。

【聯(lián)想拓展】turn into變成；變得 turn in 上交；歸還turn on 打開turn away轉(zhuǎn)過臉去；轉(zhuǎn)換方向;不準……入內(nèi)；不讓……參加；turn down 拒絕turn up露面；到達

三、句式點睛

1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue and many of New Zealands cities lie on a bay and have a natural deep harbour.環(huán)繞島嶼的海洋呈深藍色，新西蘭的許多城市在海灣旁邊，有著天然的深水港口。

1) 句中的surrounding是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語，與所修飾的名詞具有邏輯上的主謂關系，相當于一個主動語態(tài)的定語從句。如本句中的surrounding the islands可改為which surround the islands。例如：

Most of the workers living（=who live）in these new houses were ship builders.在這些新房子里居住的大多是造船工人。

They built a highway leading（=which leads）into the mountains.他們修建了一條通往山里的公路。

2）句中的lie作“位于”解。lie后接介詞in /on /to +the方向名詞，可表達不同的位置：

“l(fā)ie in +the +方向名詞”表示“位于某地區(qū)范圍的內(nèi)部”；“l(fā)ie on +the +方向名詞”表示“兩地區(qū)的毗鄰關系（接壤）”，或表示“在……畔”；“l(fā)ie to +the +方向名詞”表示在某地之外的方向，并不強調(diào)接壤。例如：

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海在中國東部。

Guangdong lies on the south of Hunan. 廣東在湖南以南。

London lies on the River Thames. 倫敦在泰晤士河畔。

“l(fā)ie + to the +方向名詞”中的to the常可省略，構成副詞性的詞組，在句中作狀語。這種副詞性表示方向的詞組如果表示“有某一事物”還可倒裝。例如：

Japan lies to the east of China.（=Japan lies east of China.）日本在中國的東邊。

North of the city lies a railway. 城市北邊有一條鐵路。

2. New Zealand has a population of about 3.8 million people, of which about 14 Percent are Maori.新西蘭大約有380萬人口，其中大約百分之四十是毛利人。

of which about 14 percent are Maori是“介詞＋關系代詞”結構，“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句涉及到介詞與先行詞之間的關系以及介詞與動詞的一些固定搭配，介詞后面的關系代詞只能用which或whom。當先行詞是“物”時，介詞后面的關系代詞用which；當先行詞是“人”時，介詞后面的關系代詞用whom。例如：

In the dark street， there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，沒有一個人她可以求助。

This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company. 這就是他離開公司的原因。

He will never forget the day on which (=when) he went there. 他永遠忘不了去那兒的那一天。

3. New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.新西蘭葡萄酒品質(zhì)極高，銷往世界各地。

句中of high quality是“of＋抽象名詞”結構，這種結構相當于名詞所對應的形容詞。可用來表示：

1）be of 后接size（大?。?、weight（重量）、length（長度）、shape（形狀）、age（年齡）、quality（質(zhì)量）、height（高度）、colour（顏色）等，表示人或事物的特征。例如：

Both of them were of middle height. 他們倆都是中等個了。

The flowers in the garden are of different colours. 花園里的花顏色各異。

2）be of 后接use（用處）、importance（重要）、help（幫助）、value（價值）等抽象名詞，說明主語的性質(zhì)，相當于同根的形容詞。例如：

The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance（=very important）. 明天舉行的會議很重要。

The medicine is of no use（=useless）. 這藥無效。

四、語法細解

it用法（一）

一、it作代詞的用法

1) 用來指代人。說明某人的身份或者做某事的人；指代嬰孩或兒童；在不清楚某人性別時，也可用it，尤其在問答的形式中更為常見。例如：

-Who is it?

-Its me.

-Look, someone is coming. Who can it be?

-It may be the headmaster.

2) it和one，that 的比較：it代替上文中提到過的人或事物。指代人時，一般用于小孩或身份不十分明朗的人。one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。

I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.（不確定）

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought yesterday. （同類但不是同一個）

I cant find my hat. I dont know where I put it.（同一物）

3) it 作為無人稱動詞的主語，表示天氣，時間，距離，環(huán)境情況等等。這時的it 不指某個具體的東西。沒有明確的含義。譯成漢語可不必譯出來。

It is a lovely day, isnt it?

Whats the date today? Its the eleventh, October.

It is three years since I joined the army.

It was nearly midnight when she came back.

二、it用作形式主語或形式賓語，代替動名詞，不定式，從句等作主語或賓語。

It is not easy to finish the work in two days. (it指代to finish the work)

It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall. （it指代to build…）

It is no use crying over spilt milk. (it指代 crying over …)

It is a pity that you didnt read the book. （it指代that從句）

He thinks it very important to learn English well. （it指代to learn English well）

The teacher thinks it no good reading without understanding. （it指代reading without understanding）

I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here. （it指代that從句）

【高考題例】

1. He didnt make ______ clear when and where the meeting would be held （2007 天津卷）

A. thisB. that C. it D. these

【解析】答案為C。句中it作形式賓語，真正的賓語是when and where the meeting would be held。

2. _______ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.（2007 山東卷）

A. This B. ThatC. What D. It

【解析】答案為D。it作形式主語，代替the way he keeps changing his mind。

3. I prefer a flat in Inverness to ____in Perth, because I want to live near my Moms.（2005天津卷）

A. oneB.thatC. it D.this

【解析】答案為A。one表示泛指，此處指a flat,that和it 表示特指。

4. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _____ didnt help. （2005全國卷Ⅱ）

A．itB．sheC．which D．he

【解析】答案為A。it代替上文中提到過的事“The doctor advised Vera strongly that…”。

5. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ______ from some wood we had. (NMET 2004)

A. itB. one C. himselfD. another

【解析】答案為B。one表示泛指，此處相當于a cupboard. it 表示特指。