李遞才　徐祚華

一、詞語例解

1． conflict

n. 沖突；抵觸；不一致；分歧（a clash between ideas, feelings, etc.; a disagreement）

This is an irreconcilable conflict.這是一個不可調(diào)和的矛盾。

Armed conflict is likely to break out between the two countries.這兩國間有可能發(fā)生武裝沖突。

vi. 矛盾, 沖突（be opposed to; differ in thought and action from）

The hours of the two meetings conflict.這兩個會議時間有沖突。

Your request conflicts with my duties. 你的請求與我的職責(zé)相抵觸。

【辨析】 conflict，fight，struggle

都含“戰(zhàn)斗”，“斗爭”的意思。conflict指“由于嚴(yán)重不一致，而引起抵觸或沖突”；fight原義是“打仗”、“戰(zhàn)斗”， 指“任何形式的斗爭”，特別強調(diào)“短兵相接”；struggle本義是“掙扎”，指“克服某種障礙或困難，以達(dá)到某種目的”，意味著“處境難”。

【搭配】 come into conflict with與……沖突；與……相矛盾

in conflict with 與……斗爭；與……相抵觸

make a conflict with 與……作斗爭

2． argument

n. (1) 理由；論據(jù) （a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true）

There are many arguments against smoking.有許多理由反對吸煙。

This argument, however, does not hold water.但是，這種觀點是站不住腳的。

(2) 說服 （a discussion）

We must settle this by argument but not by fighting.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)用說服的方式而不是用打架的方式來解決問題。

(3) 爭論；爭吵 （quarrel; talk between people with different ideas）

The argument among the two parties was blown up by the press.雙方的爭論被新聞界夸大了。

We had an argument about politics.我們就政治展開了爭論。

【搭配】 get into an argument with與……發(fā)生爭論fall into an argument with與……發(fā)生爭論put forward an argument提出論點

【拓展】 argue sb. into (out of) doing sth.說服某人做（不做）……

argue with sb. about / over sth.為某事與某人爭吵

argue for sth. 贊成某事argue against sth. 反對某事

3． major

adj. (1) 較大的；較多的；（同姓學(xué)生中）較為年長的

The house needs major repairs. 這幢房子需要大修。

Brown major 大布朗

(2) 主要的；重要的；一流的

He is a major writer.他是位大作家。

(3) 主修的

Her major subject is chemistry.她的主修科是化學(xué)。

vi. 主修 (+ in)

Alice majors in physics. 艾麗絲主修物理學(xué)。

4． purpose

n. (1) 目的；意圖（plan; intention;what you are going to do）

He went to town with the purpose of buying a new television. 他進城的目的是買一臺新電視機。

What is his purpose in coming back this time? 他這次回來的意圖是什么?

His only purpose in life is to help the poor. 他人生的唯一目標(biāo)是去幫助窮人。

vt. 決意；打算 （have as a purpose）

He purposes to visit South America; later he purposes writing a book on his travels. 他計劃去南美游覽；后來他打算寫一本有關(guān)他旅游的書。

The government purposed that the project would be carried out before long. 政府決心不久就開始實行這項工程。

【搭配】 on purpose故意地to the purpose 得要領(lǐng)的；中肯的；合適的 with the purpose of doing sth.為了某事；目的在于做某事

5． symbol

n. 象征；符號；記號 (mark, sign or picture that shows something)

The letter “V” is a symbol of victory. 字母“V”是勝利的象征。

White is the symbol of purity. 白是純潔的象征。

【辨析】 symbol，signal，mark

Symbol意為“象征；符號”，指有聯(lián)系的或類似的事物代表其它事物，尤指代表抽象的事物；signal意為“信號”，指一種用作通訊交流的手段，也可指為了警告、命令或報信而發(fā)出的信號或暗號；mark意為“痕跡；標(biāo)記”，指人為地畫出點線等作為記號，也指留下的某種痕跡。

二、 短語精析

1. dress up 穿上盛裝；打扮；裝飾

You dont need to dress up for this dinner. 你不必為這次宴會而打扮。

She was dressed up in her Sunday best.她身著節(jié)日的盛裝。

The little girl dressed herself up as an angel. 這個小女孩把自己裝扮成天使。

【拓展】 dress oneself / sb. up把某人（自己）打扮起來；給某人（自己）穿衣服

dress up as 裝扮成；打扮成

2. have… in common有……共同之處

They found they had a lot in common and got on well. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們有很多共同之處，相處得很好。

Although they are twins, they have nothing in common. 雖然他們是雙胞胎，卻沒有一點共同之處。

【拓展】 in common with和……一樣

In common with most American people, he enjoys football.他與大多數(shù)美國人一樣,喜歡橄欖球運動。

3. believe in信仰；信任

I dont believe in the story. 我不相信這個故事。

We believe in him.我們信任他。

Do you believe in ghosts?你相信有鬼嗎?

【辨析】 believe in與believe

Believe指相信某人所說的話或某件事，可接名詞、代詞、從句等；believe in指信任某人的品質(zhì)，或信仰某一宗教、真理等，后接名詞或代詞。

I dont believe what you have said because I dont believe in you .我不信你說的話，因為我不信任你。

4. give away贈送；分發(fā)；泄露；

She gave away all her money to the poor. 她把錢都送給窮人了。

His accent gave him away as a northerner.他的口音讓人聽出他是北方人。

Do not give away my secret.不要泄露我的秘密。

【拓展】 give back歸還 give in遞交；呈送；屈服give off放出；散發(fā)出give up投降；停止；放棄give out分發(fā)；用盡；公布

6. play a trick on sb.開某人玩笑；欺騙某人

I never thought he played a trick on me.我從沒想到他會欺騙我。

Though he knew they were playing a trick on him, he pretended not to notice it. 盡管他知道他們是在捉弄他，可他佯裝不知道。

【拓展】 laugh at嘲笑make fun of嘲笑；取笑make a fool of愚弄

7． take in讓……進入；接受；欺騙

The club took in a new member last week.俱樂部上星期又吸收了一名新會員。

The salesmen have taken in the old people and lamped them to buy their poor quality goods. 那些售貨員欺騙老年人，讓他們購買劣質(zhì)的商品。

【拓展】 take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 記下來；拿下來take off 脫下（衣服等）；（飛機）起飛

三、句式點睛

1. Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans. 寬扎節(jié)為期7天，是一個慶祝非裔美洲人的文化與歷史的節(jié)日。

現(xiàn)在分詞短語celebrating the culture and history of African Americans在句中作定語，修飾festival?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時通常位于被修飾的名詞之后，表示它所修飾的名詞正在進行的動作, 與所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它在作用上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。例如：

The girl standing by her mother（who was standing by her mother） looked very timid. 站在她媽媽旁邊的那個女孩看上去很膽小。

The meeting being held (which is being held) now is very important.正在召開的這個會議很重要。

單個現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，一般放在被修飾的名詞前面，如果被修飾的詞是something、anything、anyone、everyone 等不定代詞，現(xiàn)在分詞要放在它們的后面。

This is an exciting story.這是一個令人興奮的故事。

Is there anything interesting in the news?新聞上有沒有有趣的東西？

The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket covering the desert. （NMET 2006 湖南）這些野花看上去像是一條鋪在沙漠上的柔軟的綠色毯子。

2． The festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture, as well as the New Year.這些節(jié)日是紀(jì)念歷史文化和慶祝新年的一種方法。

as well as常用來連接兩個并列的成分，作“也，還”解。相當(dāng)于not only．．．but also，但強調(diào)是前者，后者只是順便提及，因此連接并列主語時，謂語動詞與前者一致；而用not only ．．． but also連接時，謂語動詞與后者一致。例如：

It is important for you as well as for me. 這對我很重要，對你也很重要。

We should travel by night as well as by day. 我們不但白天旅行，而且晚上也旅行。

His children as well as his wife were invited to the party. 不但他的太太，而且連他的孩子們都被邀請去參加聚會。

＝ Not only his wife but also his children were invited to the party.

as well as還可用來表示同級比較，引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。well在句中作表語或狀語，指身體、氣色上的“一樣好”，或修飾行為動詞，表示“把某事做得一樣好”。例如：

You look as well as you did ten years ago．你的身體看起來還和十年前一樣好。

He plays the guitar as well as you．他的吉他彈得和你一樣好。

John plays football as well as, if not better than David.約翰足球踢得至少和大衛(wèi)一樣好。(NMET 1994)

此外as well as和as well都有“也；還”之意，但是as well as是連詞，連接兩個并列成分；as well是副詞，意為“又；另外也”，其后不跟什么成分。又如：

Give me those as well.把那些也給我吧。

He sent me a letter and some money as well. 他寄給我一封信，外加一些錢。

E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.(NMET 1999上海) 像電話一樣，電子郵件在日常交流中扮演重要的角色。

3． We must do as much as we can to make our community better and more beautiful. 我們必須努力使我們的社區(qū)更好更美。

句子中的to make our community better and more beautiful是不定式作目的狀語，as we can后省略了實義動詞do，因為其前已有動詞do。例如：

His parents did as much as they could to help him.他的父母盡可能地幫助他。

You must do everything you can to solve the problem.你必須盡力解決這個問題。

I will do what I can to help you.我將盡力來幫助你。

The Chinese people will do as much as they can to hold the 2008 Olympic Games successfully.中國人民將竭盡全力承辦好2008年奧運會。

四、 語法細(xì)解

情態(tài)動詞must，have to，have got to

1． must表示主觀的義務(wù)和必要, 主要用于肯定句和疑問句, 意思為 “必須……，得……，要……”；由must引起的疑問句，肯定回答要用must或have to, 否定回答要用neednt或dont have to, 意思是“不必”；must的否定形式mustnt表示禁止，意思是“不能，不許”。例如：

We must find a good method to learn the computer well.我們必須找一個學(xué)好電腦的方法。

—Must I finish the task right now?我必須現(xiàn)在完成這個工作嗎？

—Yes, you must. / Yes, you have to. 是的。

(—No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不，不必。)

You mustnt come here without permission. 未經(jīng)允許，你不能來這兒。

must還可表示肯定的猜測，常用于肯定句中，意思為 “一定是, 必然……”。注意下列must表示推斷或猜測的幾種情況：

You must know this man. Look, this is his picture. 你必定認(rèn)識這個人，看，這是他的照片。（推斷現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)）

They must be waiting for us. 他們必定在等我們。（推斷正在發(fā)生的事）

They must have arrived by now. 他們現(xiàn)在必定到了。（推斷已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事）

特別提醒： 1) must一般不用否定和疑問推斷，否定和疑問推斷，要用cant /can代替。試比較：

He must be at home. 他必定在家。

→He cant be at home. 他不可能在家。

→Can he be at home? 他會在家嗎？

2) must用于推斷時，其反意問句要采用must后的動詞相應(yīng)形式。例如：

It must be Xiao Wang, isnt it? 一定是小王，對嗎？

He must have been to Beijing, hasnt he? 他必定去過北京，對不對？（指到目前為止）

He must have gone to Shanghai yesterday, didnt he? 他昨天一定去上海了，對不對？（指昨天）

2． have to / have got to表示由于客觀原因不得不做某事，意思是“不得不”，可用于各種時態(tài)，有人稱和數(shù)的變化。例如：

Mother is out, so I have to look after the shop. 媽媽不在家，因此我不得不照看商店。

Its raining, and I have got to stay at home. 外面在下雨，我不得不呆在家里。

Youll have to see the doctor if you get ill. 如果你生病了，就得去看醫(yī)生。

此外，have to的否定句和疑問句的構(gòu)成往往要借助于助動詞do的適當(dāng)形式或助動詞will。例如：

What does she have to do? 她必須做什么？

You didnt have to wait for me yesterday. 昨天你沒有必要等我。

have to 的否定形式是dont have to, 相當(dāng)于neednt，表示“不必”、“不需要”的意思，在英國英語中常用neednt，dont have to / havent got to多見于美國英語。例如：

You dont have to tell George. 你不必告訴喬治。

She knew the way to the library, so you didnt have to show her the way. 她知道去圖書館的路，你不必給她指路。