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UCH-L1和GFAP對硬膜外血腫進展的預(yù)測價值

2024-10-17 00:00:00劉俊汝張廣宇鄧明銣聶安格袁海成
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(醫(yī)學(xué)版) 2024年4期

[摘要]目的探討泛素C末端水解酶-L1(UCH-L1)和膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)在預(yù)測硬膜外血腫(EDH)進展中的價值。

方法將雄性新西蘭白兔隨機分為假手術(shù)組(SH組)和EDH 0.1、0.2、0.3 mL組,每組各24只。于術(shù)后1、3、6、24 h采血,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗法測定血漿中UCH-L1、GFAP的水平。術(shù)后24 h進行神經(jīng)行為學(xué)評分、腦含水量檢測,采用免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測大腦皮質(zhì)中UCH-L1及GFAP的表達。

結(jié)果與SH組相比,EDH各組的神經(jīng)行為學(xué)評分降低(F=290.10,P<0.001)、腦含水量增加(F=33.64,P<0.001)。4組兔大腦皮質(zhì)中UCH-L1和GFAP的差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=45.90、118.03,P<0.001)。EDH各組血漿UCH-L1水平在術(shù)后1、3、6 h高于SH組(F=3.15~47.93,P<0.001),血漿GFAP水平在術(shù)后各個時間點均高于SH組(F=29.17~332.00,P<0.001)。

結(jié)論EDH體積增大可以促進損傷側(cè)大腦皮質(zhì)中UCH-L1和GFAP的表達,上調(diào)血漿中二者的水平。大腦皮質(zhì)和血漿中的UCH-L1和GFAP可作為預(yù)測EDH進展的有效生物標志物。

[關(guān)鍵詞]血腫,硬膜外,顱內(nèi);生物標記;泛素C末端水解酶-L1;神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白質(zhì)

[中圖分類號]R651.15;R34-33

[文獻標志碼]A

[文章編號]2096-5532(2024)04-0496-05doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.110

[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標識碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20240830.1034.001;2024-08-3019:01:13

Value of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in predicting the progression of epidural hematoma

LIU Junru, ZHANG Guangyu, DENG Mingru, NIE Ange, YUAN Haicheng

(Clinical Medicine School of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China); [Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the value of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in predicting the progression of epidural hematoma (EDH).

MethodsMale New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into sham-operation group (SH group), EDH 0.1 mL group, EDH 0.2 mL group, and EDH 0.3 mL group. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after surgery, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of UCH-L1 and GFAP in plasma. Neurobehavioral scoring and brain water content measurement were performed at 24 h after surgery, and immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of UCH-L1 and GFAP in cerebral cortex.

Results

Compared with the SH group, the three EDH groups had a significant reduction in neurobehavioral score (F=290.10,P<0.001) and a significant increase in brain water content (F=33.64,P<0.001). There were significant differences in UCH-L1 and GFAP in cerebral cortex between the four groups (F=45.90,118.03;P<0.001). Compared with the SH group, the three EDH groups had a significantly higher level of UCH-L1 in plasma at 1, 3, and 6 h after surgery (F=3.15-47.93,P<0.001) and a significantly higher level of GFAP in plasma at each time point after surgery (F=29.17-332.00,P<0.001).

ConclusionAn increase in EDH volume can promote the expression of UCH-L1 and GFAP in the injured cortex and upregulate the levels of UCH-L1 and GFAP in plasma. UCH-L1 and GFAP in cerebral cortex and plasma can be used as effective biomarkers for predicting the progression of EDH.

[Key words]hematoma, epidural, cranial; biomarkers; ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; glial fibrillary acidic protein

硬膜外血腫(EDH)是顱腦創(chuàng)傷的常見類型之一。顱腦損傷病人中EDH的發(fā)生率在2.7%~4.0%之間[1]。當EDH體積增大時,及時的手術(shù)干預(yù)可以降低病死率[2]。CT掃描被廣泛用于判斷血腫體積的變化情況,但有研究認為多次重復(fù)CT掃描不能改變EDH的治療策略及預(yù)后[3-4]。循環(huán)生物標志物因標本易獲得、無輻射暴露、成本低廉等優(yōu)點,有望作為CT掃描診斷的補充手段。神經(jīng)元來源的泛素C末端水解酶-L1(UCH-L1)和星形膠質(zhì)細胞來源的膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)的串聯(lián)使用近來已被美國食品和藥物管理局批準用于評估病人的顱內(nèi)損傷[5]。本研究探討兔EDH模型中血腫體積改變對UCH-L1和GFAP表達的影響,為UCH-

L1和GFAP用于臨床預(yù)測EDH的進展提供參考依據(jù)?,F(xiàn)將結(jié)果報告如下。

1材料與方法

1.1實驗動物

體質(zhì)量為2 000~2 500 g的雄性新西蘭白兔96只購自南通大學(xué)動物實驗中心,在恒溫(21±2)℃、恒濕(50±10)%、12 h-12 h晝夜交替光照下飼養(yǎng),可自由飲水與取食。將兔隨機分為假手術(shù)組(SH組)以及EDH 0.1、0.2、0.3 mL組,每組各24只。

1.2動物模型制備

靜脈注射30 g/L戊巴比妥鈉(30 mg/kg)麻醉兔。動物以俯臥位固定,頭部局部消毒后備皮。以中線左側(cè)1.0 cm為軸,縱向切開頭皮露出矢狀線左側(cè)骨面。使用牙科磨鉆磨開0.5 cm×0.5 cm的骨窗,充分暴露硬腦膜,并保持硬腦膜的結(jié)構(gòu)完整。將尖端附有乳膠可膨脹性球囊的麻醉用硬膜外導(dǎo)管(長10 cm,直徑1 mm)置入硬膜外腔,連接外部壓力泵后妥善固定。分別注入0.1、0.2、0.3 mL生理鹽水使球囊擴張,每注入0.01 mL生理鹽水稍停片刻,SH組在不注射生理鹽水的情況下放置硬膜外導(dǎo)管。保持20 mim,當同側(cè)瞳孔擴大、呼吸深緩、心率減慢時,緩慢解壓,實驗立即中止。實驗過程中保持環(huán)境溫度為24 ℃并保證動物生命體征完整。

1.3血漿和腦組織標本采集

解壓后24 h,麻醉兔并仰臥位固定。將靜脈采血針垂直刺入心臟,用肝素抗凝管收集血液標本,低溫高速離心15 min。將上清液-80 ℃凍存?zhèn)溆谩T诓杉獫{后,自劍突下沿胸骨兩側(cè)旁開1.5 cm向上剪開胸腔及心包,充分暴露兔的心臟,剪斷右心耳。將帶輸液裝置的針尖刺入心尖部,先快速灌注500 mL的生理鹽水,待右心流出液接近無色時立即改為灌注1 000 mL的40 g/L多聚甲醛固定液(PFA)。灌注完成即刻斷頭取腦組織,用40 g/L濃度的PFA 4 ℃固定24 h,300 g/L蔗糖溶液脫水,以備免疫組化檢測。從兔腦血腫側(cè)皮質(zhì)取體積約為8 mm×5 mm×5 mm的腦組織用于下一步檢測。

1.4神經(jīng)功能評分

手術(shù)后24 h,密切觀察動物功能,進行兔神經(jīng)功能評分。評分系統(tǒng)覆蓋精神狀態(tài)、進食及活動情況,評分標準參見文獻[6]。

1.5腦含水量測定

采用干濕質(zhì)量法測定腦含水量。用電子天平(±0.01 mg)測量腦組織質(zhì)量,記為濕質(zhì)量(M)。將

腦組織置于100 ℃烘箱中烘干24 h后稱質(zhì)量,記為干質(zhì)量(m)。腦含水量計算公式:腦含水量(%)=(M-m)/M×100%。

1.6免疫熒光染色

收集的血腫側(cè)腦皮質(zhì)組織切片(切片厚度為15 μm)用緩沖液PBS洗滌3次,共15 min,并在PBS中孵育15 min。切片用山羊血漿在37 ℃下封閉15 min。隨后,用UCH-L1和GFAP一抗孵育過夜。PBS沖洗3次共15 min后,用結(jié)合熒光染料的二抗(UCH-L1∶羊抗小鼠IgG=1∶100;GFAP∶羊抗兔IgG=1∶100)孵育20 min,PBS沖洗。之后進行DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich)染色。使用安裝Image J軟件的共聚焦掃描顯微鏡(Leica,Wetzlar,Germany)拍攝照片并計數(shù)UCH-L1和GFAP陽性細胞,陽性細胞比例=陽性細胞數(shù)/細胞核數(shù)×100%。

1.7酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)

采用商品化的ELISA試劑盒檢測血漿UCH-L1、GFAP水平。以加入稀釋緩沖液的樣品的光密度(OD)值為基線。按順序測量每孔,根據(jù)血漿樣品OD值取3個重復(fù)孔平均值。

1.8統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理

所有數(shù)據(jù)采用統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件SPSS 22.0分析處理。正態(tài)分布的計量資料用±s表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗。各組術(shù)后各時間點血漿中UCH-L1和GFAP的表達比較采用重復(fù)測量設(shè)計的方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1各組兔神經(jīng)功能評分和腦含水量比較

本文4組兔神經(jīng)功能評分和腦含水量差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=290.10、33.64,P<0.001)。與SH組相比,EDH各組表現(xiàn)出更差的神經(jīng)功能評分(P<0.05);相對于SH組,EDH 0.2 mL組和0.3 mL組的腦含水量均顯著增加(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.2各組兔術(shù)后24 h大腦皮質(zhì)UCH-L1和GFAP表達比較

各組兔術(shù)后24 h損傷側(cè)大腦皮質(zhì)UCH-L1和GFAP陽性表達的免疫熒光染色結(jié)果見圖1。4組兔UCH-L1陽性細胞比例和GFAP陽性細胞比例比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=45.90、118.03,P<0.001);相較于SH組,EDH各組UCH-L1陽性細胞比例和GFAP陽性細胞比例均有不同程度增加(P<0.05)。見表2。

2.3各組兔術(shù)后不同時間點血漿中UCH-L1和GFAP表達比較

EDH各組血漿UCH-L1水平在術(shù)后1、3、6、12 h均高于SH組(F=3.15~47.93,P<0.001)。與SH組相比,EDH各組血漿GFAP水平在術(shù)后各時間點均顯著升高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=29.17~332.00,P<0.001)。0.2 mL組術(shù)后6、12、24 h GFAP水平顯著高于0.1 mL組(P<0.05),0.3 mL組術(shù)后6、12、24 h的GFAP水平顯著高于0.2 mL組(P<0.05)。見表3。

3討論

EDH是指位于顱骨內(nèi)板與硬腦膜之間的血腫,交通事故和意外跌倒則分別是成人和兒童人群中EDH最常見的原因[7]。腦膜中動脈、腦膜中靜脈、雙側(cè)靜脈或靜脈竇損傷均可導(dǎo)致EDH[8]。血腫體積被認為是EDH病人預(yù)后的獨立預(yù)測因子,并在治療決策的制定中起著核心作用[9]。目前,臨床上對EDH的診斷及病情評估主要依靠CT掃描[10-11]。然而,頻繁輻射暴露[12]、基層地區(qū)缺乏CT設(shè)備等問題限制了CT的應(yīng)用。近年來,醫(yī)學(xué)界逐漸重視生物標記物在預(yù)測EDH損傷中的作用,為解決這些問題提供了新的思路[13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷(TBI)時,血管撕裂、壓迫等機械損傷,致受損腦組織神經(jīng)元變性壞死,鄰近區(qū)域神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞功能異常[14],特異性標志物UCH-L1和GFAP會釋放進入腦脊液、血漿等體液中[15],并與顱內(nèi)損傷的嚴重程度具有良好的相關(guān)性[16-18]。作為TBI的常見類型,預(yù)后不良EDH病人血清UCH-L1、GFAP水平明顯高于預(yù)后良好病人[15],但其血清水平升高是否可進一步提升血腫體積預(yù)測效能以指導(dǎo)臨床治療,尚鮮見報道。本研究通過構(gòu)建兔EDH模型,模擬了EDH血腫體積改變對生物體的影響,以期為EDH診療工作提供臨床前數(shù)據(jù)參考。

UCH-L1是富有多種功能的去泛素化酶,在神經(jīng)元中特異表達[19],通過維持泛素蛋白酶系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定蛋白質(zhì)降解,在軸突運輸當中起著關(guān)鍵的作用[20-21]。作為星形膠質(zhì)細胞特異性標志物的GFAP,是細胞骨架蛋白的中間絲蛋白單體[22],參與維持細胞內(nèi)骨架重組、細胞黏附,維持細胞形態(tài)與功能[23-24],在星形膠質(zhì)細胞中由神經(jīng)損傷誘導(dǎo),并在細胞骨架崩解時釋放[25]。研究表明,實驗性EDH可以導(dǎo)致受壓大腦皮質(zhì)的早期細胞應(yīng)激、組織壞死以及神經(jīng)元變性[26],引起嚴重的神經(jīng)元缺失,顯著誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)細胞的明顯激活[27]。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,隨著EDH體積的增大,動物模型表現(xiàn)出神經(jīng)功能評分進行性惡化,腦水腫程度加重,模型較好地模擬了不同EDH血腫量對動物機體的影響。通過免疫熒光染色發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于SH組,EDH組的UCH-L1及GFAP陽性細胞比例均顯著增加,且這一差異與血腫體積呈正相關(guān),這與PAN等[27]的研究結(jié)果相似。應(yīng)用ELISA法檢測不同時間點血漿中的UCH-L1及GFAP水平發(fā)現(xiàn),SH組大多數(shù)血漿標本中GFAP水平低于ELISA檢測的下限值,說明生理情況下GFAP不在血漿中表達,這與HUANG等[28]的研究報道一致。此外,血漿UCH-L1水平在術(shù)后1、3、6 h對EDH體積改變較為敏感,而EDH組血漿GFAP水平在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)各個時間點均保持增長態(tài)勢,這意味著不同生物標志物有著不同的監(jiān)測窗口期,GFAP的窗口期可能長于UCH-L1。

綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果表明,EDH體積的增加上調(diào)了兔EDH模型大腦皮質(zhì)和血漿中UCH-L1及GFAP的表達,這為UCH-L1和GFAP用于臨床監(jiān)測EDH進展提供了證據(jù)。

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(本文編輯周曉彬)

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