摘 要: 水分虧缺是制約馬纓杜鵑(Rhododendron delavayi)園林應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵因子,bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物生長發(fā)育和脅迫響應(yīng)過程中發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用。該文以馬纓杜鵑基因組文件和轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)為材料,運(yùn)用生物信息學(xué)方法鑒定馬纓杜鵑bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(RdbHLH)家族成員,并分析了基因結(jié)構(gòu)、保守基序、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、蛋白理化性質(zhì)、順式作用元件、蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)及表達(dá)模式等特征。結(jié)果表明:(1)共鑒定出116個(gè)RdbHLH基因,不同蛋白氨基酸數(shù)目和分子量大小差異較大,總體為弱酸性親水蛋白,主要在細(xì)胞核行使功能。(2)RdbHLH共劃分為17個(gè)亞家族,各亞家族基因基序結(jié)構(gòu)保守,但在不同亞家族間差異較大,絕大多數(shù)RdbHLH蛋白同時(shí)含有Motif 1和Motif 2,啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域含大量與植物生長發(fā)育、激素響應(yīng)、光響應(yīng)和脅迫響應(yīng)相關(guān)的順式作用元件。(3)馬纓杜鵑響應(yīng)干旱脅迫主要通過激發(fā)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路與滲透調(diào)節(jié)和黃酮類化合物合成系統(tǒng),以緩解脅迫損傷;干旱脅迫影響了36個(gè)RdbHLH基因的表達(dá),強(qiáng)烈誘導(dǎo)了12個(gè)RdbHLH基因的表達(dá),其中RdbHLH49和RdbHLH95可能在植株抗干旱脅迫過程中發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用。研究結(jié)果為進(jìn)一步研究RdbHLH基因的生物學(xué)功能提供了理論依據(jù),也為培育馬纓杜鵑優(yōu)良園藝品種提供了靶向基因資源。
關(guān)鍵詞: 馬纓杜鵑, bHLH, 生物信息學(xué), 干旱脅迫, 表達(dá)模式
中圖分類號(hào): Q943
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
文章編號(hào): 1000-3142(2024)09-1649-20
Identification and expression analysis of bHLH transcription
factors family in Rhododendron delavayi
Abstract: Water deficiency is a critical factor that restricts the utilization of Rhododendron delavayi in landscaping. bHLH transcription factors are pivotal regulators of plant growth, development, and stress responses. This study aimed to identify members of the R. delavayi bHLH transcription factor (RdbHLH) family by utilizing the R. delavayi genome file and transcriptome data. Through bioinformatics methods, we analyzed various aspects, including gene structure, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, protein physicochemical properties, cis-acting elements, protein interaction networks, and expression patterns. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 116 RdbHLH genes were identified, exhibiting significant variations in terms of amino acid composition and molecular weight of proteins. These genes were primarily weakly acidic hydrophilic proteins that function predominantly within the cell nucleus. (2) The RdbHLH family was categorized into 17 subfamilies, where motif structures were conserved within each subfamily but displayed noticeable differences between different subfamilies. Most RdbHLH proteins contained both Motif 1 and Motif 2 at the same time. The promoter region of these genes contained a substantial number of cis-acting elements associated with plant growth and development, hormone response, light response, and stress response. (3) R. delavayi responded to drought stress by activating signal transduction pathways and regulating osmotic pressure and flavonoid biosynthesis systems, leading to stress damage mitigation. Drought stress exerted an impact on the expression of 36 RdbHLH genes, with 12 genes displaying robust induction. Notably, RdbHLH49 and RdbHLH95 might play pivotal regulatory roles in enhancing plant resistance to drought stress. These research findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigations into the biological functions of RdbHLH genes and establish target gene resources for the breeding of superior horticultural varieties of R. delavayi.
Key words: Rhododendron delavayi, bHLH, bioinformatics, drought stress, expression patterns
植物在生長發(fā)育過程中會(huì)進(jìn)化出一系列防御策略以適應(yīng)逆境脅迫,轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控是植物生長發(fā)育和環(huán)境適應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ),轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是調(diào)控下游靶基因時(shí)空表達(dá)的重要蛋白(Wu et al., 2022)。在應(yīng)激網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號(hào)通路中,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過結(jié)合順式作用元件來抑制或激活某些基因的表達(dá),參與調(diào)控植物生長發(fā)育和脅迫響應(yīng)(Strader et al., 2022)。bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族是植物中最重要、規(guī)模最大的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族之一,廣泛存在于幾乎所有的真核生物,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上調(diào)控多種生物學(xué)過程(Zhang et al., 2020),bHLH因具有高度保守的堿性基本區(qū)域(basic region)和α螺旋1-環(huán)-α螺旋2(α helix1-loop-α helix 2, HLH)兩個(gè)亞功能區(qū)而得名(Zhang CH et al., 2018; Zhang TT et al., 2018; Pires & Dolan, 2010),其結(jié)構(gòu)域長為50~60個(gè)氨基酸。堿性基本區(qū)位于結(jié)構(gòu)域N端,長為10~20個(gè)氨基酸,作為DNA結(jié)合區(qū)可識(shí)別靶基因啟動(dòng)子序列中的E-Box(5′-CANNTG-3′)并與之特異性結(jié)合(Feller et al., 2011);HLH區(qū)位于結(jié)構(gòu)域C端,長為40~50個(gè)氨基酸,由兩個(gè)含保守疏水殘基的α-螺旋組成且由一個(gè)可變長度的環(huán)隔開,α-螺旋之間的相互作用可形成同源或異源二聚體,與靶[JP2]基因啟動(dòng)子不同區(qū)域結(jié)合以調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄(Lang & Liu, 2020)。植物bHLH家族一般被劃分為15~25個(gè)亞家族,某些特殊物種可達(dá)32個(gè)(Bano et al., 2021)。隨著測序技術(shù)的發(fā)展,bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族在眾多模式植物和農(nóng)業(yè)作物中被鑒定和分析,如擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)(Hao et al., 2021)、花生(Arachis hypogaea)(Li et al., 2021)、黃瓜(Cucumis sativus)(Li et al., 2020)和茶樹(Camellia sinensis)(Liu et al., 2021)等?,F(xiàn)有研究表明bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與調(diào)控光形態(tài)發(fā)生(Akmakjian et al., 2021)、花果發(fā)育和花青素積累(Zhao et al., 2019)以及逆境脅迫響應(yīng)(Sun et al., 2019)等生物學(xué)過程。
馬纓杜鵑是杜鵑花科杜鵑花屬常綠杜鵑亞屬的多年生高山木本花卉,樹姿蒼勁優(yōu)美、花大色艷且花期長,具有較高的觀賞價(jià)值、藥用價(jià)值和園林應(yīng)用前景(Sun et al., 2021),但馬纓杜鵑對(duì)生境要求較為苛刻,人工引種需在溫室條件下才能生長良好,水分虧缺是制約其園林應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵限制因子(Cai et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020)。已有研究表明,bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在脅迫相關(guān)調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)和信號(hào)通路中發(fā)揮重要作用(Li et al., 2019),但目前對(duì)杜鵑花科植物bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族的系統(tǒng)分析鮮有報(bào)道。
本研究以馬纓杜鵑基因組文件和轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),運(yùn)用生物信息學(xué)方法,對(duì)RdbHLH家族成員進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)鑒定和分析,擬探討以下問題:(1)RdbHLH家族成員及蛋白理化性質(zhì)等基本信息;(2)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分類、基因結(jié)構(gòu)、保守基序及順式作用元件等特征;(3)蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)、轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)模式及三維結(jié)構(gòu)等特征和功能預(yù)測。以期為進(jìn)一步研究RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在抗干旱脅迫過程中的生物學(xué)功能提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
從杜鵑花植物基因組數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://bioinfor.kib.ac.cn/RPGD/index.html)獲取馬纓杜鵑基因組序列、CDS序列、蛋白序列、GFF注釋文件及不同干旱處理下的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù);模式植物擬南芥AtbHLH數(shù)據(jù)來自TAIR數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.arabidopsis.org/)。
1.2 RdbHLH家族成員的鑒定、蛋白理化性質(zhì)及定位預(yù)測分析
從Pfam數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://pfam.xfam.org/)下載bHLH基因的隱馬爾科夫模型文件(PF00010),運(yùn)用HMMER軟件進(jìn)行第一次結(jié)構(gòu)域搜索,取前1/3基因的保守結(jié)構(gòu)域序列構(gòu)建馬纓杜鵑特異性隱馬爾科夫模型,進(jìn)行第二次結(jié)構(gòu)域搜索,以0.001的E value篩選得到候選基因,為驗(yàn)證候選基因是否都具有bHLH結(jié)構(gòu)域,將對(duì)應(yīng)的蛋白序列提交至Pfam和SMART(http://smart. embl.de/)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行確認(rèn)(Zhang et al., 2022)。運(yùn)用ProtParam工具(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)分析RdbHLH的蛋白理化性質(zhì),包括氨基酸數(shù)目、蛋白分子量、等電點(diǎn)、不穩(wěn)定指數(shù)、脂肪指數(shù)和親水性;運(yùn)用PSORT工具(https://www.genscript.com/wolfpsort.html)進(jìn)行RdbHLH蛋白亞細(xì)胞定位預(yù)測。
1.3 RdbHLH蛋白多序列比對(duì)、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和分類分析
選取所有RdbHLH和部分AtbHLH的氨基酸全長序列,運(yùn)用MEGA 11軟件中的ClustalW程序進(jìn)行多序列比對(duì),采用鄰接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,Bootstrap重復(fù)檢驗(yàn)1 000次以評(píng)估樹中節(jié)點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)的可靠性。利用ChiPlot工具(https://www.chiplot.online/)繪制系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,并參照AtbHLH家族基因的分類系統(tǒng)(Heim et al., 2003)對(duì)RdbHLH家族成員進(jìn)行亞組和亞家族分類。
1.4 RdbHLH家族基因結(jié)構(gòu)、保守結(jié)構(gòu)域和Motif分析
運(yùn)用MEME工具(http://meme-suite.org/)分析RdbHLH蛋白的Motif,Motif搜索數(shù)量為15,長度范圍為6~100;基于GFF注釋文件提取RdbHLH基因的外顯子和內(nèi)含子位置信息;將蛋白序列上傳至NCBI搜索保守結(jié)構(gòu)域,下載hitdate結(jié)果文件,利用TBtools軟件的Gene structure view程序結(jié)合系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹對(duì)上述結(jié)果進(jìn)行可視化;基于第二次結(jié)構(gòu)域搜索結(jié)果提取RdbHLH對(duì)應(yīng)的保守結(jié)構(gòu)域序列,運(yùn)用ClustalW程序進(jìn)行多序列比對(duì),最后用WebLogo工具(https://weblogo.berkeley.edu/ logo.cgi)和geneDoc軟件分析保守結(jié)構(gòu)域。
1.5 RdbHLH基因啟動(dòng)子順式作用元件分析
截取RdbHLH基因起始密碼子上游2 000 bp的啟動(dòng)子DNA序列,提交至Plant CARE在線工具(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)檢索順式作用元件,并對(duì)元件種類、數(shù)量及功能進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
1.6 RdbHLH家族基因在不同干旱脅迫處理下的表達(dá)分析
通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)的分析,計(jì)算基因表達(dá)水平并歸一化為FPKM(Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads)值,得到4組不同處理下實(shí)驗(yàn)植株RdbHLH基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量,實(shí)驗(yàn)處理方式為正常灌溉(CK)、停灌5 d(D5)、停灌9 d(D9)和停灌10 d后立即澆水灌溉6 h(REC)?;趌imma R程序進(jìn)行差異表達(dá)分析,與對(duì)照相比,表達(dá)差異顯著的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為|log2(Fold Change)|>1且P(padj)<0.05,使用Tbtools軟件對(duì)差異基因表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理,F(xiàn)PKM值按照log2(FPKM value+1)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換以表示基因相對(duì)表達(dá)水平(Zhang et al., 2020),繪制差異RdbHLH基因在不同干旱脅迫處理下的表達(dá)熱圖。
1.7 RdbHLH蛋白三維結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測
基于轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)分析,將響應(yīng)干旱脅迫的RdbHLH蛋白序列與PDB數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://saves.mbi.ucla.edu/)進(jìn)行PSI-blast同源比對(duì),搜索得到特定RdbHLH匹配的蛋白三維結(jié)構(gòu)模板文件,運(yùn)用Swiss-model在線工具(https://swissmodel.expasy.org/)以同源建模的方式構(gòu)建RdbHLH蛋白三維結(jié)構(gòu)模型,將模型文件提交至第三方軟件SAVES(https://saves.mbi.ucla.edu/)進(jìn)行評(píng)估確認(rèn)。
1.8 RdbHLH蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析
運(yùn)用OrthoVenn2在線工具(https://orthovenn2.bioinfotoolkits.net/home)將馬纓杜鵑所有基因的蛋白序列與擬南芥進(jìn)行同源比對(duì),經(jīng)篩選得到RdbHLH和擬南芥基因間的同源關(guān)系對(duì),利用STRING數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://string-db.org/)分析同源關(guān)系對(duì)中擬南芥基因間的互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系,映射得到RdbHLH基因間的互作關(guān)系(交互得分≥0.65)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員的鑒定、理化性質(zhì)及定位分析
本研究共鑒定了116個(gè)RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員,將其重新命名為RdbHLH1-RdbHLH116,已鑒定的RdbHLH詳細(xì)信息見表1。與前人研究相比,RdbHLH家族基因數(shù)量較少,前人在桃樹(Prunus persica)(Zhang CH et al., 2018)、紅梅(P. mume)(Wu et al., 2022)、黃瓜(Li et al., 2020)、苦蕎麥(Fagopyrum tataricum)(Sun et al., 2020)、馬鈴薯(Solanum tuberosum)(Wang et al., 2018)、玉米(Zea mays)(Zhang TT et al., 2018)和白菜(Brassica rapa)(Song et al., 2014)中分別鑒定出95、100、142、164、190、208、230個(gè)bHLH基因,不同物種間bHLH家族基因數(shù)量差異較大。
蛋白理化性質(zhì)及亞細(xì)胞定位分析結(jié)果(表1)顯示: RdbHLH蛋白序列長度為94~1 024個(gè)氨基酸,84.48%的蛋白序列由200~600個(gè)氨基酸構(gòu)成;蛋白分子量為10 552.83~113 904.83 Da,81.03%的蛋白分子量在20 000~60 000 Da之間;蛋白等電點(diǎn)大小為4.87~9.93,平均值為6.69,65.52%的RdbHLH蛋白等電點(diǎn)小于7,呈弱酸性;不穩(wěn)定指數(shù)大于40的RdbHLH蛋白數(shù)量為111個(gè)(95.69%);蛋白脂肪指數(shù)為47.70~102.50,大于60的蛋白數(shù)量占比90%以上;所有蛋白平均疏水指數(shù)均為負(fù)值,平均為-0.54;除各有3個(gè)RdbHLH基因定位到細(xì)胞質(zhì)和線粒體,1個(gè)定位到細(xì)胞外區(qū)域外,其余RdbHLH基因(93.97%)定位于細(xì)胞核。
2.2 RdbHLH的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育研究和分類
目前,對(duì)模式植物擬南芥AtbHLH基因的研究較為明晰,本研究選取了131個(gè)AtbHLH基因作為分類參照,參與構(gòu)建RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育進(jìn)化樹。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和AtbHLH亞家族的分類,對(duì)RdbHLH亞家族成員進(jìn)行分類。
如表2和圖1所示,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育進(jìn)化樹共劃分為30個(gè)亞組和21個(gè)亞家族,116個(gè)RdbHLH家族成員分布在21個(gè)亞家族中的17個(gè)亞家族中,分別為Ⅰa、Ⅰb1、Ⅰb2、Ⅱ、Ⅲa+b+c+d+e+f、Ⅳa、Ⅳb2+c、Ⅳd、Ⅴa+b、Ⅶa+b、Ⅷa、Ⅷb+c、Ⅸ、Ⅹ-a、Ⅺ、Ⅻ和ⅩⅢ,RdbHLH111和RdbHLH84不能明確歸屬為AtbHLH的任何一組,故將其歸類為ⅩⅢ亞家族,其中Ⅲa+b+c+d+e+f亞家族包含20個(gè)RdbHLH家族成員,為數(shù)量最多的亞家族,而Ⅳb1、Ⅹ-b、Ⅹ-c和Ⅵ亞家族無RdbHLH家族成員分布。在植物中,同一亞家族成員進(jìn)化距離越近,其結(jié)構(gòu)、參與途徑和生物學(xué)過程就可能越相似(Zhang CH et al., 2018),根據(jù)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系和AtbHLH功能可推測RdbHLH的功能,如XI、X和Ⅷc亞家族成員可能參與調(diào)節(jié)根的生長發(fā)育,Ⅻ、Va+b、X、Ⅲa+b+c+d+e+f、Ⅳd、Ⅰa和ⅠⅩ亞家族大多數(shù)成員可能參與調(diào)控植物生長(細(xì)胞伸長、花發(fā)育、器官形態(tài)建成)和非生物脅迫(干旱、寒冷、鹽)反應(yīng)(Salih et al., 2021)。
2.3 RdbHLH基因結(jié)構(gòu)、保守結(jié)構(gòu)域和Motif分析
基因結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)果(圖2:c)顯示:不同亞家族的RdbHLH基因結(jié)構(gòu)差異較大,長度為467 bp(RdbHLH82)~11 869 bp(RdbHLH33)不等;內(nèi)含子和外顯子數(shù)量也存在較大差異,內(nèi)含子數(shù)量為0~13個(gè),12個(gè)基因(10.34%)無內(nèi)含子,分布在Ⅲ-1、Ⅷ-1和Ⅹ亞家族中,15個(gè)RdbHLH基因(12.93%)有1個(gè)內(nèi)含子,分布在Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-3、Ⅲ-1、Ⅴb和Ⅷ-1亞家族中,4個(gè)基因(RdbHLH28、RdbHLH96、RdbHLH109和RdbHLH110)的內(nèi)含子數(shù)量大于等于10,分布在Ⅲ-2、Ⅳ-2和Ⅻ亞家族中,84個(gè)RdbHLH基因(72.41%)的內(nèi)含子數(shù)量為2~8個(gè);外顯子數(shù)量為1~14個(gè)不等,12個(gè)RdbHLH基因(10.34%)有1個(gè)外顯子,分布在Ⅲ-1、Ⅷ-1和Ⅹ亞家族中,98個(gè)RdbHLH基因(84.48%)外顯子數(shù)量為2~8個(gè)。多序列比對(duì)結(jié)果和保守結(jié)構(gòu)域顯示(圖2:b和圖3),RdbHLH基因均含有典型的bHLH結(jié)構(gòu)域,其中含bHLH_SF超家族結(jié)構(gòu)域的基因數(shù)量最多,為36個(gè),同一亞家族RdbHLH結(jié)構(gòu)域組成相似性較高。
如圖2:a和圖3所示,共鑒定出15個(gè)Motif(Motif 1-Motif 15),不同基因包含的Motif數(shù)量為1~8個(gè),Motif長度為21~100個(gè)氨基酸(表3)。除RdbHLH8、 RdbHLH68、 RdbHLH71、 RdbHLH82、RdbHLH100、RdbHLH102和RdbHLH108不存在堿性基本區(qū),RdbHLH99不存在HLH區(qū)外,其余108個(gè)RdbHLH(93.10%)均同時(shí)含有Motif 1和Motif 2結(jié)構(gòu),Motif 1和Motif 2位置除了在RdbHLH42、RdbHLH57和RdbHLH88基因中間隔較遠(yuǎn)外,在其余RdbHLH中均緊密相鄰,Motif 1包含一個(gè)堿性基本區(qū)域和一個(gè)螺旋區(qū)域,而Motif 2包含一個(gè)環(huán)狀區(qū)域和另一個(gè)螺旋區(qū)域,兩個(gè)基序共同組成bHLH結(jié)構(gòu)域(圖3和圖4),RdbHLH保守結(jié)構(gòu)域氨基酸序列中有28個(gè)氨基酸較保守(sequence identity>50%),9個(gè)氨基酸高度保守(sequence identity>90%)。一般來說,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹相鄰分支上的RdbHLH具有相似的基序結(jié)構(gòu),如Ⅰ-2、Ⅱ、Ⅳ-1、Ⅴb、Ⅶ、Ⅷ1、Ⅸ-1、Ⅺ、Ⅻ等亞家族的基序結(jié)構(gòu)均高度保守。
2.4 RdbHLH基因啟動(dòng)子順式作用元件分析
基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域上游序列作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn),被認(rèn)為是順式調(diào)控元件,在植物生物學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用(Schmitz et al., 2022)。為進(jìn)一步研究RdbHLH的功能,本文對(duì)啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域的順式元件進(jìn)行了鑒定和分析。如表4和圖5所示,116個(gè)RdbHLH基因中共含有32種,2 731個(gè)主要的順式作用元件,可大致分為四類(Schmitz et al., 2022):第一類與植物生長發(fā)育有關(guān),如分生組織和蛋白代謝調(diào)節(jié)元件等,包括AT-rich element、CAT-box和O2-site,占總元件數(shù)量的4.58%;第二類與激素響應(yīng)有關(guān),如脫落酸、生長素、赤霉素、茉莉酸甲酯和水楊酸等,包括ABRE、GARE-motif、P-box、TATC-box、TCA-element和TGA-element等9個(gè)元件,占比33.54%;第三類為光響應(yīng)元件,包括ACE、AE-box、GA-motif、G-box、GT1-motif和MRE等13個(gè)元件,占比43.39%;第四類為低溫、干旱、創(chuàng)傷和厭氧等脅迫響應(yīng)元件,包括ARE、ATC-motif、LTR、TC-rich repeats和WUN-motif等7個(gè)元件,占比18.49%。其中,共有47個(gè)(40.52%)RdbHLH家族基因含響應(yīng)干旱脅迫的順式作用元件。
2.5 RdbHLH家族基因在不同干旱處理下的表達(dá)分析
不同干旱脅迫處理下RdbHLH基因的差異表達(dá)情況如圖6所示。在干旱脅迫下,共有36個(gè)RdbHLH基因表達(dá)量顯著變化,RdbHLH40、RdbHLH21和RdbHLH48在CK組中具有較高的表達(dá)量,而在干旱脅迫和復(fù)水處理下,表達(dá)量均較低,這可能是這些基因參與調(diào)控植物正常的生長發(fā)育,干旱脅迫限制了植物正常生理過程并抑制了這些基因的表達(dá); RdbHLH28、 RdbHLH104、RdbHLH103在D5處理下,表達(dá)量急劇增加,表明這些基因?qū)Ω珊得{迫較為敏感,在植物抵御中度干旱脅迫階段發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用;RdbHLH56、RdbHLH7、RdbHLH91、RdbHLH65在CK和D5處理下具有較高表達(dá)量,而在D9處理下表達(dá)量降低,表明重度干旱脅迫限制了這些基因的表達(dá);RdbHLH23、RdbHLH100、RdbHLH52、RdbHLH82、RdbHLH98和RdbHLH81在D9處理下表達(dá)量急劇升高,重度干旱脅迫誘導(dǎo)了這些基因的表達(dá);RdbHLH51、RdbHLH16、RdbHLH50、RdbHLH27和RdbHLH69等9個(gè)基因在REC處理下表達(dá)量較高,推測這些基因參與植物脅迫損傷后的修復(fù)機(jī)制;RdbHLH49、RdbHLH95和RdbHLH64在D5和D9處理下表達(dá)量均較高,表明這些基因參與植物整個(gè)干旱脅迫的響應(yīng),其中RdbHLH49和RdbHLH95的表達(dá)響應(yīng)更為強(qiáng)烈,可能在植株抗干旱脅迫過程中發(fā)揮了重要調(diào)控作用。
2.6 RdbHLH蛋白三維結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測
基于轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)分析,對(duì)強(qiáng)烈響應(yīng)干旱脅迫的12個(gè)RdbHLH蛋白(RdbHLH28、RdbHLH104、RdbHLH103、RdbHLH23、RdbHLH100、RdbHLH52、RdbHLH82、RdbHLH98、RdbHLH81、RdbHLH49、RdbHLH95和RdbHLH64)三維結(jié)構(gòu)的預(yù)測如圖7所示。所有RdbHLH均具有α-螺旋、β-折疊、β-轉(zhuǎn)角及無規(guī)則卷曲的空間構(gòu)象。整體蛋白三維結(jié)構(gòu)具有一定相似性,所有蛋白成員均具保守的bHLH結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.7 RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析
蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)(圖8)顯示,RdbHLH33(同源磷酸三聚異構(gòu)酶,triose phosphate isomerase,AtTIM),與調(diào)控糖酵解的關(guān)鍵酶甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase)的AtGAPA-2、AtGAPB、AtGAPC2和AtGAPCP-2等蛋白間存在較強(qiáng)互作關(guān)系(Suzuki et al., 2021; Simkin et al., 2023),擬南芥AtGAPCp在干旱脅迫響應(yīng)和ABA信號(hào)通路中起關(guān)鍵作用(Zhang et al., 2019),推測轉(zhuǎn)錄因子RdbHLH33能夠誘導(dǎo)GAPA-2、GAPB、GAPC2和GAPCP-2的表達(dá),促進(jìn)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),協(xié)同調(diào)控光合作用還原磷酸戊糖途徑和糖酵解途徑,維持細(xì)胞ATP水平,并增強(qiáng)植株對(duì)高溫和干旱等逆境的抗性。RdbHLH46(同源AtbHLH29,類FER鐵吸收調(diào)節(jié)劑,F(xiàn)ER-like regulator of iron uptake,F(xiàn)RU)、RdbHLH50(同源AtbHLH105,耐IAA-亮氨酸3,IAA-leucine resistant 3,ILR3)、RdbHLH47(同源AtbHLH104)和RdbHLH52(同源AtbHLH39)共同調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)以增加鐵的吸收、分布和利用,維持植物鐵穩(wěn)態(tài),并在缺鐵期間提供光保護(hù)以減少活性氧積累對(duì)植株造成損傷(Jakoby et al., 2004; Akmakjian et al., 2021)。AtbHLH13(Huang et al., 2018)、髓細(xì)胞組織增生蛋白2(myelocytomatosis protein 2,MYC2)(Zhu et al., 2023)、茉莉酸ZIM結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白1(1JAZ1)(Feng et al., 2020)和TIFY7(Singh & Mukhopadhyay, 2021)均參與調(diào)控茉莉酸誘導(dǎo)的脅迫響應(yīng),RdbHLH56(同源AtbHLH13)和RdbHLH7(同源AtMYC2)與AtJAZ1和AtTIFY7蛋白間存在較強(qiáng)的互作關(guān)系,此外,茉莉酸響應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AtRERJ1(同源RdbHLH23)(Kiribuchi et al., 2004)、AtbHLH92(同源RdbHLH48)(Shen et al., 2021)和AtJAZ1蛋白間也存在較強(qiáng)互作關(guān)系,推測RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子RdbHLH56、RdbHLH7、RdbHLH23和RdbHLH48在茉莉酸信號(hào)通路和鹽滲透脅迫響應(yīng)過程發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)作用。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Speechless(SPCH)和MUTE均參與調(diào)節(jié)氣孔發(fā)育,促進(jìn)葉表皮轉(zhuǎn)化為氣孔(Yang et al., 2022; Zuch et al., 2023),G蛋白信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)因子E1(regulator of G-protein signaling E1, RGE1)參與調(diào)節(jié)胚胎生長和發(fā)育(Zuo et al., 2021),F(xiàn)AMA可促進(jìn)氣孔保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞分化(Ohashi-Ito & Bergmann, 2006),CBF啟動(dòng)子誘導(dǎo)因子1(inducer of CBF expression 1, ICE1)是調(diào)節(jié)冷誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活劑, 可通過調(diào)控SPCH、MUTE和FAMA基因的連續(xù)作用以介導(dǎo)表皮氣孔分化(Feng et al., 2013),故推測RdbHLH19(同源AtICE1)分別與RdbHLH74(同源AtMUTE)、RdbHLH42(同源AtSPCH)和RdbHLH67(同源AtRGE1)相互作用調(diào)節(jié)植物冷應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、氣孔發(fā)育和胚胎發(fā)育(Liang & Yang, 2015)。擬南芥TIFY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AtTIFY7(Liu & Chen, 2019)、bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Transparent Testa 8 (AtTT8)(Shin et al., 2013)和Glabra 3(AtGL3)(Zhang et al., 2016)均參與調(diào)控花青素的生物合成,據(jù)互作關(guān)系推測RdbHLH37(同源AtTT8)、RdbHLH53(同源AtGL3)和TIFY7轉(zhuǎn)錄因子共同參與調(diào)控花青素等黃酮類化合物的合成。隱花色素2(cryptochromes 2, CRY2)、光敏色素A(phytochrome A, PHYA)、光敏色素互作因子3/7(phytochrome interacting factor 3/7, PIF3/7)和隱花色素互作因子bHLH1(cryptochrome-interacting basic helix-loop-helix 1, CIB1)均參與調(diào)控植物光周期生長和開花時(shí)間(Zuo et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2013),RdbHLH105(同源AtPIF3)、AtPHYA、AtCRY2、RdbHLH21(同源AtPIF7)和RdbHLH65(同源AtCIB1)之間存在較強(qiáng)互作關(guān)系,故推測RdbHLH105、RdbHLH21和RdbHLH65參與調(diào)控植物的光形態(tài)建成、代謝生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。DYT1(dysfunctional tapetum 1)是擬南芥花藥發(fā)育及絨氈層早期分化過程中重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Li et al., 2017),AtbHLH10(Huang et al., 2020)、AtbHLH30(Reisfeld et al., 2022)和AtbHLH41(Reisfeld et al., 2022)均參與了絨氈層和花粉的發(fā)育調(diào)控,據(jù)互作關(guān)系可推測RdbHLH13(同源AtbHLH10)、RdbHLH2(同源AtDYT1)、RdbHLH8(同源AtbHLH41)、RdbHLH89(同源AtbHLH30)和RdbHLH39(同源AtbHLH144)共同參與調(diào)控花的發(fā)育。
3 討論與結(jié)論
本研究共鑒定了116個(gè)RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員,相比白菜、玉米和馬鈴薯等物種,成員數(shù)量較少,可能是不同物種在進(jìn)化、基因組復(fù)制或基因組大小及生境等方面的差異導(dǎo)致了物種間bHLH基因數(shù)目的不同,馬纓杜鵑RdbHLH家族基因沒有經(jīng)歷大規(guī)模的基因復(fù)制事件(gene duplication),而大規(guī)?;驈?fù)制事件導(dǎo)致了bHLH家族基因在白菜、玉米和馬鈴薯中的擴(kuò)展(Carretero-Paulet et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2015)。所有蛋白平均疏水指數(shù)均為負(fù)值,表明RdbHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子均為親水性蛋白;等電點(diǎn)跨度較大 (4.87~9.93),表明其編碼蛋白能適應(yīng)不同的酸堿環(huán)境;絕大多數(shù)RdbHLH蛋白不穩(wěn)定指數(shù)大于40,表明RdbHLH蛋白整體穩(wěn)定性較差,絕大多數(shù)RdbHLHd蛋白定位于細(xì)胞核,表明該家族基因主要在細(xì)胞核發(fā)揮功能。馬纓杜鵑RdbHLH基因家族成員聚類劃分為17個(gè)亞家族,這與植物bHLH家族一般可劃分為15~25個(gè)亞家族的早期研究結(jié)果相符合(Pires & Dolan, 2010),其中第Ⅲ亞家族的成員數(shù)量最多,無歸類為Ⅵ亞家族的RdbHLH成員,這可能是該亞類蛋白在馬纓杜鵑的進(jìn)化過程中丟失所致。同一亞家族內(nèi)基因的結(jié)構(gòu)、保守結(jié)構(gòu)域和Motif組合具有一定相似性,但在不同亞家族間差異較大,推測正是由于這些特異結(jié)構(gòu)和Motif組合的存在導(dǎo)致了bHLH家族基因功能分化,從而調(diào)控植物復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)過程(Wani et al., 2021)。RdbHLH基因啟動(dòng)子順式調(diào)控元件可分為植物生長發(fā)育、植物激素響應(yīng)、植物光響應(yīng)和脅迫響應(yīng)四類,表明RdbHLH基因參與調(diào)控植物多方面的生物學(xué)過程,光響應(yīng)相關(guān)的元件數(shù)量最多,分布最廣,表明光信號(hào)可能在RdbHLH基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控中發(fā)揮重要作用(Nawaz et al., 2014)。47個(gè)RdbHLH家族基因含響應(yīng)干旱脅迫的順式作用元件,表明大量RdbHLH參與響應(yīng)干旱脅迫。對(duì)不同干旱脅迫處理下RdbHLH的差異表達(dá)分析研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其表達(dá)模式存在顯著差異,說明其功能發(fā)生分化,在響應(yīng)干旱脅迫過程中發(fā)揮不同作用(Zhang et al., 2022),干旱的加劇誘導(dǎo)了RdbHLH49、RdbHLH95、RdbHLH64、RdbHLH100、RdbHLH52和RdbHLH82基因的高表達(dá),其中RdbHLH49和RdbHLH95的表達(dá)響應(yīng)更為強(qiáng)烈,在復(fù)水后這些基因的表達(dá)量降低,這可能是復(fù)水作用在一定程度上緩解了植株的干旱損傷,推測它們可能在植物抵御干旱脅迫過程中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用。
RdbHLH46(同源AtFRU)、RdbHLH50(同源AtILR3)、RdbHLH47(同源AtbHLH104)和RdbHLH52(同源AtbHLH39)參與調(diào)控鐵的吸收、分布和利用,維持植物中鐵穩(wěn)態(tài),并在缺鐵期間提供光保護(hù),RdbHLH37(同源AtTT8)、RdbHLH53(ATGL3)和AtTIFY7共同參與調(diào)控花青素等黃酮類化合物的合成,這與Kazemitabar等(2020)對(duì)芝麻(Sesamum indicum)SinbHLH的蛋白互作研究結(jié)果一致,F(xiàn)RU、ILR3和TT8在芝麻生命周期中調(diào)控脅迫響應(yīng)、鐵離子內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定和花青素合成。RdbHLH19(同源AtICE1)分別與RdbHLH74(同源AtMUTE)、RdbHLH42(同源AtSPCH)和RdbHLH67(同源AtRGE1)互作調(diào)節(jié)植物冷應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、氣孔發(fā)育和胚胎發(fā)育,該互作關(guān)系與前人在擬南芥中的發(fā)現(xiàn)相符,ICE1可能通過與SPCH、MUTE和FAMA形成異二聚體,在氣孔發(fā)育過程中起正調(diào)控作用(Pillitteri & Torri, 2007; Liu et al., 2009)。RdbHLH105(同源AtPIF3)、RdbHLH21(同源AtPIF7)、RdbHLH65(同源AtCIB1)、PHYA和CRY2共同參與調(diào)控植物的光形態(tài)建成、代謝生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),這與Liu等(2018)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相符,CRY2通過激活CIB1來促進(jìn)開花素(flowering locus T, FT)mRNA的表達(dá),以響應(yīng)藍(lán)光。RdbHLH13(同源AtbHLH10)、RdbHLH2(同源AtDYT1)、RdbHLH8(同源AtbHLH41)、RdbHLH89(同源AtbHLH30)和RdbHLH39(同源AtbHLH144)共同參與調(diào)控花的發(fā)育,這與Cheng等(2023)對(duì)擬南芥的研究結(jié)果相符,AtbhLH10可與DYT1形成蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物,協(xié)同作用調(diào)控花藥分化。差異表達(dá)分析中,一些響應(yīng)干旱脅迫的關(guān)鍵蛋白也被預(yù)測存在顯著相互作用, 綜合互作關(guān)系推測馬纓杜鵑對(duì)干旱脅迫的響應(yīng)主要通過激發(fā)脅迫信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路和滲透調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng),并合成黃酮類化合物以消除活性氧,緩解脅迫損傷。
本研究中,RdbHLH基因的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系和基序結(jié)構(gòu)等特征與功能預(yù)測相呼應(yīng)。例如:擬南芥Ia亞家族的AtbHLH45、AtbHL97和AtbHLH98與氣孔發(fā)育控制相關(guān)(Zhou et al., 2020),同屬于Ia亞家族的RdbHLH74和RdbHLH42在互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)中也體現(xiàn)了該功能;Ⅷb亞家族中的AtbHLH37、de0d7e8e08d739bf1e07e85fe0bf5e01AtbHLH40、AtbHLH43和AtbHLH88調(diào)控花和果的發(fā)育(Carretero-Paulet et al., 2010),被劃分在Ⅷb亞家族的RdbHLH72、RdbHLH106、RdbHLH107、RdbHLH11和RdbHLH85在互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)中也具有類似功能;AtbHLH38、AtbHLH39、AtbHLH100和AtbHLH101基因參與鐵缺乏反應(yīng)(Wang et al., 2013),Ib1亞家族中RdbHLH102、RdbHLH68和RdbHLH52在互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)中也被預(yù)測參與缺鐵反應(yīng),這體現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)發(fā)育功能推測與蛋白互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能預(yù)測相一致。此外,在互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,RdbHLH56、RdbHLH7、RdbHLH23和RdbHLH48被預(yù)測在茉莉酸信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮作用,在這些基因啟動(dòng)子中也存在與茉莉酸甲酯相關(guān)的順式調(diào)控元件,包括G-box CGTCA和TGACG基序,預(yù)測參與光響應(yīng)的RdbHLH56、RdbHLH7、RdbHLH23和RdbHLH48基因啟動(dòng)子中也存在G-box、 Box 4和GT1-motif等光響應(yīng)順式調(diào)控元件,這體現(xiàn)了RdbHLH基因結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的統(tǒng)一。
綜上所述,本研究鑒定了116個(gè)RdbHLH基因,對(duì)家族成員進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的特征分析和進(jìn)化分類,結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)RdbHLH基因在干旱脅迫下的表達(dá)模式進(jìn)行了總結(jié),篩選出與干旱脅迫相關(guān)的2個(gè)重要候選基因,RdbHLH49和RdbHLH95可能在馬纓杜鵑抵御干旱脅迫過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,但具體功能仍需開展后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。本研究結(jié)4a92a627e8369ac434133c3ad54d0e14果為進(jìn)一步研究RdbHLH基因的生物學(xué)功能提供了理論依據(jù),也為培育馬纓杜鵑優(yōu)良園藝品種提供了靶向基因資源。
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