尚國(guó)麗 田春嬌 劉志國(guó) 劉平 王玖瑞 劉孟軍
摘? ? 要:【目的】探究棗樹生長(zhǎng)與結(jié)實(shí)的適宜水肥條件,以期為太行山區(qū)鮮食棗月光和冬棗水肥管理提供參考?!痉椒ā恳院颖鞭r(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)-阜平現(xiàn)代棗業(yè)綜合試驗(yàn)站月光和冬棗為材料,2021—2022年調(diào)查低水肥處理(每666.7 m2年滴灌水10 t,水溶肥A 15 kg,水溶肥B 15 kg)、中水肥處理(每666.7 m2年滴灌水12 t,水溶肥A 20 kg,水溶肥B 25 kg)、高水肥處理(每666.7 m2年滴灌水14 t,水溶肥A 25 kg,水溶肥B 40 kg)和對(duì)照(CK,不施水肥)4種水肥條件對(duì)棗枝葉生長(zhǎng)、開花和果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響。【結(jié)果】水肥條件對(duì)兩個(gè)品種棗吊長(zhǎng)度無顯著影響。月光高水肥和冬棗中水肥處理后對(duì)新生棗頭數(shù)、棗頭長(zhǎng)度、棗頭二次枝長(zhǎng)、棗吊花序數(shù)和棗吊成花數(shù)的促進(jìn)作用最明顯。中高水肥處理?xiàng)l件下,月光果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量整體較高,而冬棗中水肥處理果實(shí)品質(zhì)最佳。與對(duì)照比較,隨著水肥量的增多,總體上兩個(gè)品種葉片中N、P、K、Mg元素含量增多,Ca元素含量隨水肥量的增多而減少。【結(jié)論】在太行山區(qū)月光和冬棗兩個(gè)鮮食棗品種實(shí)施滴灌系統(tǒng)水肥管理中,應(yīng)分別采用高、中水肥供應(yīng)。
關(guān)鍵詞:棗;水肥;枝葉;果實(shí)
中圖分類號(hào):S665.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)06-1160-10
Effects of different treatments of water and fertilization on growth and fruiting of Chinese jujube
SHANG Guoli1, TIAN Chunjiao1, LIU Zhiguo2, 3, LIU Ping2, 3, WANG Jiurui1*, LIU Mengjun2, 3*
(1College of Forest, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China; 2College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China; 3Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Chinese jujube has been cultivated in China for a long time. Rasonable water and fertilizer management is important for efficient cultivation and quality fruit production of the jujuba. The objective of this study was to explore the suitable water and fertilization management for the growth and fruiting of Chinese jujube and provide reference for water and fertilizer management of fresh cultivars Yueguang and Dongzao in the Taihang Mountain area of Hebei province. 【Methods】 This experiment was conducted at the Fuping Comprehensive Experimental Station of Chinese Jujube Industry, Hebei Agricultural University in Fuping County, Baoding City, Hebei Province from 2021 to 2022. 5-year old Yueguang and Dongzao trees were used as the materials. Their branch and leaf growth (number of newly emerged jujube shoots, extension shoot length, extension shoot diameter, secondary shoot internode length, secondary shoot length of extension shoot, bearing shoot length, number of leaves per bearing shoot, content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg elements), flowering (number of inflorescence per bearing shoot and flowers per bearing shoot), and fruit quality (single fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, fruit shape index, vitamin C content, titratable acid content, soluble sugar content, soluble solid content, sugar acid ratio) were investigated under four conditions, including low water and fertilizer treatments (10 t of drip irrigation water, 15 kg of water-soluble fertilizer A and 15 kg of water-soluble fertilizer B per 666.7 m2 per year), medium water and fertilizer treatments (12 t of drip irrigation water, 20 kg of water-soluble fertilizer A and 25 kg of water-soluble fertilizer B per 666.7 m2 per year), high water and fertilizer treatments (14 t of drip irrigation water, 25 kg of water-soluble fertilizer A and 40 kg of water-soluble fertilizer B per 666.7 m2 per year) and the control (no application of water and fertilizer, CK). 【Results】 The results showed that the different water and fertilization treatments had no significant effects on the length of bearing shoots in both Yueguang and Dongzao varieties. The number of newly emerged jujube shoots, extension shoot length, secondary shoot internode length, secondary shoot length of extension shoot, the number of inflorescence per bearing shoot and the number of flowers per bearing shoot were significantly higher in Yueguang with the high water and fertilizer treatments than those with the low water and fertilizer treatments and the CK. The number of newly emerged jujube shoots, the number of inflorescence per bearing shoot and the number of flowers per bearing shoot were significantly higher in Dongzao with the medium water fertilizer treatments than those the high water fertilizer treatments and the CK. Yueguang with the high and medium water fertilizer treatments had significantly higher single fruit weights in 2021 than that with the low water fertilizer treatments and the CK. The single fruit weights increased sequentially with increasing amounts of water and fertilizer in 2022, the single fruit weight with the high water fertilizer treatments was the largest although there were no significant differences between the treatments. Under the conditions of medium and high water and fertilization treatments, the nutrient content of Yueguang fruits was generally higher. The single fruit weight of Dongzao increased with different water and fertilizer treatments compared with the CK, by 16.61%, 4.07% and 27.76% from low to high water and fertilizer treatments respectively. As the amount of water and fertilizer increased, the titratable acid content and of Dongzao decreased, while the sugar-acid ratio increased and the fruits became sweeter. The fruit quality of Dongzao was the best under the medium water and fertilization treatments. After the water and fertilizer treatments, the contents of N, P, K, Mg elements of the two varieties were higher than those of the control, and the contents of N, P, K, Mg elements increased with the increase in the amount of water and fertilizer, and the peak appeared after the medium water fertilizer treatments, and then decreased. While Ca elements decreased with the increase of the amount of water and fertilizer. 【Conclusion】 The medium water and fertilizer management for Dongzao and the high water and fertilizer management for Yueguang should be recommended for proper growth and quality fruit production in the Mountain Taihang area of Hebei province.
Key words: Chinese jujube; Water and fertilization; Branch and leaf; Fruit
棗(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)是中國(guó)特色優(yōu)勢(shì)果樹和栽培歷史最為悠久的“五果”之一[1-3],現(xiàn)已遍及世界五大洲的近50個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū),并在韓國(guó)、伊朗等國(guó)家形成規(guī)?;唐吩耘啵珬椀脑耘嗪拖M(fèi)主要在中國(guó)[4-6]。當(dāng)前棗產(chǎn)業(yè)正經(jīng)歷著由傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,傳統(tǒng)的栽培方式面臨效益不高、資源利用不均衡等問題,而現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)注重科技創(chuàng)新、優(yōu)質(zhì)品種的引入和高效管理模式的應(yīng)用[7]。為迎合市場(chǎng)需求、提高農(nóng)業(yè)整體效益,輕簡(jiǎn)高效栽培模式逐漸演變成當(dāng)前棗產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)[7]。
通過優(yōu)良品種輕簡(jiǎn)高效栽培實(shí)現(xiàn)提質(zhì)增效,是現(xiàn)代棗業(yè)發(fā)展的客觀需求[8]。在輕簡(jiǎn)高效栽培模式下,水肥管理顯得尤為關(guān)鍵。水肥合理搭配,可以更好地滿足棗樹在不同生長(zhǎng)階段的水肥需求,提高資源利用效率,降低生產(chǎn)成本,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)[9]。應(yīng)用水肥一體化技術(shù)對(duì)鹽堿地冬棗灌溉施肥,可提高水分利用率40%~60%,植株對(duì)肥料的利用率提高30%~50%[10]。通過水肥耦合可高效供應(yīng)水肥,促進(jìn)南疆棗實(shí)現(xiàn)提質(zhì)增效目標(biāo)[11-13]。雖然水肥一體化技術(shù)在西北地區(qū)得到廣泛應(yīng)用,但太行山區(qū)的研究相對(duì)較少,尚未形成統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。冬棗(Z. jujuba Mill. ‘Dongzao)是極晚熟鮮食品種[14],也是棗產(chǎn)業(yè)當(dāng)今第一大鮮食品種;月光(Z. jujuba Mill. ‘Yueguang)是早熟鮮食品種,兩者在廣大消費(fèi)者中享有極高的聲譽(yù)和歡迎度。為促進(jìn)月光和冬棗在太行傳統(tǒng)棗栽培區(qū)引種栽培,急需與之高效栽培配套的水肥一體化技術(shù)。筆者以月光和冬棗為試材,比較不同水肥配置對(duì)月光和冬棗枝葉生長(zhǎng)和果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,從而為太行山區(qū)月光和冬棗高效栽培所需的適宜水肥一體化技術(shù)提供參考。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
以河北省保定市阜平縣河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)-阜平棗業(yè)綜合試驗(yàn)站5年生、株行距2 m×4 m、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致、生長(zhǎng)狀況良好、管理一致的早熟品種月光與極晚熟品種冬棗為材料。該地于保定西部,太行山中北部,地理位置為東經(jīng)114°17′10″,北緯38°44′05″,為大陸性季風(fēng)氣候,暖溫帶半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū),季節(jié)變化明顯,夏季相對(duì)較短而溫暖,冬季漫長(zhǎng)而寒冷。降水主要分布在夏季和早秋,冬季較為干燥。2021年年降水量為812.3 mm,無霜期170 d,土壤凍融79 d,20 cm,地方小氣候特征明顯。土壤全氮、全磷、全鉀、交換性鈣、交換性鎂含量(w,后同)分別為0.271、0.372、8.554、1.274、0.120 g·kg-1。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
在春季土壤解凍后對(duì)月光和冬棗施肥試驗(yàn)樣地施入一次有機(jī)農(nóng)家肥做基肥,然后采用單因素隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),水肥條件設(shè)置4個(gè)處理水平,高水肥處理W1(每666.7 m2年滴灌水14 t,水溶肥A 25 kg,水溶肥B 40 kg)、中水肥處理W2(每666.7 m2年滴灌水12 t,水溶肥A 20 kg,水溶肥B 25 kg)、低水肥處理W3(每666.7 m2年滴灌水10 t,水溶肥A 15 kg,水溶肥B 15 kg)與對(duì)照(CK,不施水肥),每個(gè)處理9株,3次重復(fù)。分5次以滴灌的方式灌入,施入時(shí)期分別為5月上旬、6月上旬、6月下旬、7月下旬與8月中旬。其中A為礦源黃腐質(zhì)酸鉀水溶肥(黃腐酸含量含量≥55%、氧化鉀含量≥12%);B為平衡性大量元素水溶肥[20-20-20+TE,(N+P2O5+K2O)含量≥60%、(B+Zn)含量在0.2%~3.0%]。
1.3 指標(biāo)測(cè)定
1.3.1 枝葉花性狀測(cè)定 在7月中旬,調(diào)查月光所選植株新生棗頭枝的個(gè)數(shù)、長(zhǎng)度、粗度;對(duì)于冬棗需要定時(shí)調(diào)查棗頭個(gè)數(shù),然后將其去掉,統(tǒng)計(jì)棗頭總數(shù)。用卷尺測(cè)量棗頭節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度、棗頭二次枝長(zhǎng)度;棗吊停止生長(zhǎng)后,測(cè)量棗吊長(zhǎng)度、調(diào)查棗吊葉片數(shù)。盛花期,每棵樣本樹按照東西南北四個(gè)方位,調(diào)查各類型棗吊的花序數(shù)、成花數(shù),取平均值。
1.3.2 果實(shí)品質(zhì)特性測(cè)定 在果實(shí)半紅期,采摘多年生枝上棗果,各個(gè)處理隨機(jī)采摘30個(gè)以上棗果,裝入采樣袋,標(biāo)記清楚,帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室及時(shí)進(jìn)行果實(shí)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)測(cè)定。采用電子天平稱量各處理所采棗果單果質(zhì)量,用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量對(duì)應(yīng)棗果的縱徑和橫徑,并計(jì)算果形指數(shù)(果形指數(shù)=果實(shí)縱徑/果實(shí)橫徑)。將采集到的新鮮棗果分為3組,進(jìn)行混樣處理,切成片狀后,用水果擠壓器分別擠出汁液置于手持電子糖度計(jì)(折射儀法)測(cè)定可溶性固形物含量。采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法測(cè)定維生素C含量[15];采用3,5-二硝基水楊酸比色法測(cè)定可溶性糖含量[16];采用氫氧化鈉-酚酞滴定法測(cè)定可滴定酸含量[16];糖酸比為可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量的比值。
1.3.3 礦質(zhì)元素測(cè)定 于2022年7月中旬,完成第三次水肥滴灌3 d后及8月中旬,采集每個(gè)處理50枚葉片,裝入采樣袋標(biāo)記,帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室。采用硫酸-雙氧水消解、凱氏法測(cè)定葉片全氮(N)含量,采用鉬銻抗比色法測(cè)定葉片全磷(P)含量;采用硝酸消解,ICP-OES測(cè)定鉀(K)、鈣(Ca)、鎂(Mg)元素含量。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析
采用Excel 2016整理數(shù)據(jù)和繪圖,采用SPSS 22.0對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差(ANOVA)分析,多重比較采用Duncans 法,分別檢驗(yàn)0.05和0.01水平的顯著性差異。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 不同水肥條件對(duì)棗樹生長(zhǎng)的影響
隨著水肥量的增多,月光枝、葉和花生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)變強(qiáng)。如表1所示,2021年高水肥處理的月光新生棗頭數(shù)、棗頭長(zhǎng)度、二次枝節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度、棗頭二次枝長(zhǎng)度、棗吊花序數(shù)以及棗吊成花數(shù)均顯著高于低水肥處理與對(duì)照。中水肥處理的新生棗頭數(shù)、棗頭長(zhǎng)度與棗吊成花數(shù)與高水肥、低水肥處理、對(duì)照均差異不顯著。2022年的結(jié)果與2021年基本一致,高水肥處理的月光新生棗頭數(shù)、棗頭長(zhǎng)度、二次枝節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度和棗頭二次枝長(zhǎng)度均顯著高于低水肥處理與對(duì)照。以上結(jié)果說明不同水肥量對(duì)月光植株生長(zhǎng)的影響明顯且年份間基本一致。
不同水肥條件處理后,冬棗枝葉花生長(zhǎng)情況如表2所示,2021年中水肥處理的新生棗頭數(shù)、棗吊花序數(shù)和棗吊成花數(shù)均最多,分別為22.4個(gè)、4.87個(gè)與54.77朵,而高水肥處理各指標(biāo)(棗吊長(zhǎng)度除外)生長(zhǎng)量小于中水肥;2022年中水肥處理后冬棗新生棗頭數(shù)、棗吊花序數(shù)與棗吊成花數(shù)顯著高于高水肥處理與對(duì)照,除棗吊長(zhǎng)度和棗吊花序數(shù)外,也顯著高于低水肥處理。以上結(jié)果說明中水肥處理對(duì)促進(jìn)冬棗枝、葉、花生長(zhǎng)最為明顯,所設(shè)置的高水肥條件未明顯促進(jìn)冬棗植株生長(zhǎng)。
2.2 不同水肥條件對(duì)棗果實(shí)形態(tài)的影響
不同水肥處理影響月光和冬棗果實(shí)形態(tài),如表3所示,月光2021年高水肥與中水肥處理單果質(zhì)量極顯著高于低水肥處理與對(duì)照;2022年隨著水肥量的增加,單果質(zhì)量逐漸增加,但各處理間無顯著差異,高水肥處理最高,較2021年增加了24.15%。對(duì)比果形指數(shù)這一指標(biāo)的變化,可以看出,果形指數(shù)與單果質(zhì)量呈相反的變化趨勢(shì),果形由細(xì)長(zhǎng)稍變圓潤(rùn)。2021年冬棗不同水肥處理后,單果質(zhì)量較對(duì)照均有增加,從低水肥到高水肥依次增加了16.61%、4.07%、27.76%。中水肥處理的果形指數(shù)顯著大于對(duì)照,果實(shí)相對(duì)較小且圓,其他處理的果形指數(shù)與對(duì)照無顯著差異,水肥量的變化對(duì)果形的影響效果不明顯。
2.3 不同水肥條件對(duì)棗果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響
不同的水肥條件對(duì)月光果實(shí)各營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的影響不同。如表4所示,2021年月光果實(shí)的可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量在不同處理間差異不顯著,高水肥處理的最高;維生素C含量隨著水肥施入量的增加呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢(shì),高水肥與中水肥處理顯著高于對(duì)照,而中水肥處理的含量最高,達(dá)到212.11 mg·100 g-1;對(duì)于可溶性糖含量而言,高水肥處理的含量最高,達(dá)到20.65%,顯著高于對(duì)照;中水肥處理的糖酸比最高,對(duì)照最低。2022年月光果實(shí)可滴定酸含量在不同處理間差異不顯著;維生素C含量、可溶性糖含量與可溶性固形物含量均在中水肥處理下最高,分別比對(duì)照提高2.68%、6.31%、3.49%;高水肥處理的糖酸比最高。
不同水肥處理后,冬棗2021年果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)維生素C含量和可溶性糖含量在不同處理間差異不顯著。隨著水肥量的增加,可滴定酸含量降低,果實(shí)酸度降低,糖酸比增大,果實(shí)變甜。低水肥處理果實(shí)的可溶性糖含量和可溶性固形物含量均為最低,而維生素C含量最高。中水肥處理?xiàng)l件下,2022年冬棗維生素C含量、可溶性糖含量和可溶性固形物含量均極顯著高于低水肥、高水肥處理和對(duì)照,果實(shí)品質(zhì)佳;可滴定酸含量顯著高于對(duì)照。
2.4 不同水肥條件對(duì)棗葉礦質(zhì)元素含量的影響
葉片中礦質(zhì)元素含量可以反映營(yíng)養(yǎng)供給情況,影響果樹生長(zhǎng)和結(jié)實(shí),而不同水肥處理對(duì)葉片中礦質(zhì)元素含量的影響存在顯著差異。在兩次施肥后,月光葉片礦質(zhì)元素含量變化如圖1所示,葉片不同時(shí)期的K、Ca、Mg含量在各處理間差異均不顯著,而N、P含量存在顯著差異。在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期,高水肥處理葉片中N含量均顯著高于對(duì)照,7月中旬處理后,中水肥處理的N含量最低,為30.23 g·kg-1,8月份處理葉片中N含量隨著水肥施入量的增加而增加,中水肥處理含量最多,為32.86 g·kg-1;高水平的施入量使N含量降低為29.78 g·kg-1。P含量在7、8月份水肥施入后隨水肥施入量增多均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢(shì)。葉片中K、Ca、Mg含量雖不存在顯著差異,但K含量在數(shù)值上仍可以看出與P含量的變化趨勢(shì)一致,Ca元素含量隨著施入量的增加而減少。整體來看,8月份葉片K元素含量較7月份有所降低,而Ca含量有所升高,推測(cè)在果實(shí)進(jìn)入膨大后期,根系吸收礦質(zhì)元素多作用于果實(shí)生理生化反應(yīng)的調(diào)控,葉片K含量的降低,利于Ca的積累。
冬棗兩次水肥施入后葉片中礦質(zhì)元素含量分析結(jié)果如圖2所示,除P元素和Ca元素含量外,其他元素含量不同水平處理后較對(duì)照均有顯著性差異。葉片中N元素含量隨著水肥量的增大而升高,中水肥處理在7月份達(dá)到最大值33.50 g·kg-1,極顯著高于其他處理,8月份高水肥處理葉片中N含量最高,為35.92 g·kg-1;7月份Ca、Mg含量不存在顯著性差異,P、K、Mg含量基本隨著施入量的增大呈先升高后降低的趨勢(shì),在中水肥處理下含量最高。8月份P元素含量各處理與對(duì)照間不存在顯著差異,高水肥處理的含量最高,為2.21 g·kg-1;K、Mg含量均在高水肥處理下含量最高,分別為19.57、4.00 g·kg-1,均極顯著高于對(duì)照。
3 討 論
水肥條件影響植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,合適的水肥供應(yīng)會(huì)促進(jìn)果樹生長(zhǎng)和結(jié)實(shí)。腐殖酸可以改變土壤真菌群落的結(jié)構(gòu),幫助植株更新復(fù)壯,促進(jìn)植株各器官的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,改善果實(shí)品質(zhì)[17-18]。大量元素平衡肥可以改善土壤缺素(N、P、K)現(xiàn)象,提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量[19]。采用腐殖酸水溶肥與大量元素平衡肥的組合,可以改善植株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育現(xiàn)狀。Ma等[20]研究表明,保持高土壤水分供應(yīng)對(duì)提高鳳梨生長(zhǎng)、水和肥料氮的利用效率至關(guān)重要。在本研究中,通過棗園布施的滴管系統(tǒng)實(shí)施不同水肥處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)月光隨著水肥量的增多,樹冠不斷變大,新生棗頭數(shù)、成花數(shù)等指標(biāo)生長(zhǎng)越來越好。張海棠[21]、Jia等[22]的研究表明,增施N、K肥,可以促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng),但當(dāng)株施鉀肥超過900 g時(shí)會(huì)降低凈光合速率,過量的N肥會(huì)使水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化不利于生長(zhǎng)。白少倩[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著灌水施肥量的增加,駿棗棗頭、棗吊與葉面積均呈現(xiàn)增大趨勢(shì),但水肥量過高會(huì)對(duì)駿棗生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量產(chǎn)生抑制作用。本研究冬棗中水肥處理各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)最好,果實(shí)品質(zhì)最佳,而高水肥處理生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)卻降低,可能反映出此時(shí)水肥量過大。礦質(zhì)元素在糖代謝過程中起到一定的促進(jìn)作用,利于果實(shí)中糖分積累[24]。月光和冬棗中水肥處理后可溶性糖含量最高,可能與礦質(zhì)元素含量增加有關(guān)。
水肥管理影響棗樹長(zhǎng)勢(shì)、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和病蟲害,是棗樹栽培管理的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一。通過水肥一體化管理可以節(jié)約灌溉用水和肥料,減少水肥管理投入,提升果實(shí)品質(zhì)和穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)量,是實(shí)現(xiàn)棗樹省力高效栽培的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一,而采用滴灌、噴灌等節(jié)水灌溉系統(tǒng),耦合節(jié)水灌溉系統(tǒng)和肥水混配系統(tǒng),可實(shí)現(xiàn)棗樹水肥一體化[7]。在具體水肥條件方面,每株氮磷鉀復(fù)合水溶肥200 g時(shí),靈武長(zhǎng)棗可獲得最佳的果實(shí)品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量[25];矮化密植棗樹灌水定額為900 mm、施肥量為1500 kg·ha-1時(shí),果實(shí)產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最高[26]。在栽培實(shí)踐中,應(yīng)考慮到品種和栽培條件的差異,采用具體的水肥管理方法。本研究在試驗(yàn)地布施滴管系統(tǒng),通過灌溉和水溶肥結(jié)合進(jìn)行,探索了月光和冬棗兩個(gè)品種在太行山區(qū)栽培時(shí),不同水肥條件對(duì)生長(zhǎng)結(jié)實(shí)的影響。整體來看,月光高水肥處理植株生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)最強(qiáng),中高水肥處理對(duì)果實(shí)大小和品質(zhì)有明顯促進(jìn)作用,綜合考慮月光應(yīng)采用高水肥供應(yīng)。冬棗中水肥處理植株生長(zhǎng)與果實(shí)品質(zhì)方面均表現(xiàn)最佳,建議中水肥供應(yīng)。
4 結(jié) 論
綜合考慮不同水肥條件對(duì)月光和冬棗兩個(gè)品種植株生長(zhǎng)、果實(shí)大小和果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,在太行山區(qū)水肥一體化栽培模式下,月光應(yīng)采用高水肥供應(yīng)(每666.7 m2年滴灌水14 t,腐殖酸水溶肥25 kg,大量元素平衡肥40 kg),冬棗應(yīng)采用中水肥供應(yīng)(每666.7 m2年滴灌水12 t,腐殖酸水溶肥20 kg,大量元素平衡肥25 kg)。
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收稿日期:2024-01-08 接受日期:2024-03-24
基金項(xiàng)目:河北省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20326811D);天津市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(22ZYCGSN00460)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:尚國(guó)麗,女,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)榱帜具z傳育種。E-mail:15224701115@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:wjrjujube@126.com;E-mail:lmj1234567@aliyun.com