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中熟杏新品種國(guó)錦的選育

2024-04-29 05:24:09徐銘劉威生劉寧張玉萍章秋平張玉君馬小雪劉家成趙海娟高涵劉碩
果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2024年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:中熟新品種

徐銘 劉威生 劉寧 張玉萍 章秋平 張玉君 馬小雪 劉家成 趙海娟 高涵 劉碩

收稿日期:2023-09-28 接受日期:2023-11-14

基金項(xiàng)目:遼寧省應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃(2022JH2/101300154);遼寧省教育廳科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目(LJKZ1223);遼寧省農(nóng)業(yè)重大專項(xiàng)(2023JH1/10200005);遼寧省科技特派行動(dòng)專項(xiàng)計(jì)劃(2023JH5/10400156)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:徐銘,男,副研究員,碩士,研究方向?yàn)槔钚舆z傳育種。E-mail:dlxuming@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:1253849123@qq.com;E-mail:liushuo028@163.com

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230405

摘? ? 要:國(guó)錦是以中國(guó)地方品種串枝紅為母本、國(guó)外育成品種金太陽(yáng)為父本人工雜交選育而成的中熟杏新品種。果實(shí)橢圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量112.0 g,大果質(zhì)量138.2 g;果頂平或微凹,梗洼淺而廣,縫合線中深;果皮底色橙色,果實(shí)蓋色紅色;果肉橙色,硬溶質(zhì),風(fēng)味濃郁、酸甜適中,品質(zhì)上;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為13.6%,可溶性糖含量為9.4%,可滴定酸含量為1.3%,維生素C含量為6.4 mg·100 g-1,硬度為2.0 kg·cm-2,常溫下可貯藏5~7 d。在遼寧省熊岳地區(qū)4月上旬開(kāi)花,6月下旬果實(shí)成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期75 d左右。以短果枝結(jié)果為主,萌芽率55.7%,成枝力弱。中抗細(xì)菌性穿孔病和流膠病,抗寒性強(qiáng)。適宜在遼寧以南的全國(guó)杏產(chǎn)區(qū)栽培,早期豐產(chǎn)性好,4年生樹(shù)進(jìn)入盛果期,每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)2398 kg,連續(xù)豐產(chǎn)能力強(qiáng)。

關(guān)鍵詞:杏;新品種;國(guó)錦;中熟

中圖分類號(hào):S662.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)01-0179-04

Breeding report of a new mid-maturing apricot cultivar Guojin

XU Ming1, LIU Weisheng1, LIU Ning1, ZHANG Yuping1, ZHANG Qiuping1, ZHANG Yujun1, MA Xiao

xue1, LIU Jiacheng1, ZHAO Haijuan1, GAO Han2*, LIU Shuo1*

(1Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China; 2Liaoning Agriculture College, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China)

Abstract: Guojin is a new mid-maturing red apricot cultivar bred from a cross of Chuanzhihong × Sungold at Liaoning Institute of Pomology. Through artificial hybridization, 370 hybrid seeds were obtained in July, 2002 and 102 seedlings were planted in next spring. It was initially selected in 2007 for its fruit size and appearance. The botanical characteristics, biological characteristics, main economic traits of the fruits, adaptability, and resistance were observed at four sites from 2014 to 2018. It was granted the new variety right by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2021.The tree of Guojin had a medium vigor and an open tree gesture. The young branches were glabrous, brown-red in color. The leaves were green in color, elliptic, mucronate, and dentate. The flower buds were pink and the petals are white. The fruits were uniform with an attractive appearance, it was oblate in shape with 90% red coloring. The average fruit was 112.0 g, the largest fruit was 138.2 g. The flesh was orange with medium amount of juice, fine texture and aroma. The stone adherence to flesh was free and kernel flavor was bitter. The soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid content were 13.6%, 9.4%, 1.3%, 6.4 mg·100 g-1, respectively. The firmness was 2.1 kg·cm-2. The quality was good. The fruits could be stored for about 5 to 7 days in room temperature or about 20 days under 4 ℃. In Xiongyue (122.15° E, 40.18° N) and its surrounding region of Liaoning Province, the flower buds bursted in early March, the blooming stage was early April and could last about 5 days, the fruit development period was 75 d and it matures in the end of July. The leaves fall begined in the end of October and the growth phase was approximately 200 days. Guojin mainly beared fruits on the short and cluster branches. The buds burst rate was 55.7% and hadweak branching ability. It had midde resistance to bacterial perforation disease and gum flow disease, and strong cold resistance. The average yield of 4-year-old trees was 2398 kg per 666.7 m2. It could be cultivated in apricot producing areas in the south of Liaoning Province. The trees should be planted in sandy soil with pH value of 6.5-7.5 and the good drainage conditions. The planting density would be 2 m×4 m. The suitable pollinizer cultivars for it would include Kate, Sungold and Huaxianjiexing. The fruit setting rate was very high, fruit thinning should be necessary and the distance between fruits should be 15 cm.

Key words: Apricot; New cultivar; Guojin; Mid-maturing

杏原產(chǎn)于中國(guó),列為古代五果之一[1]。栽培歷史可追溯3500年前,到漢、唐時(shí)期,杏樹(shù)栽培有了較大的發(fā)展,被視為珍貴果品[2]。杏按用途可劃分為鮮食杏和仁用杏[3]。2021年世界糧農(nóng)組織(FAO)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,中國(guó)鮮食杏種植面積約為3.97萬(wàn)hm2,約占世界總面積的7.19%,這個(gè)數(shù)字一直在緩慢、持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。杏憑借果實(shí)濃郁的杏香和適宜的糖酸比,被認(rèn)為是最美味的溫帶果樹(shù)之一[4]。近年來(lái),中國(guó)杏消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)占有率穩(wěn)步上升,果實(shí)著大量紅色的大果、風(fēng)味濃郁的杏品種越來(lái)越深受消費(fèi)者的喜愛(ài),并且具有較高的商品價(jià)值。對(duì)生產(chǎn)者來(lái)說(shuō),果肉硬和具一定自花結(jié)實(shí)能力的品種不僅可以使果品耐貯運(yùn)、延長(zhǎng)貨架期,而且還可以使杏樹(shù)春季抵御部分不良?xì)夂蛞蛩囟挥绊懝麑?shí)坐果。

針對(duì)市場(chǎng)的需求,遼寧省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所李杏研究室采用常規(guī)雜交育種手段,經(jīng)過(guò)20 a(年)的選擇培育,多點(diǎn)區(qū)域?qū)Ρ绕贩N試驗(yàn),選擇培育出中熟杏新品種國(guó)錦,其誘人的外觀(果實(shí)著紅色面積達(dá)90%)超過(guò)了從國(guó)外引進(jìn)育成品種金太陽(yáng),而且果個(gè)大,風(fēng)味濃郁,具有一定的自花結(jié)實(shí)能力,豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn),適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),綜合性狀優(yōu)良,是一個(gè)非常具有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ男有缕贩N(圖1)。

1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)

2002年以串枝紅為母本、金太陽(yáng)為父本,在遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所國(guó)家果樹(shù)種質(zhì)熊岳李杏圃內(nèi)進(jìn)行人工雜交,獲雜交果實(shí)370個(gè),采摘后剝?nèi)ス馊〕龇N核,清洗干凈,常溫下陰干,于10月末將其層積(拌沙置于地下20~40 cm沙土層中)。2003年5月初將層積好的種子條播,獲102株雜種苗。翌年春天按雙行(即行內(nèi)定植距離為1.0 m×1.0 m,行間距3.5 m)高密度定植于杏育種圃中,按常規(guī)技術(shù)進(jìn)行水肥撫育管理。2007年開(kāi)始結(jié)果,其中編號(hào)為‘03-2-100的單株表現(xiàn)為果個(gè)大、外觀艷麗、優(yōu)質(zhì)、硬肉,定為初選優(yōu)系。

于2008年將其優(yōu)系高接入育種圃內(nèi),2009年將接穗嫁接在山杏砧木上進(jìn)行擴(kuò)繁,2013年分別在遼寧省東港市孤山鎮(zhèn)、莊河市太平嶺鄉(xiāng)、朝陽(yáng)市寺溝鎮(zhèn)和興城市藥王鄉(xiāng)地區(qū)進(jìn)行區(qū)域性試栽。2014-2018年連續(xù)5 a對(duì)區(qū)域試栽和育種圃內(nèi)高接‘03-2-100的植物學(xué)特性、生物學(xué)特性、果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、適應(yīng)性及抗性進(jìn)行鑒定、評(píng)價(jià)。認(rèn)定該優(yōu)系性狀優(yōu)良,遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定,符合育種目標(biāo)。2021年10月通過(guò)國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局新品種權(quán)授權(quán),并定名為國(guó)錦(品種權(quán)號(hào):20210520)。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學(xué)特征

樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸,樹(shù)姿半開(kāi)張。1年生枝紅褐色,斜生,有光澤,無(wú)茸毛,平均長(zhǎng)78.3 cm,粗0.7 cm,皮孔大而少;葉片橢圓形,長(zhǎng)8.4 cm,寬6.1 cm;葉尖突尖,葉基楔形;葉緣中深,粗鋸齒,不整齊;葉面平滑,無(wú)茸毛,葉片薄,綠色;葉柄紫紅色,柄長(zhǎng)4.1 cm,蜜腺2個(gè);花蕾粉紅色,花瓣白色,單瓣,5瓣,圓形,萼片暗紅色。

2.2 生物學(xué)特性

在遼寧省熊岳地區(qū)正常年份3月初花芽萌動(dòng),4月上旬開(kāi)花,花期5 d左右,6月中旬果實(shí)開(kāi)始著色,6月下旬成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期75 d左右,屬中熟品種。10月末開(kāi)始落葉,全年生育期約200 d。以短果枝結(jié)果為主,萌芽率55.7%,成枝力弱。早果性好,在常規(guī)管理措施下,栽植當(dāng)年即可形成花芽,翌年即可見(jiàn)果;早期豐產(chǎn)性好,4年生樹(shù)進(jìn)入盛果期,株產(chǎn)可達(dá)28.9 kg,每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)2398 kg,連續(xù)豐產(chǎn)能力強(qiáng)。雖有一定的自花結(jié)實(shí)能力,但結(jié)實(shí)率低,仍需配置授粉品種,授粉品種為凱特、金太陽(yáng)和華縣接杏。

2.3 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀

如表1所示,果實(shí)卵圓形,果頂平或微凹,梗洼淺而廣,縫合線中深,片肉較對(duì)稱,平均單果質(zhì)量112.0 g,大果質(zhì)量138.2 g;果皮底色橙色,果實(shí)蓋色紅色,有茸毛;果肉橙色,肉質(zhì)硬脆,硬溶質(zhì),纖維細(xì),果汁中多,風(fēng)味濃郁、酸甜適中,品質(zhì)上;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為13.6%,可溶性糖含量為9.4%,可滴定酸含量為1.3%,維生素C含量為6.4 mg·100 g-1,果實(shí)硬度2.0 kg·cm-2,常溫下可貯藏5~7 d;離核,苦仁,核卵圓形,核面粗糙。

2.4 抗逆性和栽培適應(yīng)性

在熊岳、東港、朝陽(yáng)和莊河地區(qū)栽培均表現(xiàn)良好,抗寒、抗旱能力較強(qiáng)。經(jīng)過(guò)5 a的田間觀察,未發(fā)生凍害、明顯的細(xì)菌性穿孔病和流膠病。對(duì)2年生苗的細(xì)菌性穿孔病、流膠病和抗寒性鑒定結(jié)果為,細(xì)菌性穿孔病病害指數(shù)32為中抗(25~40之間),流膠病病害指數(shù)31為中抗(25~34之間),凍害指數(shù)26(<30),抗寒性強(qiáng)。

3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

3.1 種植技術(shù)及適栽區(qū)域

選擇根系發(fā)達(dá)、分布均勻的1年生苗木,苗高80 cm,嫁接口上5 cm處粗度0.8 cm以上,或選擇苗高1.5 m以上、有3~5個(gè)分支大苗,株行距2 m × 4 m,日平均溫度≥ 15 ℃穩(wěn)定5 d以后可栽植。國(guó)錦杏與授粉品種的栽植比例可按5∶1配置。

國(guó)錦杏適宜在遼寧以南的全國(guó)杏產(chǎn)區(qū)栽培,選擇排水條件良好、沙質(zhì)壤土上栽培,由于不耐澇,不宜栽于澇洼地。

3.2 整形修剪

整形修剪包括冬剪與夏剪。冬剪在果樹(shù)休眠期進(jìn)行,以晚剪為宜。夏剪在果樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)季進(jìn)行。樹(shù)冠采用開(kāi)心形或紡錘形。開(kāi)心形:在苗木定植當(dāng)年選留角度開(kāi)張、分布均勻、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均衡的主枝3~4個(gè),主枝長(zhǎng)至40~50 cm時(shí)拉枝,拉枝角度70°~80°,疏除過(guò)密枝、重疊枝;無(wú)中心干,主干高50 cm左右。紡錘形:樹(shù)高2.5~3.0 m,冠幅1~2 m;中心干上選留8~12個(gè)主枝,無(wú)明顯層次,與中心干夾角80°~90°;在主枝上配置中小型結(jié)果枝組,及時(shí)疏除背上枝。

3.3 花果管理

分2次進(jìn)行疏果,第1次疏果在落花后20 d開(kāi)始;第2次疏果在落花后30 d開(kāi)始,按15 cm間距進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。一般長(zhǎng)果枝留3~4個(gè)果,中果枝留2個(gè)果,短枝及花束狀果枝留1個(gè)果。果實(shí)達(dá)可采成熟度(有彈性)時(shí)開(kāi)始分期、分批采收。先采摘樹(shù)冠上部果、外圍枝頭大果,后采下部果、內(nèi)膛果。

3.4 肥水管理

根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐耐寥拉h(huán)境條件,確定土壤施肥方案。果實(shí)發(fā)育前期以氮肥為主,后期以磷、鉀、鈣肥和微量元素為主;采果后,以生物有機(jī)肥為主并添加適量復(fù)合肥。每次施肥后及時(shí)灌水。施肥方法可穴施、溝施、環(huán)狀施等。

3.5 病蟲(chóng)害防治

杏主要病害為灰霉病、褐腐病及細(xì)菌性穿孔病,蟲(chóng)害為蚜蟲(chóng)、卷葉蟲(chóng)、紅蜘蛛。幼果期后連噴2次殺菌殺蟲(chóng)劑,防控細(xì)菌性穿孔病和紅蜘蛛。

參考文獻(xiàn) References:

[1] 孫浩元,張俊環(huán),楊麗,姜鳳超,張美玲,王玉柱. 新中國(guó)果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究70年:杏[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2019,36(10):1302-1319.

SUN Haoyuan,ZHANG Junhuan,YANG Li,JIANG Fengchao,ZHANG Meiling,WANG Yuzhu. Fruit scientific research in New China in the past 70 years:Apricot[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2019,36(10):1302-1319.

[2] 張加延,張釗. 中國(guó)果樹(shù)志:杏卷[M]. 北京:中國(guó)林業(yè)出版社,2003.

ZHANG Jiayan,ZHANG Zhao. Annals of fruit trees in China:Aprocot[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2003.

[3] 章秋平,張玉萍,馬小雪,劉威生,劉寧,徐銘,劉碩,張玉君. 杏果核與種仁數(shù)量性狀的遺傳多樣性分析[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2023,40(2):193-205.

ZHANG Qiuping,ZHANG Yuping,MA Xiaoxue,LIU Weisheng,LIU Ning,XU Ming,LIU Shuo,ZHANG Yujun. Genetic diversity analysis of quantitative traits of fruit stone and kernel in apricot[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(2):193-205.

[4] 徐銘,劉威生,王愛(ài)德,章秋平,劉寧,張玉萍,張玉君,馬小雪,劉碩. 杏主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀遺傳分析[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2020,37(1):1-10.

XU Ming,LIU Weisheng,WANG Aide,ZHANG Qiuping,LIU Ning,ZHANG Yuping,ZHANG Yujun,MA Xiaoxue,LIU Shuo. Inheritance analysis of the main economic characters of apricot[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(1):1-10.

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