秋天,道路兩旁黃的、紅的樹(shù)葉將街道裝點(diǎn)得秋意盎然。然而,樹(shù)葉為什么會(huì)在秋天變黃或者變紅,你知道其中的原因嗎?
In early fall, the weather conditions start to change: Itgets cooler — with crisp, but not freezing, nights — andthe duration of daylight is reduced. 1)Collectively, there’sless sunlight for plants to 2)harvest using the chlorophyll intheir leaves, so 3)deciduous trees begin to pull back theirinvestment in keeping them alive.
While chlorophyll is the most common 4)pigment thatplants use to harvest light — green leaves look that waybecause chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflectsgreen light — plants often have a variety of secondarypigments, too. As the chlorophyll in a tree’s leaves begins towane, these underlying pigments become visible. This is whatwe’re seeing when fall foliage peaks.
Red and purple hues stem from secondary pigmentscalled anthocyanins, while carotenoids and xanthophylls yieldoranges and yellows, respectively. Within a single group, suchas the maples, different species have evolved their own suiteof pigments. Red maples, for example, turn a bril137OECokLue4fQlpU1CsNQ==liant scarlet inthe fall, while black maples become yellow.
1) collectively adv. 共同地
2) harvest v. 收獲
3) deciduous adj. 落葉性的;脫落性的
4) pigment n. 色素;顏料
初秋時(shí)節(jié),天氣情況開(kāi)始變化:天氣變涼爽,夜晚溫度下降,但尚未結(jié)冰,白晝縮短。總的來(lái)說(shuō),植物通過(guò)葉綠素從陽(yáng)光中獲取能量的機(jī)會(huì)減少了,因此落葉樹(shù)開(kāi)始減少生產(chǎn)葉綠素,以保持生命力。
綠葉是綠的,因?yàn)槿~綠素吸收紅光和藍(lán)光,反射綠光。雖然葉綠素是植物用來(lái)獲取光能最常見(jiàn)的色素,但植物通常也有各種輔助色素。隨著樹(shù)葉中的葉綠素開(kāi)始減少,這些潛在的色素變得可見(jiàn)。這就是我們?cè)谇锾炻淙~季看到的景象。
紅色和紫色色調(diào)來(lái)自花青素等輔助色素,而類(lèi)胡蘿卜素和葉黃素分別產(chǎn)生橙色和黃色。在某個(gè)種類(lèi)的植物中,例如楓樹(shù),不同的品種進(jìn)化出了自己的色素組合。例如,紅楓的樹(shù)葉在秋天變成鮮艷的緋紅色,而黑楓變成黃色。