魏冰陽(yáng) 古德萬(wàn) 曹雪梅 楊建軍
摘要:針對(duì)高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面(HRH)齒輪空間曲面極端扭轉(zhuǎn)、曲率修正難度大的問(wèn)題,提出了刀具雙向修形點(diǎn)接觸齒面修正方法。利用ease-off曲面綜合法、齒面微分修形、拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)精益化設(shè)計(jì),實(shí)現(xiàn)了點(diǎn)接觸齒面嚙合質(zhì)量的精確控制。建立了曲面綜合法齒面微分精益化設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算流程,給出了輕修形、內(nèi)對(duì)角重修形、內(nèi)對(duì)角輕修形三種拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)形式;利用齒面承載接觸分析(LTCA)方法,對(duì)比了上述三種形式的齒面嚙合剛度、傳動(dòng)誤差及載荷分布特性,其中內(nèi)對(duì)角輕修形方式的接觸性能最好。進(jìn)行了HRH齒輪動(dòng)態(tài)嚙合性能試驗(yàn),齒面接觸斑點(diǎn)檢驗(yàn)了點(diǎn)接觸齒面ease-off梯度特征。研究結(jié)果表明,實(shí)測(cè)振動(dòng)特性變化規(guī)律與嚙合剛度、承載傳動(dòng)誤差(LTE)理論仿真分析一致。齒輪在較寬轉(zhuǎn)速與載荷范圍運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn),驗(yàn)證了所設(shè)計(jì)HRH齒輪的齒形關(guān)系正確,微分精益化修形控制良好。
關(guān)鍵詞:高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪;微分幾何;拓?fù)湫扌?;齒面承載接觸分析
中圖分類號(hào):TH132
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004132X.2023.11.001
Differential Modification and Topological Structure Design of Complex Tooth
Surfaces by Surface Synthesis Method
WEI Bingyang1 GU Dewan1 CAO Xuemei1,2 YANG Jianjun1,2
1.School of Mechatronics Engineering,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang,
Henan,471000
2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Machinery Equipment Advanced Manufacturing of Henan
Province,Luoyang,Henan,471000
Abstract: Aiming at the problems that the space surfaces of HRH gears were extremely torsional and it was difficult to correct the curvature, a tooth surface correction method of tool bidirectional trimming point contact was proposed. By using ease-off surface synthesis method, differential modification of tooth surfaces and lean topological structure design, precise control of meshing quality for point contact tooth surfaces was realized. The calculation flow of tooth surface differential lean design for surface synthesis method was established, and three topological structure design forms of light modification, inner diagonal heavy modification and inner diagonal light modification were given. The tooth surfaces meshing stiffnesses, transmission errors and load distribution characteristics of the three forms were compared by LTCA method, and the contact performance of the inner diagonal light modification was the best. The dynamic meshing performance tests of HRH gears were carried out, and ease-off gradient characteristics of point contact tooth surfaces were tested by tooth surface contact spots. The results show that the measured vibration characteristics are consistent with the mesh stiffness and loaded transmission error(LTE) theoretical simulation analysis. The gears run smoothly in a wide range of rotational speed and load, which proves that the tooth shape relation of the designed HRH gears is correct and the differential lean modification is well controlled.
Key words: high reduction hypoid(HRH) gear; differential geometry; topological modification; loaded tooth contact analysis(LTCA)
0 引言
高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面(high reduction hypoid,HRH)齒輪具有質(zhì)量小、效率高的優(yōu)勢(shì)[1],在機(jī)電高密度集成動(dòng)力傳輸領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。但HRH齒輪齒面設(shè)計(jì)與性能控制涉及空間嚙合理論,曲面拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,齒面加工設(shè)計(jì)與數(shù)值仿真難度極大。文獻(xiàn)[2-3]通過(guò)嚙合仿真研究了HRH齒輪的幾何演變規(guī)律,設(shè)計(jì)了三齒HRH齒輪,進(jìn)行了初步的試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。但大多數(shù)研究目前尚局限于一般的螺旋錐齒輪(弧齒錐齒輪與準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪)加工。文獻(xiàn)[4]通過(guò)引入數(shù)字化合成誤差概念,建立了含有齒形誤差和安裝誤差的螺旋錐齒輪的數(shù)字化真實(shí)齒面模型,給出了高精度數(shù)字化真實(shí)齒面的螺旋錐齒輪齒面接觸分析方法。文獻(xiàn)[5-6]研究了機(jī)械式銑齒機(jī)加工參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)控磨齒機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)的原理,給出了相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系表達(dá)式,進(jìn)一步研究了齒形誤差的測(cè)量與補(bǔ)償方法。文獻(xiàn)[7]基于機(jī)床坐標(biāo)高階萬(wàn)能運(yùn)動(dòng)原理給出了齒面高階誤差的修形方法。文獻(xiàn)[8-9]給出了一種直接面向六軸CNC機(jī)床的齒面加工與誤差修正方法,通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)軸的高階控制可以完成對(duì)齒面的高階修正。文獻(xiàn)[10]基于共軛齒廓修形原理,研究了弧齒錐齒輪高階傳動(dòng)誤差的齒面修正與設(shè)計(jì)方法。文獻(xiàn)[11]通過(guò)對(duì)齒輪嚙合第三定律進(jìn)行修正,提出了準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪共軛齒面相對(duì)曲率的計(jì)算方法,利用ease-off拓?fù)浜涂蛰d傳動(dòng)誤差評(píng)價(jià)齒面間的共軛嚙合特性。文獻(xiàn)[12]研究了高階傳動(dòng)誤差修形的弧齒錐齒輪與準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的齒面動(dòng)態(tài)嚙合性能。文獻(xiàn)[13]研究了雙螺旋法雙面切削準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的加工方法,驗(yàn)證了Levenberg-Marquard算法的齒面誤差修正精度。文獻(xiàn)[14]研究了五軸機(jī)床加工錐齒輪的方法,建立了機(jī)床參數(shù)與齒面誤差的靈敏度矩陣。文獻(xiàn)[15]分析了不同刀具截形對(duì)齒面誤差和嚙合性能的影響。文獻(xiàn)[16]針對(duì)端面銑削螺旋錐齒輪和準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的全工序法,提出了一種新的錐度收縮設(shè)計(jì)方法。文獻(xiàn)[17]建立了三面刃刀具滾切準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的數(shù)學(xué)模型,分析了刀具誤差對(duì)齒面嚙合特性的影響。
上述研究較好地解決了高性能螺旋錐齒輪齒面加工與嚙合質(zhì)量控制問(wèn)題。但針對(duì)HRH齒輪齒面高度扭轉(zhuǎn)、微分結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題,上述方法難以適應(yīng)。鑒于此,本課題組在文獻(xiàn)[18-19]中提出了曲面綜合法,通過(guò)全齒面的綜合來(lái)控制齒面拓?fù)湫扌蔚木龋疚膶⒁源藶榛A(chǔ)并綜合曲面分析、刀具修形的方法來(lái)解決HRH齒輪齒面高度扭轉(zhuǎn)、曲率修正難度大的問(wèn)題,同時(shí)構(gòu)建了精益化閉環(huán)設(shè)計(jì)流程,最后進(jìn)行了嚙合質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)、動(dòng)態(tài)性能測(cè)試。
1 齒面拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的大輪在多數(shù)情況下采用成形法加工,該方法導(dǎo)致大輪的齒廓曲率小,為彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷,與此相配的小輪必需采用刀傾或變性方法加工,以滿足齒面接觸點(diǎn)對(duì)綜合曲率的要求。但上述兩種方法對(duì)模數(shù)較小、齒面高度扭轉(zhuǎn)的HRH齒輪并不適用,因此,本文提出一種大輪刀具修形、小輪一般滾切法,在簡(jiǎn)化加工計(jì)算的同時(shí),達(dá)到點(diǎn)接觸齒面修正的目的。
1.1 刀具廓形
大輪刀具(刀盤(pán)或砂輪)采用二次拋物線修形(圖1)。設(shè)刀具曲紋坐標(biāo)(θ,u),中點(diǎn)M0為修形基點(diǎn),α0為壓力角。刀廓拋物線及其微分方程為
式中,a1為曲率參數(shù);u0為位置參數(shù)。
修形后,刀具壓力角α為參數(shù)u的函數(shù),可表示為
α(u)=α0+arctan w′(2)
大輪刀具曲面為圖1所示的旋轉(zhuǎn)曲面,其齒面坐標(biāo)和法向量分別為
rt=(rucos θ,rusin θ,ucos α)T(3)
nt=(-cos αcos θ,cos αsin θ,sin α)T (4)
ru=r0-usin α
式中, r0為刀尖成形半徑。
將式(2)代入式(3)可得到修形后的刀具方程。成形法加工時(shí),大輪廓形與刀具廓形一致,只是所表達(dá)的坐標(biāo)系不同,通過(guò)坐標(biāo)變換即可得到大輪方程。上述僅給出了工作面(左齒面)的方程,右齒面可由對(duì)稱性得到。
1.2 齒面設(shè)計(jì)
齒廓方向yH通過(guò)圖1所示的方式修形, 齒面縱向xL方向(圖2)依據(jù)大小輪刀具的不同成形曲率半徑來(lái)修正,這樣在齒面兩個(gè)方向上都會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的曲率差,從而形成點(diǎn)接觸齒面。共軛齒面與修形齒面相當(dāng)于兩個(gè)密切曲面(圖2a),其法線方向的誤差代表齒面修形后的失配量Zd,齒面失配量呈橢圓梯度擴(kuò)展(圖2b),圖中,a、b分別 為接觸橢圓的長(zhǎng)軸和短軸,q為齒面之間嚙合時(shí)的漸進(jìn)方向夾角,λ為接觸橢圓的傾斜角。將修形量表示為失配ease-off曲面[19],對(duì)其解析可獲得齒面的差曲線(AA′方向)、接觸路徑(ks方向曲率)與承載傳動(dòng)誤差(loaded transmission error, LTE)等嚙合特性。
利用ease-off曲面綜合法,可計(jì)算出小輪加工參數(shù)[18],從而對(duì)齒面的嚙合性能實(shí)現(xiàn)控制。
2 曲面綜合法的計(jì)算流程
由前面分析可知大輪修形參數(shù)有2個(gè):曲率參數(shù)a1、位置參數(shù)u0。大輪加工參數(shù)有4個(gè):輪坯安裝角δm2、軸向輪位Xg2、徑向刀位Sr2、角向刀位Q2。小輪一般滾切加工有7個(gè)參數(shù):輪坯安裝角δm1、軸向輪位Xg1、徑向刀位Sr1、角向刀位
Q1、床位Xb1、垂直輪位Em1、滾比im1。曲面綜合法的加工參數(shù)比刀傾、變性法加工參數(shù)少2個(gè),可使編程計(jì)算、機(jī)床調(diào)整大為簡(jiǎn)化。這些參數(shù)的求解計(jì)算流程如下:
(1)預(yù)置刀具修形量(a1,u0)(圖1)、梯度橢圓參數(shù)(a,b,λ,q )(圖2);
(2)建立曲面綜合法方程[18],求解小輪齒面加工參數(shù)(表1);
(3)依據(jù)加工參數(shù)建立齒面三維模型,求解ease-off曲面;
(4)解析ease-off曲面,獲得齒面的接觸特性:差曲線、接觸路徑、LTE;
(5)返回步驟(1)修正預(yù)置參數(shù),迭代步驟(2)~步驟(4),直至接觸特性參數(shù)滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求為止。
根據(jù)上述計(jì)算流程,設(shè)計(jì)了三種拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)齒面,如圖3所示,其中X、Y為齒面位置參數(shù)(單位:mm),Z為失配量(單位:μm);各分圖中上圖為ease-off曲面,下圖為差曲線和接觸路徑。
由圖3可知,輕修形形式(a形式)齒面失配量小,接觸路徑傾斜小,僅齒面中部接觸路徑沿齒面邊緣延伸,嚙入端與嚙出端失配量分別為29.11 μm、36.59 μm。內(nèi)對(duì)角重修形形式(b形式)傾斜角度大,修形量大,接觸路徑呈內(nèi)對(duì)角穿過(guò)齒面,嚙入端與嚙出端失配量分別為33.95 μm、43.32 μm??紤]到載荷分布向大輪齒根、小輪齒頂傾斜,在齒面拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上,嚙出失配量應(yīng)大于嚙出段失配量,因此內(nèi)對(duì)角輕修形形式(c形式)接觸路徑保持了大的內(nèi)對(duì)角,同時(shí)增大了嚙出端的失配量(40.74 μm),減小了嚙入端失配量(27.27 μm),傳動(dòng)誤差向嚙入段傾斜。
3 嚙合性能分析
建立HRH齒輪齒面承載接觸分析(loaded tooth contact analysis, LTCA)模型,嚙合剛度、變形協(xié)調(diào)方程的求解方法見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[20]。對(duì)上述3種設(shè)計(jì)選取5種大輪負(fù)載T2=20,100,200,300,400 N·m進(jìn)行LTCA計(jì)算,所得嚙合剛度與LTE如圖4所示,各分圖中右圖中的點(diǎn)狀拋物線表示當(dāng)前齒,其兩側(cè)拋物線表示前齒和后齒。由圖4可以看出,HRH齒輪的嚙合剛度和LTE的平穩(wěn)性較好。與圖4b對(duì)比,圖4c的拋物線向右延伸。為實(shí)現(xiàn)齒面微分結(jié)構(gòu)的精益化設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)3種剛度和LTE數(shù)據(jù)作進(jìn)一步對(duì)比分析,分別見(jiàn)表2和表3。
由嚙合剛度數(shù)據(jù)(表2)可知,在宏觀幾何參數(shù)相同的條件下,修形量是影響輪齒嚙合剛度的主要因素,因齒面失配直接導(dǎo)致了接觸剛度降低。在三種結(jié)構(gòu)里,a形式的平均嚙合剛度最大,但過(guò)早出現(xiàn)了邊緣接觸,在載荷較大時(shí)其波動(dòng)量(極差)大于c形式的波動(dòng)量;從波動(dòng)量看c形式最好,說(shuō)明c形式的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)最為合理。
由LTE數(shù)據(jù)(表3)可知,LTE與剛度密切相關(guān),但它們的變化規(guī)律不完全一致。在齒面拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮邊緣接觸情況,再綜合考慮LTE、剛度激勵(lì)情況。如當(dāng)T2=200,300 N·m時(shí),c形式的剛度、LTE變化相對(duì)較小,同時(shí)邊緣無(wú)載荷集中。對(duì)于b形式,由于失配量大,其剛度與LTE波動(dòng)均較大。
對(duì)上述3種設(shè)計(jì)選取3種大輪負(fù)載T2=100,200,300 N·m進(jìn)行載荷與接觸應(yīng)力分布的分析,如圖5所示,各分圖中上圖為齒面嚙合時(shí)載荷分布,下圖為接觸應(yīng)力云圖。
由載荷分布(圖5)可知,a形式在T2=100 N·m時(shí)齒面邊緣出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的載荷集中,最大接觸應(yīng)力為713.5 MPa;隨著載荷的增大,b形式與c形式的優(yōu)勢(shì)更加明顯,在T2=300 N·m時(shí),由于邊緣接觸,a形式的邊緣應(yīng)力達(dá)到了1424 MPa,b形式與c形式的載荷峰值仍分布于齒面中部,其中c形式的載荷峰值最小,最大接觸應(yīng)力也最?。?267.5 MPa)。由最大接觸應(yīng)力對(duì)比(圖5和表3)可知,c形式的受載情況最好,說(shuō)明采用非對(duì)稱修形起到了調(diào)節(jié)載荷分布的作用。
4 動(dòng)態(tài)嚙合性能試驗(yàn)
以c形式設(shè)計(jì)為例,其加工參數(shù)計(jì)算如表1所示,本研究在磨齒機(jī)上完成HRH齒輪的最終加工,保證齒面精度達(dá)到5級(jí)后進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)嚙合性能試驗(yàn)。
4.1 齒面接觸質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)
齒面接觸斑點(diǎn)檢驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚍从除X面嚙合質(zhì)量。如圖6所示,所設(shè)計(jì)HRH齒輪上滾檢接觸斑點(diǎn)的橢圓梯度控制良好,符合局部共軛點(diǎn)接觸齒面的失配特征。
4.2 振動(dòng)頻譜分析
振動(dòng)頻譜分析可以反映齒面動(dòng)態(tài)嚙合狀況。為保證HRH齒輪副的安裝精度,專門制造了齒輪箱,搭建了圖7所示的試驗(yàn)臺(tái)。利用m+p振動(dòng)測(cè)試系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行振動(dòng)信號(hào)的采集和處理。將加速度傳感器安裝在輸入端軸向(3號(hào)通道)、徑向(2號(hào)通道)與垂直(1號(hào)通道)3個(gè)正交方向上。分析試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)3個(gè)方向上的振動(dòng)諧波頻譜一致,且徑向振動(dòng)信號(hào)最強(qiáng),所以重點(diǎn)觀察2號(hào)通道的振動(dòng)信號(hào),并分析齒輪的動(dòng)態(tài)嚙合性能。
圖8所示為小輪輸入轉(zhuǎn)速n1=1590 r/min,大輪負(fù)載T2=20,100,200,300 N·m四種載荷下的頻譜信號(hào),可以看出,嚙合振動(dòng)主要為齒輪嚙合基頻與軸頻信號(hào),各次諧波信號(hào)明顯,齒頻為3倍軸頻,諧波成分上容易發(fā)生調(diào)制。依據(jù)前6階諧波振動(dòng)能量,T2=100 N·m時(shí)振動(dòng)最為劇烈,T2=200,300 N·m時(shí)相對(duì)較為平穩(wěn)。說(shuō)明隨著載荷的增大,實(shí)際承載齒數(shù)增加,嚙合剛度與傳動(dòng)誤差激勵(lì)減弱,這一特性與表2和表3中的分析結(jié)果基本相符。從圖8和表2中可以看出,振動(dòng)加速度與剛度極差所反映的激勵(lì)特性一致,在T2=200 N·m時(shí)齒輪嚙合最為平穩(wěn)。
圖9所示為n1=2040 r/min時(shí)四種載荷下的振動(dòng)特性分析結(jié)果,可以看出,T2=300 N·m時(shí)的平穩(wěn)性優(yōu)于T2=200 N·m時(shí)的平穩(wěn)性,與表3中LTE極差所反映結(jié)果一致。
由上述試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,嚙合剛度與LTE仿真能夠較為準(zhǔn)確地反映齒面嚙合動(dòng)力學(xué)特性;在較寬轉(zhuǎn)速與載荷范圍內(nèi)齒輪副運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)。說(shuō)明所設(shè)計(jì)HRH齒輪的齒形關(guān)系正確,齒面微分結(jié)構(gòu)控制良好。
5 結(jié)論
(1)針對(duì)高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面 (HRH)齒輪加工難度高、嚙合質(zhì)量難以控制的問(wèn)題,提出了刀具雙向修形曲面綜合法設(shè)計(jì)思路,解決了HRH齒輪點(diǎn)接觸齒面曲率修正的難題。給出了三種不同對(duì)角修形方式,對(duì)ease-off曲面、差曲線、接觸路徑進(jìn)行了分析。通過(guò)齒面承載接觸分析(LTCA),對(duì)比了不同修形方式的嚙合剛度、承載傳動(dòng)誤差(LTE)及載荷分布規(guī)律。研究結(jié)果表明,內(nèi)對(duì)角輕修形方式的綜合性能最好,具有嚙合剛度小、LTE波動(dòng)小、載荷分布合理、接觸應(yīng)力小的特點(diǎn)。
(2)齒面接觸斑點(diǎn)檢驗(yàn)符合點(diǎn)接觸ease-off梯度特征;齒輪振動(dòng)特性試驗(yàn)與嚙合剛度、LTE理論仿真分析一致。在較寬轉(zhuǎn)速與載荷范圍內(nèi)齒輪運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn),說(shuō)明齒面微分結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)良好。本研究為高性能復(fù)雜齒面精益化設(shè)計(jì)提供了思路。
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