葉蓮芳
《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2022 年版)》指出:要“秉持在體驗(yàn)中學(xué)習(xí)、在實(shí)踐中運(yùn)用、在遷移中創(chuàng)新的學(xué)習(xí)理念,倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生圍繞真實(shí)情境和真實(shí)問題,激活已知,參與到指向主題意義探究的學(xué)習(xí)理解、應(yīng)用實(shí)踐和遷移創(chuàng)新等一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)、循環(huán)遞進(jìn)的語言學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用活動(dòng)中”。將先前所學(xué)的知識(shí)和技能運(yùn)用到新情境中,解決新問題的能力就是遷移。格蘭特·威金斯和杰伊·麥克泰格指出:影響遷移能力的是人們對(duì)知識(shí)的理解程度,而不僅僅是對(duì)事實(shí)的記憶或?qū)潭鞒痰淖裱?。布魯姆指出:理解是?yīng)用分析、綜合、評(píng)價(jià)等方式,來明智、恰當(dāng)?shù)卣硎聦?shí)和技巧的能力。由此來看,理解是學(xué)習(xí)者建構(gòu)意義的過程。學(xué)習(xí)者以自身原有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)拓展對(duì)某個(gè)主題的認(rèn)識(shí)、獲得新知識(shí)并賦予知識(shí)以意義和價(jià)值。
基于主題的課內(nèi)外融合教學(xué)不僅可以呈現(xiàn)語言和知識(shí)之間的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu),而且可以為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造真實(shí)、豐富的語言學(xué)習(xí)與應(yīng)用環(huán)境,引導(dǎo)他們進(jìn)行層進(jìn)式的主題意義探究,進(jìn)而深度理解知識(shí)的內(nèi)涵意義。譯林版《英語》六上Unit 4Then and now(Story time)講述的是Mike 和家人過去以及現(xiàn)在的生活變化,屬于人與社會(huì)的主題范疇。故事涉及的語言知識(shí)有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)和一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。從內(nèi)容來看,它反映的是發(fā)生在個(gè)人身上的變化。為引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)從不同層次和角度探究主題意義,建構(gòu)對(duì)單元主題的深層認(rèn)知,筆者開展了課內(nèi)外融合的閱讀教學(xué),選擇與教材主題相似的補(bǔ)充材料Communication Then and Now。補(bǔ)充材料為非虛構(gòu)文本,主要闡述了人類交流方式及使用工具演變的歷史,表達(dá)了隨著科技的發(fā)展,交流正變得越來越便捷的觀點(diǎn)。
【教學(xué)過程及評(píng)析】
T:Boys and girls,we’ve learned a story in Unit 4Then and now.Please discuss and then tell what the story is about.
S1:It’s about Mike,Mike’s grandpa and Mike’s parents.
S2:It’s about their life in the past and now.
T:Can you use a key word to describe the differences?
S3:Changes.
T:Right.The changes of the family.We can use a tool to show the changes.Look,what is it?
S4:It’s a line.
T:Yes.You can see some dots on the line.If the red dot is for the time now,what do you think of the grey dots?
S5:I think they are for the time before now.
T:Yes.So we call this line“Time Line”.We can use the time line to visualize how the life of Mike’s family has changed.Now let’s take an example of Mike’s grandpa.
T:Thirty years ago,Mike’s grandpa listened to the radio and read newspapers for news.Now he can read and watch news on the Internet.He can read e-books too.
T:Grandpa’s life is changing.What about Mike’s dad?
學(xué)生根據(jù)時(shí)間軸上的內(nèi)容提示復(fù)述Mike和他父母的生活變化。
T:Drawing a time line helps us to organize the ideas.In this lesson we’ll use the time lines to show how communication has changed.
策略運(yùn)用影響閱讀理解。澳大利亞學(xué)者Allan Luke 和Peter Freebody 研制的四層讀寫能力模型將學(xué)生閱讀文本的角色由低到高分為密碼 破 解 者(Code Breaker)、意 義 建 構(gòu) 者(Meaning Maker)、文本使用者(Text User)和文本評(píng)論者(Text Critic)。該模型同時(shí)揭示:讀者層次越高,選擇和使用策略的能力就越強(qiáng),也越善于對(duì)理解程度進(jìn)行監(jiān)控。理解程度與策略運(yùn)用之間是相互促進(jìn)的關(guān)系。理解力強(qiáng)的學(xué)生更擅長使用閱讀策略,并且他們也會(huì)因恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂瞄喿x策略而更深入地理解文本內(nèi)容。策略是程序性知識(shí),適宜在做中學(xué),教師可以結(jié)合文本特點(diǎn)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在具體的語言理解活動(dòng)中接觸、感知、體驗(yàn)、理解和運(yùn)用策略。
Unit 4Then and now(Story time)和補(bǔ)充材料Communication Then and Now均按時(shí)間順序講述家庭和社會(huì)發(fā)生的變化?;趦蓚€(gè)文本的共同特征,筆者將可視化閱讀策略融進(jìn)本單元的閱讀教學(xué)中,在時(shí)間軸上有序呈現(xiàn)個(gè)人生活和人類交流方式的變化,把零散的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)化。教學(xué)前,筆者與學(xué)生一起回顧教材上的故事內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)他們提煉主題詞changes。然后,圍繞“時(shí)間”和“變化”兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞在時(shí)間軸上演示Mike祖父的今昔生活,筆者示范復(fù)述,旨在讓學(xué)生獲得初步印象,知道時(shí)間軸常用來記錄事件變化和發(fā)展的軌跡。緊接著,學(xué)生模仿實(shí)踐,根據(jù)時(shí)間軸上的內(nèi)容提示依次復(fù)述Mike 和他父母的生活變化,在熟悉的內(nèi)容中逐漸積累該結(jié)構(gòu)圖的使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在此過程中,時(shí)間軸建構(gòu)的文本框架向?qū)W生呈現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)化的文本信息,使他們對(duì)熟悉的故事有了更加深入的理解。該語言活動(dòng)同時(shí)也為學(xué)生遷移運(yùn)用閱讀策略做好了準(zhǔn)備。
T:Look at the picture.The man is tapping on a machine.What about this girl?
S1:She is using a mobile phone.
T:Yes.The man and the girl are communicating.Today our topic is communication.But what is communication?Let’s read the sentences on Page 1 andfindout.
S2:Communication is sharing ideas and news.
T:How do people communicate?
S3:People communicate by talking and writing.
T:So when I ask questions and you answer,we communicate.You tell me what you see and hear on your way to school,we communicate.Sometimes we communicate through speech,sometimes through texts.
S4:People communicate with their bodies too.
T:So people use body languages.Do you know body languages?
T:(教師用手指放嘴唇邊)For example,it means“Keep quiet”.This is a body language.Now look at the pictures.Please tell me whether the people are communicating or not.
T:(呈現(xiàn)聊天的圖片)Look at the first one.Are they communicating?
S5:Yes.They talk to communicate.
T:(呈現(xiàn)小組合唱的畫面)Next picture.Are these children communicating?
S6:Yes.They sing to communicate.
T:Well,do you think they are sharing ideas?
S6:No.
T:Are they sharing news?
S6:No.
T: So are they communicating?
S6:No,they aren’t.
T:Yes.Now let’s move on.Look at the third picture...
學(xué)習(xí)和理解離不開遷移。學(xué)生日常生活中的所見、所聞、所做和所思都是認(rèn)知的起點(diǎn)。利用熟悉的生活場(chǎng)景喚醒學(xué)生的已有知識(shí),在他們?cè)猩罱?jīng)驗(yàn)和認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行新知識(shí)的建構(gòu)是促成其理解的前提。
Communication 是抽象的概念。根據(jù)認(rèn)知規(guī)律,小學(xué)生理解抽象概念通常要經(jīng)歷從具象到抽象的過程。因此,把學(xué)生的理解作為教學(xué)起點(diǎn),將抽象概念具體化、形象化有助于他們更好地理解。為建立新知識(shí)與學(xué)生已有經(jīng)驗(yàn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián),筆者以學(xué)生熟悉的生活場(chǎng)景為例解釋什么是交流。之后,PPT 上呈現(xiàn)更加多樣的生活畫面:聊天、小組合唱、發(fā)送電子郵件、手語交流等等,筆者帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生一起討論、判斷哪些行為屬于交流,同時(shí)提煉交流行為所具有的共同特征,逐漸理解交流的抽象概念。圍繞概念的形成,學(xué)生參與了對(duì)話、探究和理解等學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。這樣,他們對(duì)交流這個(gè)抽象概念的理解就會(huì)因加工時(shí)間延長、參與程度加深而更加透徹。
T:Can you tell us how Mr Brown’s life has changed?
S1:Twenty years ago Mr Brown used telephones to call people.He used the telephones at home or in the office.Now he can call people everywhere.He alsowritesemails.
T:Please think about it: why did Mr Brown call people only at home or in the office twenty years ago?
No students raise hands.
T:I mean why Mr Brown couldn’t call people anywhere twenty years ago?
S2:Because he used old telephones.
T:What was the telephone like?
S2:The telephone had a cord.
T:Well,do mobile phones have cords?
S2:No.
T:What makes the changes?
S2:Technology.
T:So we can say technology makes life easier.
任何文本都包含作者明說和未明說的內(nèi)容,隱藏在字里行間的觀點(diǎn)能否被發(fā)現(xiàn)取決于讀者的閱讀狀態(tài)。閱讀越投入,理解就越深入。處于接受狀態(tài)時(shí),讀者和文本、內(nèi)容與內(nèi)容之間缺乏聯(lián)結(jié),閱讀僅僅是吸收信息,理解就停留在淺層次。相反,如果讀者帶著問題主動(dòng)地與文本對(duì)話,就能接收更多作者想要傳遞的信息,理解作者的寫作意圖和立場(chǎng)。閱讀教學(xué)的價(jià)值之一就在于教會(huì)學(xué)生從已有的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)中提取與當(dāng)下理解任務(wù)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容并與文本互動(dòng),從對(duì)語言符號(hào)的理解上升至對(duì)內(nèi)容意義的理解。當(dāng)討論Mike 父親的生活變化時(shí),筆者設(shè)計(jì)了三個(gè)不同層次的問題,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和已有知識(shí)融進(jìn)理解活動(dòng)。第一個(gè)問題“Can you tell me how Mr Brown’s life has changed?”,重溫Mr Brown 的生活變化,指向事實(shí)性信息,同時(shí)為下一個(gè)話題做情境鋪墊。隨后的問題“Why couldn’t Mr Brown call people anywhere twenty years ago?”,轉(zhuǎn)向Mr Brown 使用的通信工具,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用生活中獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)談?wù)則elephone 和mobile phone 的差別,使其意識(shí)到生活中的有些變化不是自然而然的結(jié)果,而是得益于工具的迭代更新。最后一個(gè)問題“What makes the changes?”,促使學(xué)生進(jìn)一步思考,領(lǐng)會(huì)作者想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn):科技發(fā)展與社會(huì)生活密切相關(guān)。三個(gè)問題從指向低階認(rèn)知的記憶與理解逐漸過渡到指向中階認(rèn)知的應(yīng)用和分析。在上述過程中,學(xué)生原有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)與新的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容頻繁地建立聯(lián)接,知識(shí)框架得到重構(gòu)組合,認(rèn)知水平由此提升。
T:People communicate in different ways and communication is changing.What does the writer think of the changes? Please read Page 2 and tell us.
S1:Communication is better and faster now.
T:OK.This is the main idea.The writer uses some facts and details to support his main idea.Let’s take an example of getting news.How did people get news one hundred years ago?
S2:People got news on radio one hundred years ago.
T:Radios only make sounds.What about eighty years ago?
S3:People watched news on TV.
T:Which one do you think is better,on radio or on TV?
S4:On TV.
T:Why?
S4:Because people can watch and listen.
T:In what way can people get news now?
S5:They get news on the Internet.
T:Which one is better,on TV or on the Internet?
S5:On the Internet.
T:Why?
S5:It is very fast.
T:The writer uses the facts above to support his main idea just as the legs of a table support the top.Next,let’s read about sharing ideas.What did people do many years ago?
文本內(nèi)容豐富多彩,但其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)通常有規(guī)律可循,且段落內(nèi)和段落間還存在特定的邏輯關(guān)系。文本的這種結(jié)構(gòu)特征和各要素之間的關(guān)系屬于語篇知識(shí)的范疇。語篇知識(shí)對(duì)學(xué)生理解文本內(nèi)涵具有重要意義。學(xué)生看清文本的結(jié)構(gòu)和組織特點(diǎn)后就能整體把握篇章意義,進(jìn)而提煉主題思想。Communication Then and Now采用的是總分的文本結(jié)構(gòu)。文本一開始,作者即提出自己的觀點(diǎn)“Communication is better and faster now.”,隨后,作者用一系列事實(shí)陳述了交流方式變遷的歷史。筆者深知如果不把文本的層次結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生,他們就容易迷失于瑣碎的細(xì)節(jié)中,見木不見林。因此,進(jìn)入文本閱讀后,筆者先以問題“What does the writer think of the change?”引導(dǎo)學(xué)生尋找有關(guān)作者觀點(diǎn)的句子,然后要求邊閱讀邊思考——作者用了哪些事實(shí)來佐證自己的觀點(diǎn)。在尋找事實(shí)信息的過程中,學(xué)生逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)文本的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和段落間的邏輯關(guān)系,意識(shí)到作者是如何圍繞核心觀點(diǎn)有條理地組織語言的。
T:What do you think of the communication now?
S1:It is better and faster.
T:Please use facts to support your idea.
S1:I use WeChat to talk with my friends now.
T:So you can see your friends when you talk with them on the mobile phone.Yes,that’s better.
S2:We can share news and ideas on Tiktok.
T:It’s much faster.What brings the changes?
S3:Technology.
S4:Science.
S5:Time brings the change.
T:Yes,as time goes by we have new technology.
S6:不同時(shí)代人們的不同需求帶來了變化。
T:You mean people’s pursuit for a better life.Boys and girls,we know communication is changing but there is still something that never changes.What is it? Please discuss and tell me.
S7:People want to communicate.
T:Yes,people want to build connection with each other.
S8:The love.
T:Do you mean people communicate because they care about each other?
S8:Yes.
T:We say that’s mutual care.
課堂上,學(xué)生針對(duì)主題和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行的評(píng)價(jià)、討論與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中人們傳播、分享信息時(shí)的社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)類似。根據(jù)維果斯基的學(xué)習(xí)理論,通過語言進(jìn)行的社會(huì)互動(dòng)有助于發(fā)展學(xué)生的概念框架,使更深層次的理解和學(xué)習(xí)成為可能。為了交流表達(dá),學(xué)生必須基于文本信息做出合乎邏輯的推理和判斷,并在同伴的啟發(fā)下不斷地修正和完善原有觀點(diǎn)。在本節(jié)課接近尾聲時(shí),筆者設(shè)計(jì)了幾個(gè)開放性的問題“What do you think of the communication today? What brings the changes?Communication is changing,but what never changes? ”,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生自由表達(dá)。學(xué)生在教師的引導(dǎo)下逐漸學(xué)會(huì)從不同的角度分析、解釋社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,對(duì)主題有了深層次的理解。他們從中獲得的對(duì)自我和世界的認(rèn)識(shí)充實(shí)了原有的知識(shí)框架,能為今后新的學(xué)習(xí)和理解奠定基礎(chǔ)。
教育視域中知識(shí)的價(jià)值在于培根鑄魂,啟智潤心。學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)的理解應(yīng)該成為課堂教學(xué)的追求。為了促進(jìn)學(xué)生理解,教師要調(diào)整知識(shí)觀和學(xué)生觀,站在學(xué)生的角度,理解他們學(xué)習(xí)上的需求與困難,知道他們既有的知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn),并在教學(xué)時(shí)及時(shí)診斷學(xué)生的理解程度,從而在教學(xué)內(nèi)容與學(xué)生理解之間架起一座橋梁。