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高考英語中“熟詞生義”的總結(jié)與備考策略探究

2023-08-11 16:05:36董雨潔
教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2023年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:熟詞生義乙卷

董雨潔

(湖南省株州市第十八中學(xué))

新課標(biāo)、新高考、新教材背景下,高考英語聚焦于語言能力、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力的學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng),側(cè)重對(duì)學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用英語能力的考察,這一特點(diǎn)在近三年高考英語試題中尤為突出。其中,學(xué)生對(duì)于“熟詞生義”的處理能夠衡量出綜合語言能力,如果對(duì)“熟詞生義”這一現(xiàn)象缺乏敏感性,只停留在“熟詞熟義”層面,無法準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別出該單詞在文中的應(yīng)有之義,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)段落、篇章的理解產(chǎn)生偏差。為助力學(xué)生突破這一難題,筆者對(duì)2021—2023 年高考試卷中的“熟詞生義”用法進(jìn)行了整理、分析并做出預(yù)測,提出了新的備考策略,供廣大師生參考。

一、真題再現(xiàn)

(一)2023 年高考真題熟詞生義用法匯總

【新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀A 篇】

1.You can alsobikealong lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.

熟義:bike n.自行車,腳踏車,單車;摩托車

生義:bike v.騎單車

【新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀B 篇】

2.Why can certain plantstrapharmful bacteria(細(xì)菌)?

熟義:trap n.困境,陷阱v.困住

生義:trap v.吸收

3.He had aninquiringmind.

熟義:inquire v.詢問

生義:inquiring(inquire 的現(xiàn)在分詞形式)adj.一探究竟的,刨根問底的。

【新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷七選五】

4.It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework,when you did the ironing without being asked,...

熟義:iron n.鐵;鐵器

生義:iron v.用(熨斗)熨,燙平 現(xiàn)在分詞形式 do the ironing 熨衣服

【新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷完形填空】

5.Melanie Bailey should have 41 (finished)thecourseearlier than she did.

熟義:course n.課程;過程

生義:course n.賽道

6.Although the two young women were strangers before the 54 (meet),they’ve since become friends.

熟義:meet v.相遇,遇見

生義:meet n.體育比賽,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)

【新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷語法填空】

7.The meat should be fresh with atouchof sweetness and the soup hot,clear and delicious.

熟義:touch v.觸摸;與……有關(guān);輕拍;碰

生義:touch n.一點(diǎn)兒,少許 a touch of 一絲

【新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫】

8.If you’re willing toapplyyourself,I think you have a goodshotat this.

熟義:apply v.運(yùn)用

shot n.射擊,開槍(或炮);槍(或炮)聲;射手,槍手;彈丸,子彈;火箭發(fā)射

生義:apply v.投入

a good shot at sth.一擊命某物,本句話可譯為“如果你能全身心的投入(到寫作中),我相信你一定能行!”

【新高考Ⅱ卷閱讀C 篇】

9.More recently,as books have become inexpensive or eventhrowaway,...

熟義:throwaway adj.廢棄的;一次性使用的;用后丟棄的throw away 丟棄

生義:throwaway n.一次性物品

10.Before the wide use of the printing press,books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their ownright.

熟義:right adj.對(duì)的,正確的 n.權(quán)利

生義:right n.實(shí)力 in their own right 憑借他們自身的實(shí)力

(二)2022 年高考真題熟詞生義用法匯總

【新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀A 篇】

1....but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or testsdrawndirectly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’lecture/discussion.

熟義:draw v.繪畫;拉;牽引

生義:draw v.獲取,得到

2.An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each classperiodit is late.

熟義:period n.時(shí)期;時(shí)代

生義:period n.課時(shí),學(xué)時(shí)

3.Short writings missed as a result of anexcusedabsence will be accepted.

熟義:excuse n.借口;理由;辯解 v.原諒;寬恕;為……辯解

生義:excuse v.允許……離開;an excused absence 情有可原/有理由的一次缺席/一次請(qǐng)假

【新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀B 篇】

4.Istuckthe chicken in the freezer.

熟義:stick v.刺;戳;插

生義:stick v.(迅速而隨意地)擺放;放置

5....“food waste goes against the moralgrain,”as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story.

熟義:gain n.谷物、谷粒;顆粒;格令(重量計(jì)量單位);(木、織物或石頭等)紋理

生義:grain n.準(zhǔn)則,常理 go against the moral grain 有悖道德準(zhǔn)則

6.It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetablesrejectedby grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.

熟義:reject v.拒絕;排斥

生義:reject v.(因質(zhì)量不好而)廢棄

7.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad,rounding outa roast chicken dinner.

熟義:round adj.圓的

生義:round v.使……成圓形;round out 使……圓滿;使……完整

8.Last year itrecoveredmore than 807 500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有疵的)producethat otherwise would have rotted in fields.

熟義:recover v.恢復(fù)(健康,精神,體力);重新找回

produce v.生產(chǎn);產(chǎn)生;制造;引起

生義:recover v.回收

produce n.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品

【新高考Ⅰ卷七選五】

9.Fitness Magazine recentlyranan article titled“Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”.

熟義:run v.跑,奔跑;經(jīng)營,管理

生義:run v.發(fā)表,刊登

10.One reason was:“You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,”while anotherread: ...

熟義:read v.閱讀,朗讀;看

生義:read v.寫道

11....your partner will be able to lift moreweightsand you will become more physically fit.

熟義:weight n.重量;體重;負(fù)擔(dān);v.使……負(fù)重

生義:weight n.啞鈴 lift more weights 舉起更多的啞鈴

【新高考Ⅰ卷完形填空】

12.The 49 (wind)picked upand thunderrolled.

熟義:pick up 拾起;跌倒(或被擊倒)后慢慢站起身;整理 (房間、房子);接起 (某觀點(diǎn)、話題)

roll v.滾動(dòng);(車輛) 緩行;(液體) 滾落;(機(jī)器) 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

生義:pick up(風(fēng)力)增大、增強(qiáng);起風(fēng)了roll v.(雷聲)隆隆作響

13. We were stuck in the middle of the lake with adeadmotor.

熟義:dead adj.死的;失去生命的;枯萎的 n.死人;死者

生義:dead adj.(機(jī)器或設(shè)備)不運(yùn)行的,不轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的

【新高考Ⅰ卷語法填空】

14.After a three-yearpilotperiod,the GPNP will be officially set up next year.

熟義:pilot n.駕駛員

生義:pilot adj.實(shí)驗(yàn)性的

15.Giant pandas also serve 64 (as)anumbrellaspecies(物種),bringing protection to ahostof plants and animals...

熟義:umbrella n.傘;雨傘

host n.主人;東道主;主辦國(或城市、機(jī)構(gòu));節(jié)目主持人;v.主辦,主持(活動(dòng));主持(電視或廣播節(jié)目等)

生義:umbrella n.保護(hù)傘;庇護(hù)umbrella species傘護(hù)種(其生存環(huán)境可以滿足很多其他物種要求的物種,如果傘護(hù)種的生存環(huán)境得到保護(hù),其他物種也能享受到相應(yīng)的保護(hù))

host n.許多,大量a host of 許多,大量

【新高考Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫】

16.I looked around and finallyspottedDavid,who was standing by himself off to the side by a fence.

熟義:spot n.斑點(diǎn);點(diǎn);污跡;地點(diǎn);場所

生義:spot v.看見;注意到;發(fā)現(xiàn)

【全國甲卷閱讀A 篇】

17.St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at theveryheart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre.

熟義:very adv.(修飾形容詞和副詞)很,非常;極其;完全地

生義:very adj.(特指人或事物)正是的(加強(qiáng)名詞的語氣)the very heart of……的正中心

18.Presenting thebestof the West End along with thepickof the UK’s touring shows,...

熟義:best adj.最好的,最出色的;最愉快的,最幸福的;最合適的,最恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

pick v.采,摘(花、果);(用手指)弄掉;找茬;撿,抱起;選擇;彈,撥(弦)

生義:best n.最好的事物

pick n.精品,精華 the pick of ……的精華

【全國甲卷閱讀D 篇】

19.Andrew Reynolds,a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,pilotsSydney ferry boats for a living.

熟義:n.領(lǐng)航員

生義:pilot v.領(lǐng)航;駕駛(船只)

20.We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with adriveand dynamism of a young country.

熟義:drive v.開車;駕車送人;迫使,驅(qū)使;驅(qū)趕

生義:drive n.沖勁、干勁

【全國甲卷七選五】

21.When you put them down betweenbites,always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you.

熟義:bite v.咬;叮,蜇

生義:bite n.咬下去的一口

22.Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seemrandomand strange,but they are important in various countries.

熟義:random adj.隨機(jī)的,隨意的(非事先決定或不規(guī)則)

生義:random adj.不可思議的,出人意料的(與strange 同義)

23. 40 the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign culturalpractices.

熟義:practice v.練習(xí);n.實(shí)踐;慣例做法;訓(xùn)練

生義:practice n.習(xí)俗,習(xí)慣cultural practices文化習(xí)俗

【全國甲卷完形填空】

24.You cantella lot about a man by how he treats his dogs.

熟義:tell v.告訴,告知;說,講述;說明;吩咐

生義:tell v.識(shí)別;知道;看出

25.When I first dated Steve,I 43 (learned)he had a dog,Molly,and a cat,Flora.

熟義:learn v.學(xué),學(xué)習(xí);學(xué)會(huì);學(xué)到;從……中吸取教訓(xùn)

生義:learn v.得知,獲悉;準(zhǔn)確地判斷

26.A year later,much to my 58 (delight),this manproduceda little box with a ring and proposed to me.

熟義:produce v.生產(chǎn),制造;繁育;引起

生義:produce v.拿出,掏出

【全國乙卷閱讀A 篇】

27.This exhibition ofsomesixty masterpiecescelebratingthe life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter,Sir Henry Raeburn,comes to London.

熟義:some det.(與不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用)一些;(指一集體中的某些成員或一事物的某些類型)某些,部分;pron.數(shù)量不確切時(shí)用)有些人,有些事物

celebrate v.慶祝;慶祝(節(jié)日)

生 義:some adv.(用 于 數(shù) 詞 前,意 同approximately)大約,差不多

celebrate v.歌頌;贊美

28.A special low entrancechargeof £2 per person is available to all in full-time education,up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.

熟義:charge n.負(fù)荷

生 義:charge n.要 價(jià);收 費(fèi)a special low entrance charge of 2 per person 每人2 英鎊的超低門票價(jià)格

29.Scottish National Portrait (肖像畫) Gallerypresentsa series of lectures for the general public.

熟義:present adj.現(xiàn)存的;當(dāng)前的;出席的;在場的;n.禮品;當(dāng)前(the present);v.把……交給;頒發(fā);提出;表現(xiàn)

生義:present v.推出

30.Admissionto lectures is free.

熟義:admission n.(機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等的)準(zhǔn)許加入,進(jìn)入權(quán);(尤指對(duì)過錯(cuò)、罪行的)承認(rèn),招認(rèn)

生義:admission n.入場券,門票費(fèi)

【全國乙卷閱讀B 篇】

31.Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden,...

熟義:society n.社會(huì);社團(tuán);協(xié)會(huì)

生義:society n.上流社會(huì)

32.Thesweepof the land and the stoicism (堅(jiān)忍)of the peoplemoveher to some beautiful writing.

熟義:sweep v.清掃;(迅猛地)推送,吹走;(風(fēng)、雨、雪、火等 )猛烈吹過;掠過

move n.(使)改變位置,移動(dòng);前進(jìn);進(jìn)展;搬遷;感動(dòng)

生義:sweep n.(道路、河流、海岸等)一長段,綿延彎曲的地帶,呈緩坡狀的地帶

move v.促使,迫使(某人……);move sb.to do sth.促使某人做某事

【全國乙卷閱讀C 篇】

33.It is calculated that European railwaysalonespend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.

熟義:alone adj.&adv.獨(dú)自的;單獨(dú)的;孤獨(dú)的,無依無靠的;唯一的

生義:alone adv.僅僅,單,只

34.By using the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,detecting faults in the rail orswitchesbefore they can cause any safety problems.

熟義:switch v.(使)改變,轉(zhuǎn)變,突變;n.(電路的)開關(guān);閘

生義:switch n.(鐵路的)道岔,轉(zhuǎn)轍器

【全國乙卷閱讀D 篇】

35.It is believed that today’s children and teenagers areconsumingthree times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.

熟義:consume v.消耗;消費(fèi)

生義:consume v.吃;喝;飲

36.First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,wasintroducedto help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖).

熟義:introduce v.介紹,引見

生義:introduce v.(法律、產(chǎn)品)推行,實(shí)施,采用

37.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugarcontent.

熟義:content n.內(nèi)容

生義:content n.含量 sugar content 含糖量

38.However,somehighsugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,haveacceptedthe sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.

熟義:high adj.高的;(離地面)很高的;海拔很高的;上層的;地位高的

accept v. 收受;接受;同意;認(rèn)可生義:high adj.含量高的

accept v. 容忍,忍受(困境等)

【全國乙卷完形填空】

39.Our youngsubjects54 (comprehend)the questions and knew 55 (exactly)what was asked of them.

熟義;subject n.學(xué)科,課程;主語;(繪畫、攝影等的)主題,題材

生義:subject n.實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,接受試驗(yàn)者

40.They simply 58 (insist on)mutual(相互的)recognition andregard.

熟義:regard v.認(rèn)為,把……看作

生義:regard n.(正式)尊重,敬佩

【全國乙卷語法填空】

41.The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society 63 (addressed)the opening ceremony.

熟義:address n.地址;郵箱地址;v.寫(收信人)姓名地址;致函;處理;對(duì)付;解決

生義:address v.(正式)發(fā)表演說

二、分析與建議

1.判斷詞性,轉(zhuǎn)換詞義

閱讀試題時(shí),如果碰到與常用詞性不一致的“熟詞”,師生需要首先判斷“熟詞”在文中的詞性,通過閱讀上下文,對(duì)詞義進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)化。

常見的詞性轉(zhuǎn)化有:動(dòng)詞名詞化(stand小攤販、drive 驅(qū)動(dòng)力、produce 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、pick 精華、regard尊重、bite 咬下去的一口);名詞動(dòng)詞化(picture描繪藍(lán)圖、spring 跳躍、spot 發(fā)現(xiàn));形容詞名詞化(some 一些人或事、beauty 美人或美景、best最好的人或事);形容詞副詞化(some 大約);名詞形容詞化(umbrella 綜合的)等。

本文第一章節(jié)中2023 年題1.9,2022 年題3.8.11.14.16.18.19.20.21.23.32.33.34.40屬于此類情況。

2.反向構(gòu)詞,拓展詞義

雖然新課標(biāo)中僅有3 500 個(gè)詞匯,但高考命題絕不局限于這3 500 詞。試題的命制是由這3 500詞匯拓展而成,可見構(gòu)詞法學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。一個(gè)單詞一般由前綴(prefix)、詞根(root)和后綴(suffix)這三個(gè)部分組成。前綴改變?cè)~義,詞根決定單詞的核心意思,后綴改變?cè)~性。所以,如果能夠保留詞根進(jìn)行反向推導(dǎo),將“生義”簡化成“熟義”,再結(jié)合語境,適度拓展就能夠很大程度上靈活解決“熟詞生義”的問題。

本文第一章節(jié)中2023 年題3.4,2022 年題3與題30 屬于此類情況。以2022 年題3.30 為例,具體分析如下:

3.Short writings missed as a result of anexcusedabsence will be accepted.

由于excused adj.→excuse v.(原諒,寬??;辯解,開脫;準(zhǔn)許……離開;同意免除),an excused absence 可以理解成“經(jīng)過(老師)批準(zhǔn)的缺課”,整句話就能轉(zhuǎn)換成“因?yàn)橐淮握?qǐng)假缺課造成短文寫作未交(的情況)是可以接受的?!?/p>

30.Admissionto lectures is free.

由于admission n.→admit v.(允許進(jìn)入,承認(rèn)),整句話可以理解成“參加講座是免費(fèi)的”,那么“admission”就可以解讀為“入場費(fèi)”。

3.借助搭配,想象詞義

高考試題中不乏地道的說明文,此類文章涵蓋的專業(yè)詞匯多、涉及范圍廣,這給學(xué)生的閱讀理解造成了不小的困擾。針對(duì)專業(yè)術(shù)語中的“熟詞生義”,師生可以借助詞組搭配,結(jié)合文章話題,發(fā)揮想象進(jìn)行推敲。

本文第一章節(jié)中2023 年題7.8.10,2022 年題1.2.4.5.6.8.11.12.13.14.15.19.23.28.31.34.36.37.38.39.40.41 屬于此類情況。以下,對(duì)2022 年題36 與題38 進(jìn)行具體分析:

36.First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,wasintroducedto help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).

38.However,somehighsugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,haveacceptedthe sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.

通過句子成分劃分,可知36 題中主句為“the tax was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity”,考慮到本文主旨大意為“通過征收飲料含糖稅收的方式來降低兒童肥胖率”,was introduced 在文章應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)意成“被實(shí)施、被運(yùn)用”。根據(jù)上文背景(稅收的實(shí)施)與下文“因?yàn)閾?dān)心會(huì)引發(fā)消費(fèi)者不滿而拒絕改變”,得知38 題中對(duì)于“high sugar brands(含糖量高的飲料品牌)”是被動(dòng)接受這項(xiàng)稅收條款的,所以accept 可以理解成“忍受,容忍”。

三、預(yù)測與備考策略

縱觀近幾年的高考試題,“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象看似零散,其實(shí)有規(guī)律可循。

1.“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在說明文、議論文或夾敘夾議文中,尤其集中在高考閱讀的C 篇與D 篇。因此,在試題解答中,如遇到此類文章,師生應(yīng)提高警惕,敏銳辨別“熟詞生義”,避免慣性思維。

2.通過總結(jié)分析,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多相同的“熟詞”反復(fù)出現(xiàn),這類詞未來在高考中出現(xiàn)的機(jī)率很大,如“run(發(fā)布;印刷),consume(吃;喝;飲),tell(看出;準(zhǔn)確判斷),class(階級(jí);組別)”等。師生需高度重視,注意積累,熟練掌握此類“熟詞”。

3.此外,許多“熟詞”還存在多種“生義”。未來高考可能會(huì)考察同一“熟詞”的不同“生義”。師生應(yīng)深度挖掘,舉一反三,靈活掌握此類“熟詞”在不同語境、情境和場合下的多層“生義”,示例如下:

本文第一章節(jié)中2022 年題14 與題19 中的“pilot”一詞屬于此類情況,考察的生義分別為“實(shí)驗(yàn)性的”和“領(lǐng)航;駕駛(船只)”。此外,“pilot”還有可能用作動(dòng)詞,出現(xiàn)“引導(dǎo)”生義。

還有一些“熟詞”,如“charge”考查過“要價(jià)”生義,還有可能出現(xiàn)“沖鋒;感染力”等生義;“regard”考察過“尊敬”生義,還有可能出現(xiàn)“關(guān)注;問候”等生義。

總之,詞語的本意離不開語境,不同語境會(huì)賦予同一單詞不同含義。師生需要廣泛閱讀,不斷積累、掌握單詞活用技巧,實(shí)現(xiàn)在“熟詞”本義的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行合理且有邏輯的聯(lián)想,使語篇語境符合實(shí)際,準(zhǔn)確理解文章內(nèi)涵,破除“熟詞生義”帶來的障礙。

附表:2021 高考真題中的熟詞生義用法匯總

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