劉冬 彭建兵 葉萬(wàn)軍 鞠鵬宇 張?zhí)没? 劉魁
摘 要:秦嶺區(qū)域所呈現(xiàn)的獨(dú)特、復(fù)雜和敏感等特征,致使其山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村在面臨秦嶺生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)、鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略等挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇的同時(shí),其系統(tǒng)也受到強(qiáng)烈的擾動(dòng)與沖擊。鑒于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生境結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜和鄉(xiāng)村聚落交錯(cuò)混合,采用多學(xué)科交叉融合的研究方法,構(gòu)建秦嶺山區(qū)兼具“安全”活力”“生態(tài)”“文明”與“智慧”的宜居鄉(xiāng)村體系。研究表明:安全鄉(xiāng)村是基礎(chǔ),立足于鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)判與防災(zāi)策略;活力鄉(xiāng)村是關(guān)鍵,立足于鄉(xiāng)村優(yōu)勢(shì)、特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力機(jī)制與路徑;生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村是核心,立足于鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)安全格局的錨固優(yōu)化;文明鄉(xiāng)村是導(dǎo)向,立足于鄉(xiāng)村多主體多要素的統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展;智慧鄉(xiāng)村是前提,立足于鄉(xiāng)村“人-技術(shù)-數(shù)據(jù)”的信息支撐平臺(tái)建構(gòu)。該體系對(duì)解決宜居鄉(xiāng)村的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題,推動(dòng)秦嶺生態(tài)文明建設(shè)提質(zhì),推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施,具有重要的啟示和借鑒,并為“人類宜居”提供了研究范例。
關(guān)鍵詞:秦嶺;宜居鄉(xiāng)村;安全;活力;生態(tài);文明;智慧
中圖分類號(hào):TU 984
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1672-9315(2023)04-0743-09
DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2023.0411
The systematic architecture? of livable countryside in Qinling Mountains
LIU Dong1,PENG Jianbing2,YE Wanjun1,JU Pengyu3,ZHANG Tangji3,LIU Kui4
(1.College of Civil and Architectural? Engineering,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China;
2.College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics,Changan University,Xian 710061,China;
3.Shaanxi Huadi Survey and Design Consulting Co., Ltd.,Xian 710020,China;
4.China Electronic Research Institute of Engineering Investigations and Desig
n,Xian 710054,China)
Abstract:The unique,complex,and sensitive characteristics of the Qinling Mountains region have led to strong disturbances and impacts on its mountainous villages while facing challenges and opportunities such as ecological protection and restoration of the Qinling Mountains and rural revitalization strategies.In view of the complex structure of rural habitats and the intermingling of rural settlements in the mountainous areas of Qinling Mountains,a multidisciplinary cross-fertilization approach was adopted to establish a livable rural system with “Safety”“Vitality”“Ecology”“Civilization” and “Wisdom” in Qinling Mountains.Research has shown that in this system,the safe village is the foundation,focusing on rural geological disaster risk prediction and disaster prevention strategies;the dynamic village is the key,focusing on the driving mechanism and path of rural advantage development and characteristic industries;the ecological village is the core,focusing on the anchor optimization of the rural ecological security pattern;the civilized village is the guiding direction,focusing on the coordinated development of rural multi-subjects and elements;the smart village is the prerequisite,focusing on the construction of an information support platform for rural “people-technology-data”.This system provides an important inspiration and reference for solving practical issues in livable rural areas,promoting the high-quality development of the ecological civilization construction in the Qinling Mountains,and advancing the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.It turns out to be a research example for “human livability”.
Key words:Qinling Mountains;livable countryside;safety;vitality;ecology;civilization;wisdom
0 引 言
秦嶺,一條山脈承擔(dān)著中華大地地理分界帶、氣候分區(qū)帶和生態(tài)屏障帶的三大功能;一條山脈承載著中華祖脈、中央水塔和中華綠芯三大使命[1],其重要性不言而喻。該區(qū)域所呈現(xiàn)的獨(dú)特、復(fù)雜和敏感等特征,致使其鄉(xiāng)村在災(zāi)害防控、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、生態(tài)互饋、人地協(xié)調(diào)、決策治理等方面,都體現(xiàn)了極強(qiáng)的研究?jī)r(jià)值[2-3]。鄉(xiāng)村作為區(qū)域振興與發(fā)展的基本單元,在環(huán)境災(zāi)害方面,諸多學(xué)者對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)特征、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)及災(zāi)害防治策略等方面的研究較為深入[4-11],且建立以“群防群測(cè)”為主的災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)[12]。產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方面,針對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)境脆弱、產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程緩慢、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展體系薄弱等問(wèn)題,展開(kāi)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)活化、挖潛研究[13-20]。生態(tài)保護(hù)方面,關(guān)于鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)可持續(xù)、生態(tài)安全評(píng)價(jià)、三生空間等研究成果頗豐[21-22]。地域和諧方面,重在解決“生態(tài)保護(hù)”與“和諧發(fā)展”的矛盾,重塑農(nóng)業(yè)與鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)發(fā)展的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系[23-26]。智慧鄉(xiāng)村方面,部分學(xué)者對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村的智慧發(fā)展特征、類型及其實(shí)踐路徑、評(píng)價(jià)等進(jìn)行了梳理[27-31]。
受城鎮(zhèn)化、工業(yè)化和信息化沖擊的同時(shí),秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村在災(zāi)害演化研判與精準(zhǔn)防控、產(chǎn)業(yè)活化挖潛與融合發(fā)展、生態(tài)格局保護(hù)與系統(tǒng)互饋、城鄉(xiāng)隔阻突破與要素協(xié)同、場(chǎng)景數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)與高效決策等方面研究仍顯不足,且單一層面的研究難以促進(jìn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)“重城輕鄉(xiāng)”的發(fā)展路徑,使秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村“城進(jìn)村衰”的特征明顯[32],特別是鄉(xiāng)村的空心化、聚居主體的老弱化和人居環(huán)境的污損化,與“兩大戰(zhàn)略”(秦嶺生態(tài)保護(hù)與鄉(xiāng)村振興)共同導(dǎo)向的“農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)、鄉(xiāng)村美、農(nóng)民富的全面實(shí)現(xiàn)”仍有較大探索留白。
1 秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村的問(wèn)題審視
秦嶺山區(qū)是指以秦嶺為骨,既涵蓋自然資源要素區(qū)域(如山、水、林、田、湖、草等),也包括聚居于自然區(qū)域中的城鄉(xiāng)居民點(diǎn)(如市、縣、鎮(zhèn)、村等),是具有完整社會(huì)屬性的空間集合。然而,秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村在地質(zhì)環(huán)境、產(chǎn)業(yè)體系、生態(tài)格局、人地關(guān)系、決策系統(tǒng)等5個(gè)方面存在以下問(wèn)題。
1)秦嶺山區(qū)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害頻發(fā),鄉(xiāng)村抵御災(zāi)害能力不足。
一方面,秦嶺山區(qū)山峭、坡陡、溝深,斷層、褶皺分布廣泛;且隨著礦產(chǎn)、林木等資源的頻繁開(kāi)發(fā),極易引發(fā)泥石流、崩塌、滑坡、地面塌陷等災(zāi)害,嚴(yán)重威脅鄉(xiāng)村安全。另一方面,鄉(xiāng)村的快速建設(shè),伴隨基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配套而進(jìn)行的開(kāi)山修路、削坡建房等人為活動(dòng),亦不斷誘發(fā)一系列的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害;相比于城市、鄉(xiāng)村抵御災(zāi)害的能力更弱。
2)秦嶺山區(qū)生產(chǎn)方式低效粗放,鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)體系薄弱。
一方面,普遍存在的小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念,致使秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生產(chǎn)仍以分散經(jīng)營(yíng)為主,且生產(chǎn)技術(shù)無(wú)法應(yīng)用于大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的高要求。另一方面,鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展整體能級(jí)較低,仍以第一產(chǎn)業(yè)為主導(dǎo);第二產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模較小且布局散亂,吸納農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力有限;第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢,產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展總體潛力仍需深度激發(fā)。
3)秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)地位突出,鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題依然嚴(yán)峻。
一方面,作為中國(guó)重要的生態(tài)安全屏障、“兩山”理論重要實(shí)踐區(qū),秦嶺生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)全國(guó)水源涵養(yǎng)、調(diào)節(jié)氣候、固碳降碳、保護(hù)生物多樣性等有重要作用。另一方面,秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境相對(duì)脆弱,土層薄,水土極易流失[33];面對(duì)大量零散的鄉(xiāng)村聚居空間的不斷滲透,秦嶺山區(qū)短時(shí)間內(nèi)難以擺脫“邊污染邊治理”的發(fā)展模式,生態(tài)格局構(gòu)建的阻力較大,生態(tài)環(huán)境仍需加強(qiáng)治理。
4)秦嶺山區(qū)資源協(xié)調(diào)性不強(qiáng),城鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)村、村村發(fā)展差異較大。
一方面,秦嶺山區(qū)的地形起伏大,土地資源極其匱乏,其山系主體面積達(dá)8.23×104 km2[34],山地居多,坡度較大(以周至縣為例,自然坡度大于25°的區(qū)域達(dá)到90%[35]),資源公平性、合理性配置形勢(shì)極其嚴(yán)峻。另一方面,青壯年外流、土地撂荒嚴(yán)重,村莊與其他要素的關(guān)聯(lián)性不高,加大了城鄉(xiāng)、村際間的分化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和矛盾。
5)秦嶺山區(qū)智慧系統(tǒng)建設(shè)滯后,鄉(xiāng)村精準(zhǔn)決策水平受限。
一方面,在推進(jìn)秦嶺生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的進(jìn)程中,既需要?dú)v史環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)為采集端的場(chǎng)景支持,亦需要生態(tài)環(huán)境的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)作為傳輸端進(jìn)行模擬決策,更需要實(shí)時(shí)采集、實(shí)時(shí)分析,以此建立數(shù)據(jù)信息平臺(tái)進(jìn)行測(cè)算,以達(dá)到精準(zhǔn)預(yù)警。另一方面,作為智慧中國(guó)建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ),鄉(xiāng)村當(dāng)前的決策系統(tǒng)尚不足以支撐鄉(xiāng)村的預(yù)警與決策、建設(shè)與發(fā)展、實(shí)施與管控。
2 秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村的系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成
2.1 系統(tǒng)思考
秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村系統(tǒng)架構(gòu),圍繞鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施“二十字”方針,通過(guò)“安全”“活力”“生態(tài)”“文明”和“智慧”的有機(jī)聯(lián)系、相互促進(jìn)、形成合力,以實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村人民對(duì)美好生活的向往為目標(biāo),進(jìn)而提出以下5個(gè)方面的思考(圖1)。
1)秦嶺山區(qū)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害效應(yīng)與鄉(xiāng)村防控方面:秦嶺地質(zhì)環(huán)境復(fù)雜、地貌類型多樣、土壤抗蝕性差(如淺山區(qū)域土壤侵蝕模數(shù)超過(guò)2 500 t/km2·a),暴雨頻繁、河水徑流變化大,年水土流失量達(dá)0.84億t;地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的頻發(fā),嚴(yán)重影響了鄉(xiāng)村的安全生產(chǎn)、生活。因此,對(duì)于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村而言,需要識(shí)別地質(zhì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn),判斷演化特征,擬定針對(duì)性防控路徑和策略,以提升鄉(xiāng)村安全。
2)秦嶺山區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)支撐結(jié)構(gòu)與鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)方面:秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱,現(xiàn)代化、規(guī)模化、精深加工發(fā)展受限;工業(yè)化程度低且結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理,抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力差;第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢。因此,對(duì)于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村而言,需要降低自然因素的掣肘,提高三次產(chǎn)業(yè)效益,保障鄉(xiāng)村人口就業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),以優(yōu)化鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)。
3)秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)安全格局與鄉(xiāng)村治理方面:秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)空間受生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)和生活活動(dòng)的雙重影響,環(huán)境質(zhì)量不斷下降、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能持續(xù)退化、水資源可利用率急劇降低,且天然林縮減、林分變差,森林質(zhì)量愈發(fā)降低;特別是生態(tài)緩沖空間不斷被蠶食,更加劇了鄉(xiāng)村治理的難度。因此,對(duì)于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村而言,亟需構(gòu)建生態(tài)、生產(chǎn)和生活全方位、可持續(xù)的發(fā)展格局。
4)秦嶺山區(qū)資源要素統(tǒng)籌與鄉(xiāng)村協(xié)調(diào)方面:快速推進(jìn)的城鎮(zhèn)化致使鄉(xiāng)村人口大量流失,向城市聚集;而秦嶺山區(qū)土地資源稀缺,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式粗放,資源要素流動(dòng)不暢,以及地方利益驅(qū)動(dòng),致使在人、鄉(xiāng)村、社會(huì)等各方面與城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌的差距愈發(fā)加大。因此,對(duì)于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村而言,如何統(tǒng)籌配置多主體的資源要素,促進(jìn)和諧發(fā)展,成為鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的重中之重。
5)秦嶺山區(qū)數(shù)字化建設(shè)與鄉(xiāng)村決策方面:相較于城市而言,秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村的網(wǎng)絡(luò)與智能設(shè)施配套落后,特別是鄉(xiāng)村生產(chǎn)、生活空間的剝離使得“數(shù)字生產(chǎn)”和“數(shù)字生活”雙驅(qū)動(dòng)難度大,且教育、醫(yī)療、交通、物流等基礎(chǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)智能程度低甚至缺失。對(duì)于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村而言,如何通過(guò)自然科學(xué)與社會(huì)科學(xué)的深度交叉融合,推動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)的挖掘和利用,是實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村智慧決策的必要條件。
2.2 體系建構(gòu)
秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村的空間異質(zhì)性和類型多樣性、鄉(xiāng)村要素分散性和發(fā)展自組織性、鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展對(duì)區(qū)域和城市的依賴性以及鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展受自然因素的強(qiáng)約束性,迫切需要立足于系統(tǒng)科學(xué)前沿,保障鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)安全、激活產(chǎn)業(yè)潛力,筑牢生態(tài)屏障、統(tǒng)籌協(xié)同關(guān)系、構(gòu)架智慧決策體系。因此,圍繞秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村的架構(gòu)目標(biāo),以多學(xué)科交叉融合的研究方法,系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村的框架(圖2),包括“秦嶺山區(qū)安全鄉(xiāng)村”、“秦嶺山區(qū)活力鄉(xiāng)村”、“秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村”、“秦嶺山區(qū)文明鄉(xiāng)村”、“秦嶺山區(qū)智慧鄉(xiāng)村”以下5部分。
1)秦嶺山區(qū)安全鄉(xiāng)村是基礎(chǔ),立足于鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)判與防災(zāi)策略研究,旨在闡明秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)災(zāi)害周期響應(yīng)規(guī)律;
2)秦嶺山區(qū)活力鄉(xiāng)村是關(guān)鍵,立足于鄉(xiāng)村優(yōu)勢(shì)、特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力機(jī)制與路徑研究,旨在闡明秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)融合內(nèi)涵;
3)秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村是核心,立足于鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)安全格局的錨固優(yōu)化研究,旨在闡明秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)平衡機(jī)理;
4)秦嶺山區(qū)文明鄉(xiāng)村是導(dǎo)向,立足于鄉(xiāng)村多主體多要素的統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展研究,旨在闡明秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村多元協(xié)調(diào)的統(tǒng)籌機(jī)制;
5)秦嶺山區(qū)智慧鄉(xiāng)村是前提,立足于鄉(xiāng)村“人-技術(shù)-數(shù)據(jù)”的信息平臺(tái)研究,旨在闡明秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村數(shù)字一體的信息決策體系。
3 ?秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村的研究?jī)?nèi)容
秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成體現(xiàn)為多學(xué)科“自上而下”與“自下而上”有機(jī)銜接和序次推進(jìn)的特點(diǎn)。其中(圖3):①?gòu)膮^(qū)域地質(zhì)學(xué)入手,研究秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)災(zāi)害溢出效應(yīng),構(gòu)建基于韌性穩(wěn)定的安全鄉(xiāng)村;②從農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)入手,研究秦嶺宜居鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)聯(lián)效應(yīng),構(gòu)建基于產(chǎn)業(yè)興旺的活力鄉(xiāng)村;③從生態(tài)工程學(xué)入手,研究秦嶺宜居鄉(xiāng)村“三生”互促效應(yīng),構(gòu)建基于平衡互饋的生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村;④從人文地理學(xué)入手,研究秦嶺宜居鄉(xiāng)村
人地統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)效應(yīng),構(gòu)建基于多元和諧的文明鄉(xiāng)村;⑤從決策支持系統(tǒng)入手,研究秦嶺宜居鄉(xiāng)村信息數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)效應(yīng),構(gòu)建基于協(xié)同治理的智慧鄉(xiāng)村。
3.1 基于韌性穩(wěn)定的安全鄉(xiāng)村
韌性穩(wěn)定的安全鄉(xiāng)村就是最大限度提升秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村面對(duì)復(fù)雜地質(zhì)環(huán)境抵御災(zāi)害的能力。隨著多源衛(wèi)星遙感、無(wú)人機(jī)遙感、傾斜攝影等技術(shù)在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害識(shí)別、分析等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,可以清晰查明秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的差異及分布特點(diǎn);在地質(zhì)構(gòu)造演化及區(qū)域地殼穩(wěn)定性分析、識(shí)別基礎(chǔ)上,研究其地表過(guò)程及災(zāi)害時(shí)空分布規(guī)律。同時(shí),梳理秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村山體洪澇、水土流失等災(zāi)害歷史備案,剖析其災(zāi)害效應(yīng),形成災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)體系;根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)體系總結(jié)相應(yīng)的科學(xué)防控因素,制定“隱患點(diǎn)+風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)”的雙控防治措施,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)針對(duì)不同類型鄉(xiāng)村的“異類異法”精準(zhǔn)防治。特別對(duì)重大地質(zhì)災(zāi)害易發(fā)區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)村,進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,做到地質(zhì)災(zāi)害整體可控。推進(jìn)調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)、監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警、綜合治理、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控、能力建設(shè)和技術(shù)革新,綜合研判秦嶺山區(qū)易發(fā)的地面生態(tài)損害、表層水土災(zāi)害、淺層崩滑災(zāi)害與深層山地災(zāi)害,全面提升秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村綜合防災(zāi)、減災(zāi)、救災(zāi)的能力,降低地質(zhì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn),切實(shí)保護(hù)村民生命及財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。
安全鄉(xiāng)村研究方向和內(nèi)容如圖4所示。針對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村地質(zhì)災(zāi)害溢出效應(yīng),從地質(zhì)構(gòu)造演化及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析、地質(zhì)地表過(guò)程及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別、災(zāi)害時(shí)空分布與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)韌性防控、災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理5個(gè)方向出發(fā);系統(tǒng)性地提出“異類異法”的防治策略;并著重從地貌空間上揭示災(zāi)害形成、發(fā)生的異同性,提出不同的防災(zāi)策略,指導(dǎo)安全鄉(xiāng)村構(gòu)建。
3.2 基于產(chǎn)業(yè)興旺的活力鄉(xiāng)村
活力鄉(xiāng)村遵從自然資源稟賦及產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)吸納新要素、釋放新動(dòng)力和挖掘新潛力,提出系統(tǒng)化、綜合化、多元化的鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展體系。全面揭示秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村區(qū)位要素、產(chǎn)業(yè)要素,綜合研判鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì);根據(jù)鄉(xiāng)村要素和產(chǎn)業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的聯(lián)動(dòng)關(guān)系,探索全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)制;從傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)強(qiáng)化、特色產(chǎn)業(yè)培育、產(chǎn)業(yè)融合發(fā)展及新興產(chǎn)業(yè)引導(dǎo)等層面,探索梯次推廣模式。同時(shí),鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)作為動(dòng)態(tài)、開(kāi)放、協(xié)同的綜合系統(tǒng),挖掘特色產(chǎn)業(yè)資源稟賦,提出基于秦嶺山區(qū)不同類型鄉(xiāng)村的產(chǎn)業(yè)驅(qū)動(dòng)策略;以產(chǎn)帶村,引導(dǎo)信息、資金、技術(shù)、人力等要素循環(huán),強(qiáng)化一、二、三產(chǎn)融合的“造血式”鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展路徑,激發(fā)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)活力。
活力鄉(xiāng)村研究方向及內(nèi)容如圖5所示。針對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)聯(lián)效應(yīng),通過(guò)厘清鄉(xiāng)村基礎(chǔ)、優(yōu)勢(shì)、特色產(chǎn)業(yè)的各系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成,研究產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展特征及規(guī)律,從夯實(shí)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)、研判產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展條件、激發(fā)“三產(chǎn)”聯(lián)動(dòng)、促進(jìn)多要素結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、擬定產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)制5個(gè)方向出發(fā);加快構(gòu)建秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新格局,形成在秦嶺山區(qū)可復(fù)制、可推廣的全過(guò)程產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展模式,不斷延伸產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈,促進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展。
3.3 基于平衡互饋的生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村
生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村從秦嶺山區(qū)統(tǒng)籌“三生”空間格局出發(fā),全域視野識(shí)別生態(tài)空間的影響因素,從而筑牢鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)平衡路徑?;谏鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的整體性,合理劃分秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)系統(tǒng)等級(jí),明確其空間格局與功能分區(qū)。從自然環(huán)境、社會(huì)因素及經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)出發(fā),明確生態(tài)空間分異規(guī)律與優(yōu)化路徑;重視生態(tài)保護(hù)和土地利用中的空間要素,兼顧系統(tǒng)健康、環(huán)境變化及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的生態(tài)安全指標(biāo),做實(shí)生態(tài)評(píng)價(jià),提出生態(tài)指標(biāo)動(dòng)態(tài)平衡的調(diào)控策略。同時(shí),厘清林體-土體-巖體-水體-山體等五體互饋關(guān)系,聚焦生物多樣性、水源涵養(yǎng)和水土保持等三大重點(diǎn),加大對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與建設(shè)力度,修復(fù)已退化的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和被破壞的生態(tài)環(huán)境。
生態(tài)鄉(xiāng)村研究方向及內(nèi)容如圖6所示。針對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)互促效應(yīng),從建立生態(tài)空間格局、生態(tài)功能劃分、生態(tài)安全評(píng)價(jià)、生態(tài)保護(hù)對(duì)策、生態(tài)環(huán)境修復(fù)5個(gè)方向出發(fā),判別秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)環(huán)境要素時(shí)空分異規(guī)律和影響因素。以生態(tài)安全指標(biāo)為基礎(chǔ),綜合考慮地形、氣候、水文等因素。以生態(tài)環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)為依據(jù),探索適用于秦嶺山區(qū)不同類型鄉(xiāng)村的生態(tài)安全動(dòng)態(tài)平衡調(diào)控方法。
3.4 基于多元和諧的文明鄉(xiāng)村
文明鄉(xiāng)村是鄉(xiāng)村各方面建設(shè)成效的外在體現(xiàn),折射出整個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村的精神和面貌。其中,最為關(guān)鍵的是提升鄉(xiāng)村引力,吸引人口回流,壯大鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)主體力量。其次,立足鄉(xiāng)村地域發(fā)展的差異性,提出空間關(guān)聯(lián)的聚集協(xié)調(diào)方案,有序推進(jìn)山、水、林、田、湖、草等系統(tǒng)性治理,實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村與自然的和諧共生。另外,加強(qiáng)鄉(xiāng)土社會(huì)建設(shè),維護(hù)地域文化的多樣性、認(rèn)同性,有效解決鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境矛盾,整體推動(dòng)資源要素合理交換和雙向流動(dòng)。
文明鄉(xiāng)村研究方向及內(nèi)容如圖7所示。針對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村人地統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)效應(yīng),從村與人、村與村、村與自然、村與社會(huì)、村與自身5個(gè)方向出發(fā),系統(tǒng)研判多元協(xié)調(diào)的特征與規(guī)律,提出多元統(tǒng)籌的模式與路徑;優(yōu)化鄉(xiāng)村與多方要素的配置方案,從而解決鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展中不平衡、不協(xié)調(diào)、不充分等矛盾,實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村要素對(duì)流暢通、區(qū)域聯(lián)系緊密、功能互補(bǔ)互促、文化認(rèn)同傳承。
3.5 基于協(xié)同治理的智慧鄉(xiāng)村
智慧鄉(xiāng)村依托于“數(shù)字秦嶺”空天地一體化衛(wèi)星遙感監(jiān)測(cè)平臺(tái),著重對(duì)山、水、林、田、湖、草等6個(gè)方面,進(jìn)行全過(guò)程、全方位的動(dòng)態(tài)采集、處理、分析和發(fā)布,搭建災(zāi)害防控、產(chǎn)品發(fā)布、生態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)、區(qū)域建筑的信息平臺(tái),完善智慧鄉(xiāng)村多源信息數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。另外,基于秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景,構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)以及深度記憶的場(chǎng)景耦合模型,進(jìn)而推動(dòng)實(shí)時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和智能識(shí)別,為秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村數(shù)字化管理提供技術(shù)支撐,推動(dòng)數(shù)字驅(qū)動(dòng)下的鄉(xiāng)村高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
智慧鄉(xiāng)村研究方向及內(nèi)容如圖8所示。針對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村信息數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)效應(yīng),以架構(gòu)秦嶺山區(qū)智慧鄉(xiāng)村數(shù)據(jù)信息平臺(tái)與智慧決策為目的,從數(shù)據(jù)信息采集、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立、信息分析與模擬、精準(zhǔn)預(yù)警、智慧決策與管理5個(gè)方向出發(fā),系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建“安全-活力-生態(tài)-文明”的多源一體化信息決策體系,突破理論探索與實(shí)踐決策中數(shù)據(jù)缺失,多場(chǎng)景模擬過(guò)程中數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法共享等問(wèn)題,打破制約秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村生活、生產(chǎn)、生態(tài)空間的研判、決策瓶頸,用新手段實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)化流程、可視化監(jiān)管、多維化決策的智慧鄉(xiāng)村。
4 結(jié) 論
1)秦嶺生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要性和緊迫性不言而喻,而全面推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村振興亦是實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的重要使命。針對(duì)秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村“表象于地域,形成于聚居,根植于宜居”的特點(diǎn),審視秦嶺山區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村存在的問(wèn)題,架構(gòu)“秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村”體系,并從“安全”“活力”“生態(tài)”“文明”和“智慧”5個(gè)方面提出“秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村”的研究?jī)?nèi)容。
2)基于架構(gòu)思考,開(kāi)展秦嶺山區(qū)“安全”“活力”“生態(tài)”“文明”與“智慧”的宜居鄉(xiāng)村研究,助力秦嶺生態(tài)保護(hù)與鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的推進(jìn),為宜居的秦嶺鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展提供決策支撐;為山區(qū)及其他生態(tài)脆弱敏感地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村實(shí)現(xiàn)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展提供研究思路,為新時(shí)代美麗鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)提供實(shí)施范例。
3)基于系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建,秦嶺山區(qū)宜居鄉(xiāng)村需要長(zhǎng)期、全面且深入的多學(xué)科研究,需要聚集優(yōu)勢(shì)科研力量進(jìn)行具體問(wèn)題、具體方向的研究攻關(guān)。
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(責(zé)任編輯:高佳)