褚洪新
任務(wù)型閱讀,它是介于閱讀理解與書面表達(dá)之間的一種題型。它要求學(xué)生在閱讀文章后能對文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)做到準(zhǔn)確把握或?qū)φ恼逻M(jìn)行提煉概括,是一種讀寫結(jié)合的題型。這種題型既考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力,分析、解決問題的能力,又考查學(xué)生語言輸出的能力,即運(yùn)用英語將有關(guān)內(nèi)容以文字形式正確地表達(dá)出來的能力。
常見題型
任務(wù)型閱讀常見題型包括回答問題、表格類填空、翻譯、句子還原等題型。此類題的解題過程包含三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),即:閱讀(信息輸入)→判斷、分析、概括、推理(信息加工與處理)→答題(信息輸出)。下面著重以回答問題型的閱讀進(jìn)行解讀?;卮饐栴}作為一種任務(wù)型閱讀,題目多為4~6題,考題主要針對文章中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),以wh-問題為主,個(gè)別題型是開放性試題,需要學(xué)生基于文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。
解題方法與技巧
1. 瀏覽全文,了解大意
快速瀏覽全文,尤其要注意文章的首尾兩段以及每段首尾兩句。如果文章是總分結(jié)構(gòu)或者總分總結(jié)構(gòu)并帶有小標(biāo)題,這樣可以通過迅速瀏覽各個(gè)小標(biāo)題來概括文章的主要內(nèi)容,以便對文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整體了解。
2. 預(yù)讀問題,明確任務(wù)
在快速瀏覽文章之后,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真閱讀問題,并圈劃出問題中的關(guān)鍵詞。記住關(guān)鍵詞等重要內(nèi)容,方便在對文章進(jìn)行查讀的過程中迅速找到匹配信息。
3. 圈畫關(guān)鍵,找出答案
記住問題中的關(guān)鍵詞,帶著問題去文章中找到相關(guān)信息之后,同問題信息進(jìn)行比對,圈出關(guān)鍵信息,并反復(fù)閱讀上下文,確保信息一致,內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確,防止遺漏信息。
例題一
(2021·遼寧·大連)An elephant calf
When an elephant calf is born,it stands quickly on its feet. It drinks milk from its mother for a few years.The mother elephant teaches her calf how to use its trunk(象鼻).She teaches it many things.The mother elephant is very important to an elephant calf.
Who is important to an elephant calf?
The mother elephant.
這道題的關(guān)鍵詞就是Who, important, elephant calf,可以將這3個(gè)詞圈上,在讀文章的過程中迅速查找。通過關(guān)鍵詞elephant calf迅速鎖定小標(biāo)題An elephant calf, 再通過important這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,找到答案所在The mother elephant is very important to an elephant calf.
4. 依據(jù)問題,組織語言
回答問題這類題,找答案不是難點(diǎn),關(guān)鍵在于如何將文中找到的信息進(jìn)行歸納整理,既符合語言的規(guī)范性,又要滿足問題的要求。追尋的第一原則是能簡答就簡答。
(1)一般疑問句提問的問題用Yes / No來簡答,但同時(shí)也要注意問題是不是選擇疑問句。避免出現(xiàn)低級錯誤。
(2)對why問題的回答,要注意聯(lián)系上下文。
例題二
(2022·遼寧·大連)In February 2021,China reached an important goal. It got rid of poverty (擺脫貧困). Many people couldnt believe this. After all, China has a large number of poor villages. In order to show the truth to people, Chen set out to make No Poverty Land.
Why did Chen make the documentary No Poverty Land?
In order to show the truth to people.
例題三
(2021·遼寧·本溪·撫順·遼陽)In Chinese culture, “l(fā)aohuangniu” is a symbol of hard work and selflessness (無私), because it works hard but asks nothing for itself. People love the animal so much that they write poems about it and paint pictures of it.
Why is laohuangniu a symbol of hard work and selflessness?
Because it works hard but asks nothing for itself.
做完這兩道例題,可知回答why問題可以用 in order to,because。除此之外還可以用for, to do, because of等。具體情況,具體分析,切記不能一看見why,就用because來回答。
(3)對when和where的提問要注意是否需要加介詞,以where為例。
例題四
Date & time:
Friday,14 August,3:30 pm—5 pm
Place:School hall
Come along and take part, or just sit and watch.
Money will be collected for the old peoples home.
Where can you join in the school show?
At / In the school hall.
這道題原文Place:School hall,要注意問題where的回答要加上介詞,原文沒有,這時(shí)候就需要對答案進(jìn)行加工整理加上介詞,規(guī)范答題。
(4)對于how提問的回答
對于how的提問,可以用by+doing或者一個(gè)完整的句子,或者是介詞+名詞的方式進(jìn)行回答。
例題五
(2021·遼寧·本溪·撫順·遼陽)In Chinese culture, “l(fā)aohuangniu” is a symbol of hard work and selflessness (無私), because it works hard but asks nothing for itself. People love the animal so much that they write poems about it and paint pictures of it.
How do Chinese people express their love for “niu” ?
By writing poems and painting pictures. / They write poems (about it) and paint pictures (of it).
(5)對于what提問的回答
對于what提問的回答,一般用完整句子、名詞或名詞性短語、名詞性從句(多為賓語從句)來回答。
例題六
(2022·遼寧·沈陽)Here is a notice for the Table Tennis Club matches in Sunshine Sports Center.
What is the text above?
A notice.
這道題問的是文章的體裁,答案是It is a notice.或者A notice。注意above不是about,about是關(guān)于文章內(nèi)容的提問,這道題學(xué)生丟分比較多,主要是沒有認(rèn)真審題,誤把a(bǔ)bove看成about。因此一定要圈畫關(guān)鍵詞,認(rèn)真審題。
(6)基于文章內(nèi)容自行組織語言
針對部分試題,學(xué)生在原文中并不能直接找到答案,但是可以找到關(guān)聯(lián)信息,此時(shí)需要轉(zhuǎn)換信息進(jìn)行正確表述。轉(zhuǎn)換信息可以采用下面兩種方法:①詞性轉(zhuǎn)換:即根據(jù)問題的要求,進(jìn)行詞性之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,如動詞和名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換等。 ②另選其他詞來釋義:找出這個(gè)詞的同義詞語進(jìn)行解釋,達(dá)到題目要求。
例題七
(2022·遼寧·大連)Wang hosts(主持) a weekly talk show called The Wang Peiyu Peking Opera Show. It started to show on AiQiyi on March 27.
How often does Wang Peiyu host her talk show?
Once a week.
此題原文是“Wang hosts a weekly talk show”。weekly是每周的,但是問題是How often...,回答這道題就需要將weekly進(jìn)行解釋,轉(zhuǎn)換成once a week才符合題目要求。
例題八
(2021·遼寧·大連) “I love Jin Yongs wuxia stories,”Jin told Gusu Evening News. “I also love history. In the seventh grade,I traveled to Wuzhen, where Prince Xiao Tong from the Liang Dynasty once lived,and I was inspired(受啟發(fā)) to write a wuxia story based on(以……為根據(jù)) him.”
What did Jin get from his trip to Wuzhen?
The inspiration to write a wuxia story.
此題在原文找到答案是“I was inspired to write a wuxia story based on him.” 但是為了回答what,將inspire進(jìn)行詞性轉(zhuǎn)化變成名詞,則符合題目要求。
(7)開放性試題
對于開放性試題我們可以通過找到相關(guān)信息內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷,不能憑空想象,一定要基于文章內(nèi)容,進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的推理。可以先畫出相關(guān)關(guān)鍵詞,再組織語言進(jìn)行整理。
例題九
(2020·遼寧·大連)Dika was ten years old before he could live in the wild again.Many years later, he came back to the park. He had some wire (電線) around his leg. He needed the keepers to help him. Orphan elephants dont forget where they were cared for.
What can you learn from this passage?
Orphan elephants are clever.
從最后一句“Orphan elephants dont forget where they were cared for.”可知“大象孤兒不會忘記它們在哪兒被照顧”,因此推斷它們非常聰明。故答案為“Orphan elephants are clever”。開放性試題針對文章內(nèi)容,言之有理就可以。
5. 復(fù)讀短文,復(fù)查答案
復(fù)讀的過程是再次對文章進(jìn)行分析,進(jìn)而整合信息確保表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的重要步驟。根據(jù)之前圈畫的重點(diǎn)詞回答問題,答案要簡潔明了、切中要點(diǎn),不要畫蛇添足。在保證回答問題內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確的基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)檢查答案的時(shí)態(tài)、主謂一致、人稱轉(zhuǎn)化、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞和拼寫等。
總之,回答問題的設(shè)問方式多種多樣,希望通過上面的中考考題分析,能夠幫助同學(xué)們更好地掌握回答問題這一題型的答題策略和注意事項(xiàng)。在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練中,同學(xué)們要注意養(yǎng)成認(rèn)真審題、圈畫重點(diǎn)、遵守語法規(guī)則等習(xí)慣,在答題時(shí)就可以做到游刃有余。
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·中考版2023年5期