露西·戴維森　陳曉璐/譯

For the average person in Medieval Europe， life was nasty， brutish and short. Around 85% of medieval people were peasants， which consisted of anyone from serfs who were legally tied to the land they worked， to freemen， who， as enterprising smallholders untethered to a lord， could travel more freely and accrue more wealth.

中世紀(jì)普通歐洲人的生活骯臟而野蠻，壽命短暫。大約85%的中世紀(jì)人是農(nóng)民，其中包括農(nóng)奴到自由人等各類人群：農(nóng)奴被依法束縛于他們勞作之地；自由民則可以更自由地行動(dòng)并積累更多財(cái)富，他們是有進(jìn)取心的小農(nóng)，不受領(lǐng)主束縛。

Peasants lived in villages

農(nóng)民以村落為居

Medieval society was largely made up of villages built upon a lords land. Villages were comprised of houses， barns， sheds and animal pens clustered in the middle. Fields and pastures surrounded them.

中世紀(jì)社會(huì)主要由建在領(lǐng)主土地上的村莊構(gòu)成。村莊由兩個(gè)部分組成：房屋、谷倉(cāng)、棚屋和畜欄聚集在中間，田野和牧場(chǎng)圍繞在四周。

There were different categories of peasants within the feudal society. Villeins were peasants who had legally sworn an oath of obedience on the bible to their local lord. If they wanted to move or get married， they had to ask the lord first. In return for being allowed to farm the land， villeins had to give some of the food they grew each year to him. Life was hard： if crops failed， peasants faced starvation.

封建社會(huì)的農(nóng)民分為不同類別。其中，農(nóng)奴對(duì)著《圣經(jīng)》宣誓并從法律上服從他們的領(lǐng)主。如果他們想搬家或結(jié)婚，必須先征得領(lǐng)主的同意。農(nóng)奴們必須每年向領(lǐng)主上貢一些種植的糧食，以回報(bào)領(lǐng)主賜予土地耕種之恩。農(nóng)奴們的生活很艱難：一旦莊稼歉收，他們就會(huì)面臨饑餓問(wèn)題。

Towns and villages in the medieval period were unhygienic due to a lack of sanitation. Animals roamed the street and human waste and waste meat were commonly thrown into the street. Disease was rife， with unsanitary conditions leading to the outbreak of deadly plagues like the Black Death.

由于缺乏衛(wèi)生設(shè)施，中世紀(jì)的城鎮(zhèn)和村莊臟亂不堪。動(dòng)物在街頭亂竄，腐肉和人類排泄物常被傾倒街上。疾病肆虐，不衛(wèi)生的條件導(dǎo)致黑死病這樣的致命瘟疫暴發(fā)。

Most peasants were farmers

大多數(shù)農(nóng)民以耕地為生

Daily medieval life revolved around an agrarian calendar （centred around the sun）， meaning in the summer， the workday would start as early as 3 am and finish at dusk. Peasants spent most of their time farming their strip of land assigned to their family. Typical crops included rye， oats， peas and barley which were harvested with a sickle， scythe or reaper.

中世紀(jì)的日常生活遵循農(nóng)歷（以太陽(yáng)為中心的計(jì)時(shí)法）。這意味著在夏天，工作日最早會(huì)從凌晨3點(diǎn)開(kāi)始一直到黃昏才結(jié)束。農(nóng)民大部分時(shí)間都在耕種指派給他們家庭的土地。典型的農(nóng)作物包括黑麥、燕麥、豌豆和大麥，而農(nóng)民們主要用鐮刀、釤刀或收割機(jī)來(lái)進(jìn)行農(nóng)作。

Peasants would also work cooperatively with other families when it came to tasks such as ploughing and haying. They were also expected to carry out general maintenance such as road building， forest-clearing and any other work the lord determined such as hedging， threshing， binding and thatching.

針對(duì)犁地和制干草等農(nóng)活，農(nóng)民們也會(huì)與其他家庭合作。他們不僅要參與一般維護(hù)工作，如修路、森林清理等，還要完成領(lǐng)主安排的其他任務(wù)，如修剪樹(shù)籬、打谷子、捆綁干草和蓋茅草屋頂?shù)取?/p>

Church feasts marked sowing and reaping days when both a lord and his peasants could take a day of rest. Peasants were also required to work for free on church land， which was highly inconvenient as the time could be better used working on their lords property. However， nobody dared break the rule since it was widely taught that God would see their lack of devotion and punish them.

播種和收獲的時(shí)節(jié)有宗教節(jié)慶活動(dòng)，領(lǐng)主和他的農(nóng)民們都可以休息一天。農(nóng)民們還要在教堂的土地上勞作且沒(méi)有報(bào)酬。這十分麻煩，因?yàn)檗r(nóng)民們本可以更好地利用這些時(shí)間在他們領(lǐng)主的土地上干活兒。然而，沒(méi)有人敢打破這一規(guī)則，因?yàn)槿藗兤毡橄嘈牛系蹠?huì)看到他們?nèi)狈Ψ瞰I(xiàn)精神，從而懲罰他們。

However， some peasants were craftspeople who worked as carpenters， tailors and blacksmiths. Since trade was an important part of town and village life， goods such as wool， salt， iron and crops were bought and sold. For coastal towns， trade might extend to other countries.

除此之外，一些農(nóng)民是手藝人，做木匠、裁縫和鐵匠之類的活兒。貿(mào)易是城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村生活的重要組成部分，各類商品如羊毛、鹽、鐵和農(nóng)作物等都會(huì)進(jìn)行買賣。至于沿海城鎮(zhèn)，貿(mào)易可能會(huì)擴(kuò)張到其他國(guó)家。

Women and children stayed at home

婦女兒童留守家中

It is estimated that around 50% of infants during the medieval period would succumb to illness within the first year of their lives. Formal schooling was reserved for the wealthy or located within monasteries for those who would go on to become monks.

據(jù)估計(jì)，中世紀(jì)時(shí)期，大約50%的嬰兒會(huì)在出生一年內(nèi)死于疾病。正規(guī)的學(xué)校教育只服務(wù)于富人，或存在于修道院內(nèi)，以培養(yǎng)今后可能成為僧侶的人。

Instead of formal schooling， children learned to farm， grow food and tend to livestock， or would become an apprentice to a local craftsperson such as a blacksmith or tailor. Young girls would also learn to do domestic activities with their mothers such as spinning wool on wooden wheels to make clothes and blankets.

孩子們沒(méi)有接受正規(guī)教育，而是學(xué)習(xí)耕種、種植糧食和飼養(yǎng)牲畜，或者成為當(dāng)?shù)厥炙嚾耍ㄈ玷F匠或裁縫）的學(xué)徒。年輕女孩還會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)與母親一起做家務(wù)，例如在木輪上紡羊毛來(lái)制作衣服和毯子。

Around 20% of women died in childbirth. Though some women in bigger settlements such as towns were able to take up work as shopkeepers， pub landladies or cloth-sellers， women were expected to stay at home， clean and look after the family. Some might have also taken on work as a servant in a wealthier household.

大約20%的婦女死于分娩。在像城鎮(zhèn)這樣較大的定居點(diǎn)，有些女性能夠成為店主、酒吧老板或布料商，盡管如此，人們?nèi)韵Ｍ粤粼诩抑写驋咝l(wèi)生和照顧家庭。有些人還可能在富裕家庭中做仆人。

Taxes were high

稅收高昂

Peasants had to pay to rent their land from their lord， and a tax to the church called a tithe， which was 10% of the value of what a farmer had produced in the year. A tithe could be paid in cash or in kind， such as seeds or equipment.

農(nóng)民必須從他們的領(lǐng)主那里有償租用土地，并向教堂繳納所謂“什一稅”，這種稅意味著農(nóng)民需將自己當(dāng)年生產(chǎn)總值的10%用來(lái)繳稅。什一稅可以用現(xiàn)金或?qū)嵨镏Ц叮绶N子或設(shè)備等。

Tithes could make or break a peasants family： if you had had to give up things you needed like seeds or equipment， you might struggle in the coming year.

什一稅可以成就或毀掉一個(gè)農(nóng)民家庭：如果不得不放棄種子或設(shè)備等需要的東西來(lái)繳稅，第二年你可能會(huì)舉步維艱。

Houses were cold and dark

房屋陰冷黑暗

Peasants generally lived in small houses which normally consisted of only one room. Huts were made from wattle and daub with a thatch roof and no windows. A fire burned in the hearth in the centre， which， would create a very smoky environment. Inside the hut， around a third was penned off for livestock， who would live alongside the family.

農(nóng)民通常住在只有一個(gè)房間的小屋子里。這間屋子由抹灰籬笆墻構(gòu)成，只有一個(gè)茅草屋頂，沒(méi)有窗戶。屋子中央有一個(gè)灶臺(tái)用來(lái)燒火，一旦燒上，就會(huì)煙霧繚繞。屋子里面，大約三分之一的面積需用來(lái)飼養(yǎng)牲畜，牲畜與農(nóng)民一家一起生活。

The floor was normally made of earth and straw， and furniture usually consisted of a few stools， a trunk for bedding and some cooking utensils. Bedding was normally riddled with bedbugs and other biting insects， and any candles made of oil and fat created a pungent aroma.

地板通常由泥土和稻草制成，家具則是幾張凳子、一個(gè)放床上用品的箱子和一些炊具。床上用品通常生滿臭蟲和其他咬人的昆蟲，而所有由油脂制成的蠟燭都會(huì)散發(fā)出刺鼻氣味。

Towards the end of the medieval period， housing improved. Peasant houses became larger， and it wasnt uncommon to have two rooms， and occasionally a second floor.

到中世紀(jì)末期，住房有所改善。農(nóng)民的屋子變大了，一家擁有兩間房的并不少見(jiàn)，個(gè)別還會(huì)有兩層樓房。

The justice system was harsh

司法系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)酷

There was no organised police force during the medieval period， which meant that law enforcement was generally organised by local people. Some areas required every male over 12 to join a group called a ‘tithing to act as a quasi-police force. If someone was the victim of a crime， theyd raise the ‘hue and cry， which would summon other villagers to pursue the criminal.

中世紀(jì)沒(méi)有警察系統(tǒng)，這意味著執(zhí)法工作一般由當(dāng)?shù)厝私M織。有些地區(qū)要求所有12歲以上的男性加入一個(gè)稱為“十家區(qū)”的團(tuán)體，充當(dāng)準(zhǔn)警察部隊(duì)。如果有人受到傷害，他們會(huì)大聲叫喊，以此呼喚其他村民追捕罪犯。

Minor crimes were normally dealt with by the local lord， while a king-appointed judge would travel the country to deal with serious crimes.

輕罪通常由當(dāng)?shù)仡I(lǐng)主處理，而國(guó)王任命的法官會(huì)前往全國(guó)各地處理重罪。

If a jury couldnt decide if a person was innocent or guilty， a trial by ordeal might be pronounced. People were subjected to painful tasks such as walking on hot coals， putting their hand in boiling water to retrieve a stone and holding a red hot iron. If your wounds healed within three days， you were deemed to be innocent. If not， you were considered to be guilty and you could be severely punished.

如果陪審團(tuán)無(wú)法決定一個(gè)人是無(wú)辜還是有罪，則可能會(huì)宣布通過(guò)“神明裁判”進(jìn)行審判。人們必須完成一些痛苦的任務(wù)，如在滾燙的煤塊上行走、用手從沸水中取出石頭或者手持熾熱的鐵塊。如果傷口在三天內(nèi)愈合，就會(huì)被認(rèn)定為無(wú)辜；如果沒(méi)有，則會(huì)被判定為有罪并可能受到嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。