穆清
“訪問山東,對我來說,實在是一程文化甘旅。”著名詩人余光中2001年來到山東,帶著妻女造訪黃河,回家后把鞋子上的濕泥刮下來,“珍藏在一只名片盒里。從此每到深夜,書房里就傳出隱隱的水聲。”此行余光中創(chuàng)作了兩萬余字的《山東甘旅》,也是他最長的散文作品。
《山東甘旅》點出了山東“一山一水一圣人”的人文主題,泰山在山東崛起、黃河在山東入海、孔子在山東誕生,這里是中國人引經(jīng)據(jù)典的文化故鄉(xiāng),文化的甘甜滋養(yǎng)了這片深沉的土地。
山東歷史悠久、文化厚重,是聞名遐邇的“文化圣地”。這里是中華文明的重要發(fā)祥地之一,后李文化、北辛文化、大汶口文化、龍山文化等構(gòu)成早期華夏文明的主體部分。這里是儒家文化的發(fā)源地,齊魯文化、東夷文化、海岱文化交相輝映,“至圣”孔子、“亞圣”孟子、“兵圣”孫子、“科圣”墨子、“工圣”魯班等眾多圣哲誕生于此。
齊魯大地文脈綿長,根深葉茂。這片土地上的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化,興于制禮作樂、“郁郁乎文”的西周,成于刪述六經(jīng)、設(shè)教杏壇的春秋,盛于稷下學(xué)宮、百家爭鳴的戰(zhàn)國,傳于一統(tǒng)六合、“獨尊儒術(shù)”的秦漢,賡續(xù)于魏晉隋唐、宋元明清的后世。早在2600年前,被譽為春秋第一相的齊國宰相管仲就提出了“以人為本”的理念。2500年前,孔子提出了“仁者愛人”“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎”的理念,后來孟子又加以豐富。兩千多年來,“好客山東”文化已經(jīng)沉淀為熱情豪爽的山東人性格,凝練成“仁者愛人”的“山東精神”,演變?yōu)橹泻弦坏纳綎|民俗,更多地積淀到山東人的為人、處事和行為規(guī)范中。
有著五千多年悠久歷史的曲阜是孔子的故鄉(xiāng)??追蜃由霸诖碎_壇授學(xué),首創(chuàng)儒家文化,而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍,傳承著孔子的文化思想。悠久的歷史,燦爛的文化,為曲阜留下了輝煌的文化遺產(chǎn)。而在曲阜浩瀚的文物古跡中,最為人們所熟知的還是孔廟、孔府、孔林。它們是一組與孔子文化聯(lián)系最為密切的建筑群,是后世人們追思孔子、祭祀孔子的場所,也是承載孔子思想、延展儒家文化的載體。想要了解孔子的一生,就必須要走進(jìn)“三孔”,去親身感受。
對于熱愛名山大川的詩人來說,山東的自然景觀不勝枚舉。在國家旅游資源標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類的八大類155種基本景觀中,山東擁有其中153種,唯缺皇宮、雪山兩種。在這里,有秦始皇封禪、李白杜甫賦詩的“中華第一山”泰山,有充滿神話傳說的“海上名山第一”嶗山,也有“中國第五大地貌”岱崮地貌,“會當(dāng)凌絕頂,一覽眾山小”充滿著齊魯山川的豪情。
“泰山巖巖,魯邦所瞻。”魯中諸山的山勢都比較陡峻,其中尤以泰山最為壯觀。大名鼎鼎的泰山,自古以來就是百姓崇拜、帝王告祭的神山。泰山之所以被譽為海內(nèi)名山之首,除大自然鬼斧神工造就綺麗景色外,還應(yīng)歸功于人世間能工巧匠的苦心經(jīng)營。眾多的題詠刻石、文物古跡與自然風(fēng)光融為一體,堪稱步步有景、舉目成趣,它們以特有的光華吸引著四面八方的旅游者。
山東不僅山川雄偉奇絕,水系也是冠絕。在山東,黃河穿流西東,奔騰入海,繪就黃藍(lán)交匯的自然奇觀;大運河貫通南北,碧水靜流,映照古往今來的繁華盛景;3345公里長的海岸線,蜿蜒曲折,勾勒大海與陸地交接的天然輪廓,留下巍巍蓬萊閣與“八仙過?!钡南删硞髡f;北方最大淡水湖微山湖,水光瀲滟,一碧萬頃;泉城濟(jì)南遍布1209處泉水、950處名泉,水涌若輪、泉甲天下。
自然造化加上人文浸潤,齊魯大地處處皆美景。從大明湖畔的琉璃牌坊到八大關(guān)的紅瓦石墻,從周村老街的瑞蚨祥到煙臺山的領(lǐng)館洋行,從濰坊國際風(fēng)箏節(jié)的異彩紛呈到曲阜祭孔大典的莊嚴(yán)肅穆,從微山湖的柔情畫意到黃河入??诘男蹨唹验煛鲆淮紊綎|的客人,春夏秋冬皆適宜。領(lǐng)略壯美山川、悅賞優(yōu)美畫卷,“好客山東”的自然文化之旅,定會讓你不虛此行。
編輯/郭曉娟
All Fine Views amid Mountains and Seas
With a long history and profound culture, Shandong is a wellknown “Sacred Land of Culture”. It is one of the important cradles of the Chinese civilization, where the Houli culture, the Beixin culture, the Dawenkou culture and the Longshan culture constitute the main body of the early Chinese civilization. It is the birthplace of the Confucian culture, where the Qilu culture, the Dongyi culture and the Haidai culture added radiance to one another; where numerous sages like the “First Sage” Confucius, the “Second Sage”Mencius, the “Sage of Military Tactics” Sun Tzu, the “Sage of Science”Mozi, and the “Sage of Crafts” Lu Ban were born.
With a history of over five millennia, Qufu was the hometown of Confucius, where Confucius gave lectures and initiated the Confucian culture; where his descendants lived and multiplied to pass down Confucian culture and philosophy. The long history and the splendid culture have left behind a resplendent cultural heritage in Qufu.
Of the 155 types of landscapes in the national tourism standard, 153 types are in Shandong, lacking only imperial palaces and snowcapped mountains. It contains“Chinas Top 1 Mountain” Mount Tai, where the First Emperor of Qin performed the rites of worshipping Heaven and Earth, Li Bai and Du Fu wrote poems; the “First Mountain on the Sea” Laoshan Mountain, which is filled with myths and legends; and “Chinas Fifth Landform” Daigu Landform. The verses “Try to ascend the mountains crest. It dwarfs all peaks under our feet.” reveal the loftiness of the mountains in Shandong.
From the Glazed Archway by the Daming Lake to the red tiles and stone walls in Badaguan, from Ruifuxiang at Zhoucun Old Street to consulates and foreign firms in Yantaishan, from the radiant splendor of the Weifang International Kite Festival to the solemnity of the Qufu Confucius Worship Ceremony, from the poetic and pictorial splendor of the Weishan Lake to the mightiness and magnificence of the Yellow River Estuary... The nature and culture tour in “Friendly Shandong” will be certainly not a waste of time for you.