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GSI多參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟良惡性腫瘤評(píng)估的臨床意義

2023-05-26 10:06褚云張軍趙紅星
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2023年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:肝臟腫瘤

褚云 張軍 趙紅星

[摘要]?目的?探討寶石能譜CT成像(gemstone?spectral?imaging,GSI)多參數(shù)在肝臟良惡性腫瘤中的變化及對(duì)手術(shù)可切除性的評(píng)估價(jià)值。方法?選取2018年5月至2021年8月湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院收治的89例肝臟惡性腫瘤患者作為惡性組,同期的89例肝臟良性腫瘤患者作為良性組,進(jìn)行回顧性分析。兩組均行GSI檢查,比較兩組GSI參數(shù)[能譜曲線斜率(slope?of?spectral?Hu?curve,s-SHC)、動(dòng)脈期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)碘濃度值(normalized?iodine?concentration,NIC)、門靜脈期NIC、碘濃度差值(iodine?concentration?difference,ICD)、肝動(dòng)脈碘分?jǐn)?shù)(arterial?iodine?fraction,AIF)],分析GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟腫瘤癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響及對(duì)肝臟良惡性腫瘤的診斷價(jià)值。將惡性組根據(jù)臨床評(píng)估情況分為可切除患者(n=28)與不可切除患者(n=61),對(duì)比兩組患者的GSI參數(shù)水平,分析GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的評(píng)估價(jià)值。結(jié)果?惡性組s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF均高于良性組,ICD低于良性組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF高水平患者的癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別是低水平患者的3.68倍、2.71倍、5.85倍、3.68倍,ICD低水平患者的癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高水平患者的16.80倍(P<0.05);受試者操作特征曲線顯示,GSI多參數(shù)聯(lián)合診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤的曲線下面積為0.933(95%置信區(qū)間:0.886~0.965),大于各參數(shù)單獨(dú)診斷(P<0.05);惡性組不可切除患者s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF高于可切除患者,ICD低于可切除患者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);Spearman相關(guān)性分析顯示,s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性均呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),ICD與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05);GSI多參數(shù)聯(lián)合評(píng)估手術(shù)可切除性的曲線下面積為0.905(95%置信區(qū)間:0.824~0.957),大于各參數(shù)單獨(dú)評(píng)估(P<0.05)。結(jié)論?肝臟惡性腫瘤中s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF較高,ICD較低,各GSI參數(shù)與良性腫瘤存在明顯差異,多參數(shù)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)肝臟惡性腫瘤診斷、手術(shù)可切除性評(píng)估的應(yīng)用價(jià)值較高,可為臨床病情診斷、治療方案的選擇提供指導(dǎo)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]?寶石能譜CT成像;肝臟;腫瘤;可切除性;腫瘤癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

[中圖分類號(hào)]?R730.55??????[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]?A??????[DOI]?10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.08.004

Clinical?significance?of?GSI?multiparameters?in?the?assessment?of?benign?and?malignant?liver?tumours

CHU?Yun1,?ZHANG?Jun2,?ZHAO?Hongxing1

1.Department?of?Radiology,?Huzhou?First?People's?Hospital,?Huzhou?313000,?Zhejiang,?China;?2.Department?of?Radiology,?Junge?Hospital?of?the?72nd?Group?of?the?Chinese?People's?Liberation?Army,?Huzhou?313000,?Zhejiang,?China

[Abstract]?Objective?To?investigate?the?changes?of?multi-parameters?of?gemstone?spectral?CT?imaging?(GSI)?in?benign?and?malignant?liver?tumors?and?the?evaluation?value?of?surgical?resectability.?Methods?A?total?of?89?patients?with?malignant?liver?tumors?admitted?to?the?First?People's?Hospital?of?Huzhou?from?May?2018?to?August?2021?were?selected?as?the?malignant?group,?and?89?patients?with?benign?liver?tumors?during?the?same?period?were?selected?as?the?benign?group?for?retrospective?analysis.?GSI?examination?was?performed?for?both?groups,?and?the?GSI?parameters?[slope?of?energy?spectrum?curve?(s-SHC),?standard?iodine?concentration?in?arterial?phase?(NIC),?NIC?in?portal?venous?phase,?iodine?concentration?difference?(ICD),?and?hepatic?arterial?iodine?fraction?(AIF)?]?were?compared?between?the?two?groups,?analyzed?the?effect?of?GSI?parameters?on?the?risk?of?liver?tumor?carcinogenesis?and?the?diagnostic?value?of?benign?and?malignant?liver?tumors,?and?divided?the?malignant?group?into?resectable?patients?and?unresectable?patients?according?to?clinical?evaluation,?compared?the?GSI?parameter?levels?of?two?groups,?and?analyzed?the?effect?of?GSI?parameters?on?the?evaluation?of?surgical?resectability?of?liver?cancer.?Results?The?malignant?group?had?higher?s-SHC,?arterial?phase?NIC,?portal?venous?phase?NIC?and?AIF?than?those?in?the?benign?group,?and?lower?ICD?than?that?in?the?benign?group,?and?the?differences?were?statistically?significant?(P<0.05).?The?cancer?risk?of?patients?with?high?levels?of?s-SHC,?arterial?NIC,?portal?venous?NIC,?and?AIF?was?3.68?times,?2.71?times,?5.85?times,?and?3.68?times?than?those?of?patients?with?low?levels,?and?the?cancer?risk?of?patients?with?low?ICD?levels?was?16.80?times?that?of?patients?with?high?levels?(P<0.05)?.?The?receiver?operating?characteristic?curve?showed?that?area?under?the?curve?of?GSI?multi-parameter?combined?diagnosis?of?liver?malignant?tumor?was?0.933?(95%?confidence?interval:?0.886-0.965),?which?was?greater?than?that?of?each?parameter?alone?(P<0.05);?In?the?malignant?group,?the?s-SHC,?arterial?phase?NIC,?portal?venous?phase?NIC,?and?AIF?of?the?unresectable?patients?were?higher?than?those?of?the?resectable?patients,?and?the?ICD?was?lower?than?that?of?the?resectable?patients,?and?the?differences?were?statistically?significant?(P<0.05);?Spearman?correlation?analysis?showed?that?s-SHC,?NIC?in?arterial?phase,?NIC?in?portal?venous?phase,?and?AIF?were?positively?correlated?with?surgical?resectable?of?liver?cancer?(P<0.05).?There?was?a?negative?correlation?between?the?resectability?of?liver?cancer?surgery?(P<0.05);?The?AUC?of?GSI?multi-parameter?combined?assessment?of?surgical?resectability?was?0.905?(95%?confidence?interval:?0.824-0.957),?which?was?greater?than?that?of?each?parameter?alone?(P<0.05).?Conclusions?The?s-SHC,?arterial?phase?NIC,?portal?venous?phase?NIC,?and?AIF?are?higher?in?liver?malignant?tumors,?and?the?ICD?is?lower.?There?are?significant?differences?between?GSI?parameters?and?benign?tumors.?Multi-parameter?combined?detection?is?useful?for?the?diagnosis?of?liver?malignant?tumors?and?the?evaluation?of?surgical?resectability.?It?has?high?application?value?and?can?provide?guidance?for?clinical?diagnosis?and?treatment?plan?selection.

[Key?words]?Gemstone?spectroscopic?CT?imaging;?Liver;?Tumor;?Resectability;?Tumor?cancer?risk

肝癌為常見肝臟惡性腫瘤,相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,近年來肝癌發(fā)病率以750萬例/年的速度增長(zhǎng),且5年生存率僅10%,預(yù)后較差[1]。因此,早期診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤,降低腫瘤癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)提高患者生存率有重要意義。病理學(xué)診斷作為有創(chuàng)檢查,不適用于肝臟腫瘤早期篩查。常規(guī)CT影像檢查經(jīng)單能量掃描,具有無創(chuàng)、后處理技術(shù)等優(yōu)勢(shì),主要從病灶形態(tài)、密度、邊緣及強(qiáng)化方式等形態(tài)學(xué)進(jìn)行鑒別診斷[2-3]。寶石CT能譜成像(gemstone?spectral?imaging,GSI)可獲取不同能量水平、混合能量圖像的單能量圖像,打破常規(guī)CT形態(tài)學(xué)角度診斷的局限性,實(shí)現(xiàn)多參數(shù)成像定量分析[4-6]。本研究嘗試分析GSI多參數(shù)在肝臟良惡性腫瘤中的變化,初步探討其對(duì)手術(shù)可切除性的評(píng)估價(jià)值,以期為臨床早期診斷、評(píng)估手術(shù)可行性提供可靠的影像學(xué)方式。

1??資料與方法

1.1??一般資料

選取2018年5月至2021年8月湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院收治的肝臟惡性腫瘤患者89例為惡性組,同期肝臟良性腫瘤患者89例為良性組,進(jìn)行回顧性分析。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合美國(guó)肝病研究協(xié)會(huì)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7];②肝臟占位性病變均經(jīng)病理證實(shí);③近期無心臟、介入手術(shù)史;④接受GSI檢查;⑤患者及近親屬均了解本研究并簽訂知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①嚴(yán)重累及其他臟器;②存在其他惡性腫瘤;③對(duì)比劑碘海醇過敏;④存在凝血功能障礙。惡性組中,男51例,女38例,年齡50~78歲,平均(63.82±6.58)歲;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body?mass?index,BMI)19~28kg/m2,平均(23.48±1.85)kg/m2;合并癥:高血壓41例,糖尿病37例;病理分期:①Ⅰa期25例,Ⅰb期28例,Ⅱ期36例;良性組中,男47例,女42例,年齡49~76歲,平均(62.54±6.33)歲;BMI?20~28kg/m2,平均(23.74±1.87)kg/m2;合并癥:高血壓38例,糖尿病35例。兩組基線資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批通過。

1.2??方法

1.2.1??GSI檢查??入院第2天進(jìn)行GSI檢查,檢查前常規(guī)禁食6~8h,采用寶石能譜CT(美國(guó)GE公司,型號(hào):Discovery?750?HD),指導(dǎo)患者取仰臥位,掃描參數(shù):探測(cè)器寬度0.625mm×64,智能選擇轉(zhuǎn)速、管電流,管電壓:80/140kVp瞬時(shí)(0.5ms)切換,螺距1.375;掃描范圍:膈頂至肝臟下緣;以GSI模式進(jìn)行平掃和三期增強(qiáng)掃描。采用高壓注射器注射對(duì)比劑,以流率3.5ml/s經(jīng)肘靜脈注射碘海醇造影劑(300mgI/ml),劑量1.5ml/kg,注射后以相同速度注入適量生理鹽水。采用0.6×0.625mm?GSI模式,分別于動(dòng)脈期(25s)、門靜脈期(60s)、延遲期(150s)掃描。

1.2.2??能譜CT圖像后處理??以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)算法重建單能量、混合能量圖像,并上傳至AW4.6工作站,采用GSI?Viewer軟件分析單能量影像及物質(zhì),選擇成像質(zhì)量清晰、無融合病變的圓形或橢圓形腫瘤病灶區(qū)域?yàn)楦信d趣區(qū),在單能量圖像和碘-水基圖上分別測(cè)量各期不同組織碘濃度(iodine?concentration,IC),計(jì)算碘濃度差值(iodine?concentration?difference,ICD)、動(dòng)脈期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)碘濃度值(normalized?iodineconcentration,NIC)、門靜脈期NIC、能譜曲線斜率(slope?of?spectral?Hu?curve,s-SHC)、肝動(dòng)脈碘分?jǐn)?shù)(arterial?iodine?fraction,AIF)。計(jì)算公式如下:ICD=IC門靜脈期-IC動(dòng)脈期;NIC=IC組織/IC同層主動(dòng)脈;s-SHC=(40keV動(dòng)脈期CT值-70keV動(dòng)脈期CT值)/30;AIF=IC動(dòng)脈期/IC門靜脈期。取3次測(cè)量平均值,圖像采取雙盲法判讀,對(duì)比分析兩組檢查結(jié)果。

1.2.3??惡性組不可切除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)??①存在肝外轉(zhuǎn)移情況;②病灶組織擴(kuò)散累及肝臟周圍血管;③鄰近組織器官受侵襲。

1.3??觀察指標(biāo)

①對(duì)比兩組s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF、ICD參數(shù);②分析GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟腫瘤癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響;③分析GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟良惡性腫瘤的診斷價(jià)值;④對(duì)比惡性組可切除與不可切除患者GSI參數(shù);⑤分析GSI參數(shù)與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的關(guān)系;⑥分析GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的評(píng)估價(jià)值。

1.4??統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS?23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)(百分比)[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以Spearman相關(guān)性分析GSI參數(shù)與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的關(guān)系,采用受試者工作特征(receiver?operating?characteristic,ROC)曲線分析GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟良惡性腫瘤的診斷價(jià)值、對(duì)肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的評(píng)估價(jià)值,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2??結(jié)果

2.1??GSI參數(shù)比較

惡性組s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF高于良性組,ICD低于良性組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。典型病例GSI圖像見圖1。

2.2??GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟腫瘤癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響

以兩組患者GSI參數(shù)平均值為界,分為高水平與低水平患者。惡性組s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF高水平患者的癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別是低水平患者的3.68倍、2.71倍、5.85倍、3.68倍,ICD低水平患者癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高水平患者的16.80倍(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3??GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝臟良惡性腫瘤的診斷價(jià)值

以惡性組為陽性樣本,良性組為陰性樣本,繪制ROC曲線,結(jié)果顯示,s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF、ICD單獨(dú)診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤的曲線下面積(area?under?the?curve,AUC)分別為0.732[95%置信區(qū)間(confidence?interval,CI):0.660~0.795)]、0.822(95%CI:0.758~0.875)、0.806(95%CI:0.740~0.861)、0.791(95%CI:0.724~0.848)、0.779(95%CI:0.711~0.838),聯(lián)合診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤的AUC為0.933(95%CI:0.886~0.965),大于各參數(shù)單獨(dú)診斷(P<0.05),見圖2。

2.4??惡性組可切除與不可切除患者GSI參數(shù)比較

惡性組不可切除患者s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF高于可切除患者,ICD低于可切除患者(P<0.05),見表3。

2.5??GSI參數(shù)與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的關(guān)系

Spearman相關(guān)性分析顯示,s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),ICD與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),見表4。

2.6??GSI參數(shù)對(duì)肝癌手術(shù)可切除性的評(píng)估價(jià)值

以惡性組不可切除患者作為陽性樣本,可切除患者作為陰性樣本,繪制ROC曲線。s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF、ICD單獨(dú)評(píng)估手術(shù)可切除性的AUC為0.730(95%CI:0.626~0.819)、0.827(95%CI:0.732~0.899)、0.712(95%CI:0.603~0.815)、0.782(95%CI:0.681~0.862)、0.820(95%CI:0.724~0.893),聯(lián)合評(píng)估手術(shù)可切除性的AUC為0.905(95%CI:0.824~0.957),大于各參數(shù)單獨(dú)評(píng)估(P<0.05),見圖3。

3??討論

GSI技術(shù)引入能量分辨率概念,通過管電壓80/140kVp瞬時(shí)切換獲取單能量圖像、SHC等參數(shù)。通過多參數(shù)成像定量診斷,GSI不僅可有效評(píng)估病灶特征,還可避免混合能量成像所致硬化偽影,獲取更為清晰的圖像[8-10]。GSI打破傳統(tǒng)CT圖像主觀診斷方式,為肝臟腫瘤病變?cè)\斷提供了新思路,在多種疾病中具有較高診斷效能[11-13]。

SHC為單能量圖像變化曲線斜率,s-SHC可反映組織血液動(dòng)力學(xué)特點(diǎn)[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示惡性組s-SHC顯著高于良性組,究其原因,惡性腫瘤組織血管密集且增殖速度快,其血流速度高于良性腫瘤,良性腫瘤血液供應(yīng)以門靜脈為主,故s-SHC值較低。惡性腫瘤主要為動(dòng)脈血供,良性腫瘤主要為門靜脈血供,GSI檢查中IC值可反映病灶血液供應(yīng)[15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示惡性組動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC高于良性組,提示動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC有利于診斷腫瘤性質(zhì)。惡性腫瘤組織在動(dòng)脈期進(jìn)出較快,增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí)強(qiáng)化明顯,門靜脈期則迅速廓清,因此惡性組、良性組動(dòng)脈期組間NIC差異顯著,在診斷惡性腫瘤中效能最高,有利于鑒別肝臟良惡性腫瘤。ICD、AIF可間接反映肝臟血流,正常組織血供以門靜脈為主,因此相對(duì)于肝臟惡性腫瘤組織而言,良性腫瘤門靜脈ICD值更大[16-18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,惡性組AIF高于良性組而ICD低于良性組,也證實(shí)了這一推測(cè)。ROC曲線表明ICD單獨(dú)診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤的AUC為0.779,相對(duì)于動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF,其診斷效能有待進(jìn)一步提高。此外,本研究危險(xiǎn)度分析顯示s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF高水平及ICD低水平患者癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,提示GSI多參數(shù)有利于評(píng)估肝臟腫瘤癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn),便于臨床及時(shí)干預(yù),以預(yù)防患者病情惡化。Auer等[19]研究表明,GSI對(duì)于腎細(xì)胞癌、肝細(xì)胞癌等多血管腹部腫瘤具有較高診斷價(jià)值,在臨床常規(guī)診斷中具有潛在優(yōu)勢(shì)。本研究采用ROC進(jìn)一步分析顯示,GSI多參數(shù)聯(lián)合診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤的AUC為0.933(95%CI:0.886~0.965),大于各參數(shù)單獨(dú)診斷(P<0.05)。GSI單能量成像及瞬時(shí)雙掃描核心技術(shù)解決了射線硬化效應(yīng),可通過水基、碘基獲取能譜分析圖像;能譜曲線則可反映物質(zhì)能量衰減特性,為肝臟良惡性腫瘤診斷提供了更為可靠的信息[20-22]。

有研究顯示,門靜脈及腫瘤微血管侵犯是肝臟惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)后預(yù)后不佳的重要影響因素[23]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,惡性組可切除與不可切除患者GSI各參數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且相關(guān)性分析顯示s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性呈正相關(guān),ICD與肝癌手術(shù)可切除性呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示GSI參數(shù)可反映惡性腫瘤患者周圍血管微循環(huán)及灌注特點(diǎn),評(píng)估手術(shù)可切除性,對(duì)選擇合理手術(shù)方案,提升治療效果有積極作用。GSI檢測(cè)注射碘海醇造影劑后,可觀察肝臟病灶組織及周圍血供特點(diǎn),清晰反映病灶組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、血供狀況、纖維生理運(yùn)動(dòng)情況及偽影程度,為臨床治療提供指導(dǎo)依據(jù)[24]。本研究進(jìn)一步繪制ROC曲線顯示,GSI多參數(shù)聯(lián)合評(píng)估惡性組手術(shù)可切除性的AUC達(dá)0.905,表現(xiàn)出較高預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,對(duì)臨床手術(shù)方案制定、改善患者預(yù)后具有積極意義。

綜上所述,s-SHC、動(dòng)脈期NIC、門靜脈期NIC、AIF、ICD等GSI參數(shù)聯(lián)合診斷肝臟腫瘤性質(zhì)具有較高價(jià)值,且GSI多參數(shù)有利于判斷惡性腫瘤可切除性,可準(zhǔn)確鑒別良惡性腫瘤,為臨床手術(shù)方案的制定提供參考依據(jù)。

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(收稿日期:2022–08–02)

(修回日期:2023–02–13)

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