趙金鑫 Imran Muhammad 李新強(qiáng) 朱存樂 王承鈺 王峰 徐慶國 蔡金貞
[摘要] 目的 分析肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的危險(xiǎn)因素,為臨床采取有效預(yù)防措施提供依據(jù)。方法 回顧性分析2021年1—12月于我院行肝移植手術(shù)的120例患者的臨床資料,根據(jù)其術(shù)后動(dòng)脈血乳酸(LAC)值分為重度高乳酸血癥組與非重度高乳酸血癥組。繪制趨勢(shì)折線圖分析所有患者圍術(shù)期血生化指標(biāo)與動(dòng)脈血LAC水平的關(guān)系,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)、t檢驗(yàn)、非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)及多因素logistic回歸模型分析上述指標(biāo)對(duì)肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的影響。結(jié)果 趨勢(shì)折線圖顯示,所有患者手術(shù)前3 d至手術(shù)后第3天的血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平、白蛋白水平及血漿國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值、凝血酶原時(shí)間隨時(shí)間變化的趨勢(shì)與動(dòng)脈血LAC變化一致。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的原發(fā)病構(gòu)成比、術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間、術(shù)中總?cè)肓?、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量比較均差異有顯著性(χ2=10.579,U=-2.811~-2.183,P<0.05)。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間延長和術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量增多為肝移植患者術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 肝移植術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間延長及術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量增多是肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肝移植;高乳酸血癥;再灌注;紅細(xì)胞輸注;脂肪肝;危險(xiǎn)因素
[中圖分類號(hào)] R617
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR SEVERE HYPERLACTACIDEMIA AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION\ ZHAO Jinxin, Imran Muhammad, LI Xinqiang, ZHU Cunle,? WANG Chengyu, WANG Feng, XU Qingguo, CAI Jinzhen? (Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the risk factors for severe hyperlactacidemia after liver transplantation, and to provide a basis for adopting effective preventative strategies in clinical practice. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 120 patients who underwent liver transplantation in our hospital from January to December, 2021, and according to the value of arterial lactic acid (LAC) after surgery, they were divided into severe hyperlactacidemia group and non-severe hyperlactacidemia group. The trend line chart was plotted to analyze the association between blood biochemical parameters and arterial LAC level in the perioperative period; the chi-square test, the t-test, the non-parametric test, and the multivariate logistic regression model analysis were used to investigate the effect of the above indicators on severe hyperlactacidemia after liver transplantation. Results The trend line chart showed that in all patients, the changing trend of serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum albumin, plasma international normalized ratio, and prothrombin time was consistent with that of arterial LAC level from day 3 before surgery to day 3 after surgery. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the constituent ratio of primary disease, duration of anhepatic phase during surgery, total intraoperative intake, intraoperative blood loss, and intraoperative red blood cell transfusion (χ2=10.579,U=-2.811--2.183,P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that prolonged duration of anhepatic phase during surgery and increased intraoperative red blood cell transfusion were independent risk factors for severe hyperlactacidemia after liver transplantation (P<0.05). Conclusion The prolonging duration of anhepatic phase during surgery and increasing intraoperative red blood cell transfusion are independent risk factors for severe hyperlactacidemia after liver transplantation.
[KEY WORDS] Liver transplantation; Hyperlactatemia; Reperfusion; Erythrocyte transfusion; Fatty liver; Risk factors
研究顯示,目前全球成人肝移植術(shù)后1年生存率達(dá)96%,10年生存率達(dá)71%[1-2],肝移植術(shù)已成為終末期肝病、急性暴發(fā)性肝衰竭、肝細(xì)胞癌、肝門膽管癌和多種代謝性疾病最有效的治療方法。肝移植手術(shù)中最重要的步驟是病肝摘除和供肝植入,這一過程中患者的下腔靜脈及門靜脈將被阻斷,由于門靜脈高壓癥、肝硬化心肌病、手術(shù)出血和再灌注綜合征等因素影響,患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生,可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體主要器官灌注不足,造成體內(nèi)代謝產(chǎn)物的堆積,其中動(dòng)脈血乳酸(LAC)堆積造成的高乳酸血癥對(duì)患者預(yù)后可產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響。已有的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),較高的LAC水平是導(dǎo)致移植術(shù)后患者死亡的重要因素之一[3]。CHEONG等[4]的研究通過分析2008年1月—2019年2月間韓國肝移植登記的2 002例患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)移植術(shù)前高乳酸血癥是影響肝移植患者術(shù)后生存率的危險(xiǎn)因素,且與循環(huán)衰竭和呼吸衰竭的發(fā)生均相關(guān)。本研究探究肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的危險(xiǎn)因素,旨在為肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥預(yù)防及治療的臨床決策提供依據(jù)。
1 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究回顧性分析2021年1—12月于我院器官移植中心行肝移植手術(shù)治療的120例患者的臨床資料。患者納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥18歲者;②術(shù)前有完善的血常規(guī)、電解質(zhì)、肝腎功能、血凝常規(guī)、血?dú)夥治龅葯z查者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)中及術(shù)后臨床指標(biāo)監(jiān)測(cè)不完整或其他所需臨床資料不完整者;②多器官聯(lián)合移植者。依據(jù)患者移植術(shù)后動(dòng)脈血LAC水平是否≥5 mmol/L[4],將所有的患者分為重度高乳酸血癥組(LAC≥5 mmol/L)與非重度高乳酸血癥組(LAC<5 mmol/L)。
收集兩組患者的臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、原發(fā)病、MELD評(píng)分、Child評(píng)分及分級(jí)、手術(shù)方式、并發(fā)癥(是否合并肝性腦病、腹水、消化道出血等),收集患者圍手術(shù)期(手術(shù)前3 d、手術(shù)開始時(shí)、術(shù)中阻斷門靜脈前、術(shù)中開放門靜脈后、術(shù)后入ICU時(shí)及術(shù)后第1、2、3天)的全血血紅蛋白(HB)、血清谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、血清谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、血清總膽紅素(TB)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清肌酐(CR)水平及血漿凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、血漿國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、動(dòng)脈血LAC水平、動(dòng)脈血pH值,同時(shí)收集患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中受體是否缺血預(yù)處理、術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間、術(shù)中冷缺血時(shí)間、術(shù)中總?cè)肓?、術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中尿量,并收集患者移植物質(zhì)量與受體體質(zhì)量比(GRWR)及供肝病理檢查結(jié)果(供肝彈性值、脂肪肝程度)。
1.2 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析處理。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以x?±s表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn);定性資料以例(率)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);多因素分析使用logistic回歸模型,自變量采用強(qiáng)制進(jìn)入法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 所有患者圍術(shù)期動(dòng)脈血LAC水平與血清中ALT、AST、ALB及血漿中INR、PT水平變化趨勢(shì)間的關(guān)系
折線圖顯示LAC水平在手術(shù)開始后逐漸升高,在開放門靜脈后達(dá)到峰值,隨后逐漸下降。血清ALT、AST、ALB及血漿INR、PT水平在術(shù)中變化趨勢(shì)與LAC水平一致,血清ALT、AST水平在患者術(shù)后入ICU時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,略晚于LAC達(dá)峰時(shí)間,血清TB與動(dòng)脈血LAC水平變化趨勢(shì)未見明顯一致。見圖1。
2.2 兩組患者一般資料比較
兩組患者原發(fā)病構(gòu)成比、術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間、術(shù)中總?cè)肓俊⑿g(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量均差異具有顯著(χ2=10.579,U=-2.811~-2.183,P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 影響肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的多因素logistic回歸分析
將單因素分析中P<0.05的因素作為自變量進(jìn)
A~F分別為動(dòng)脈血LAC水平與血清ALT、血清AST、血清ALB、血漿INR、血漿PT、血清TB水平隨時(shí)間變化趨勢(shì)的關(guān)系圖,T1~T8分別為手術(shù)前、手術(shù)開始時(shí)、術(shù)中阻斷門靜脈前、術(shù)中開放門靜脈后、術(shù)后入ICU時(shí)及術(shù)后第1、2、3天時(shí)行多因素logistic回歸分析,原發(fā)病統(tǒng)計(jì)中以肝衰竭為參照。多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間延長和術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量增多為肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
高乳酸血癥或乳酸酸中毒與肝移植術(shù)后早期肝功能不全有關(guān)[5]。人體中LAC大部分經(jīng)過肝臟代謝,小部分經(jīng)腎臟代謝。肝移植術(shù)中無肝期靜脈氧飽和度降低會(huì)導(dǎo)致移植術(shù)后急性腎損傷[6],LAC兩大代謝途徑在無肝期均受影響,導(dǎo)致LAC在體內(nèi)聚集。本研究結(jié)果顯示,動(dòng)脈血LAC在無肝期結(jié)束后達(dá)到峰值,在手術(shù)結(jié)束入ICU時(shí),所有患者血清ALT、AST達(dá)到峰值,其達(dá)峰時(shí)間略晚于LAC達(dá)峰時(shí)間,但動(dòng)態(tài)變化趨勢(shì)與動(dòng)脈血LAC水平較為一致。某些腫瘤也可導(dǎo)致高乳酸血癥[7-8]。有研究結(jié)果表明,惡性腫瘤不僅可以通過無氧葡萄糖代謝途徑產(chǎn)生LAC,而且還可以通過有氧糖酵解途徑產(chǎn)生LAC,以提供適合腫瘤生長的微環(huán)境,該過程稱為WARBURG效應(yīng)[9]。在本研究中,術(shù)后發(fā)生重度高乳酸血癥的患者原發(fā)病為惡性腫瘤的占比達(dá)到了64.28%,但其是否與肝臟惡性腫瘤的葡萄糖代謝及LAC代謝狀態(tài)改變有關(guān),需要進(jìn)一步的研究論證。
術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間是評(píng)價(jià)肝移植手術(shù)質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)。有研究顯示,無肝期超過100 min的肝移植患者,移植物功能障礙發(fā)生率較高[10];另外,過長的無肝期時(shí)間也是肝移植術(shù)后膽道并發(fā)癥及術(shù)后大量腹水的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[11-12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,過長的無肝期時(shí)間會(huì)增加肝移植患者術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的可能。MIYAMOTO等[13]回顧性分析了190例接受肝移植的成年(>16歲)患者的臨床資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)背馱式肝移植較經(jīng)典原位肝移植溫缺血時(shí)間均顯著縮短。因此,采用背馱式手術(shù)方式可能會(huì)縮短無肝期的時(shí)間,減少術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的發(fā)生。本研究中采用背馱式手術(shù)的病例較少,且在分組中將其與劈離式手術(shù)方式合并,未發(fā)現(xiàn)不同手術(shù)方式間重度高乳酸血癥發(fā)生的差異;在未來的研究中我們需要更詳細(xì)的分組,以證明不同手術(shù)方式是否會(huì)對(duì)移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥的發(fā)生產(chǎn)生影響。
肝移植術(shù)中大量輸血作為移植術(shù)后患者死亡的重要危險(xiǎn)因素已經(jīng)被大量研究證實(shí)[14-15]。既往研究表明,不僅是術(shù)中輸血量,肝移植術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)輸注紅細(xì)胞≥10 U也會(huì)導(dǎo)致移植術(shù)后30 d病死率升高,且使患者術(shù)后肺部感染、腹腔出血、胸腔積液、急性腎損傷等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率升高[16]。有研究表明,無輸血肝移植術(shù)后第7天的血清ALT水平更低,提示無輸血肝移植有利于移植肝功能恢復(fù)[17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,肝移植術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥組患者術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量顯著高于非重度高乳酸血癥組,說明肝移植術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量過多將增加術(shù)后重度高乳酸血癥發(fā)生可能,影響患者預(yù)后。因此臨床上有必要采取一些措施以減少移植術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量。低中心靜脈壓技術(shù)作為減少肝移植術(shù)中出血的關(guān)鍵措施目前已被廣泛使用,可在降低患者術(shù)中中心靜脈壓的同時(shí)減少出血引起的血紅蛋白損失,達(dá)到減少術(shù)中輸血的目的[18],術(shù)中維持較高的每搏變異量也可以在不影響肝移植預(yù)后的情況下減少術(shù)中輸血量[19]。此外,術(shù)中即時(shí)檢測(cè)可實(shí)現(xiàn)更及時(shí)的止血和輸血管理,從而更快地維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,且基于即時(shí)檢測(cè)的止血治療在肝移植中可以減少輸血并改善預(yù)后[20]。有研究指出使用供肝者來源的紅細(xì)胞可減少受者對(duì)其他來源濃縮紅細(xì)胞的需求[21],且輸注供血可在一定程度上降低移植術(shù)后血清中AST的水平[22],從而誘導(dǎo)受者對(duì)于同種異體肝移植的免疫耐受[23-24]。
綜上所述,本研究通過對(duì)120例肝移植患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)肝移植圍術(shù)期動(dòng)脈血LAC水平與血清ALT、AST、ALB水平及血漿INR、PT等5項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變化趨勢(shì)一致,且證實(shí)了術(shù)中無肝期時(shí)間延長和術(shù)中輸注紅細(xì)胞量增多為肝移植術(shù)后患者重度高乳酸血癥的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
倫理批準(zhǔn)和知情同意:本研究涉及的所有試驗(yàn)均已通過青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的審核批準(zhǔn)(文件號(hào)QYFYWZLL27788)。所有試驗(yàn)過程均遵照《赫爾辛基宣言》的條例進(jìn)行。受試對(duì)象或其親屬已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書。
作者聲明:趙金鑫、王峰、徐慶國、蔡金貞參與了研究設(shè)計(jì);趙金鑫、IMRAN MUHAMMAD、李新強(qiáng)、朱存樂、王承鈺參與了論文的寫作和修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意發(fā)表該論文,且均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(本文編輯 范睿心 厲建強(qiáng))